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1.
盐碱土裸土蒸发Ritchie模型修正及验证 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究大庆盐碱土区域裸土场地的蒸发规律,并探究Ritchie模型在大庆盐碱土区域的适用性,该文采用微型蒸渗仪对大庆高新区玉米种植场地裸土的蒸发情况进行试验研究,建立相对湿度、降雨量与裸土蒸发量的关系。利用实测值对不同月份Ritchie模型参数进行反算,验证计算所得参数的正确性。结果表明,修正后Ritchie模型计算的蒸发量均方根误差由修正前的3.04 mm/d减少到1.44 mm/d,表明修正模型能够有效地提高盐碱土区域蒸发量计算精度。研究可为黑龙江盐碱土棵间蒸发估算提供参考。 相似文献
2.
基于叶面积指数改进双作物系数法估算旱作玉米蒸散 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
为准确估算和区分黄土高原旱作春玉米蒸散(evapotranspiration,ET),该文基于实测叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)动态估算基础作物系数,利用LAI修正土壤蒸发系数,并基于修正后的双作物系数法估算和区分黄土高原地区旱作春玉米ET,并以2012、2013年寿阳站基于涡度相关系统和微型蒸渗仪实测的春玉米ET和土壤蒸发(soil evaporation)对修正后的双作物系数法的适用性进行评估。结果表明:修正后的双作物系数法能够较为准确的估算春玉米ET,2012年春玉米全生育期ET估算值、实测值分别为365.3、372.6 mm,2013年分别为385.6、369.4 mm;2012年全生育期改进双作物系数法决定系数、均方根误差、模型效率系数和平均绝对误差分别为0.824、0.561 mm/d、0.817和0.449 mm/d,2013分别为0.870、0.381 mm/d、0.871和0.332 mm/d;同时,修正后的双作物系数法可对春玉米各生育期ET进行准确区分,土壤蒸发估算值与实测值有较好的一致性,2012年全生育期估算和实测土壤蒸发分别为0.98和0.99 mm/d,分别占ET的38.12%和37.08%;2013年估算和实测土壤蒸发分别为0.86和0.89 mm/d,分别占ET的33.59%和35.90%。因此,修正后的双作物系数法能够较为准确地估算和区分黄土高原地区旱作春玉米ET。该研究可为黄土高原区农田水分精准管理提供科学指导。 相似文献
3.
夏玉米棵间蒸发的田间试验与模拟 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
棵间蒸发是农田作物蒸散的主要组成部分,且属于无效耗水,减少棵间蒸发量对提高农田水分利用率和节约用水具有重要意义。该文利用微型蒸发器测定夏玉米的棵间蒸发量,并根据2a的田间实测数据对双作物系数模型SIMDual_Kc进行参数率定和模型验证,将模型计算的棵间蒸发量与实测数据进行对比,计算各生育期棵间蒸发量占作物蒸散发的比例。结果表明,模型可以应用于该地区夏玉米生育期内土壤含水率和作物耗水量的模拟计算,其模拟的棵间蒸发量与实测值之间相关性较高,误差较小,可用于实测数据缺失时数据的插补。降雨对夏玉米生育初期棵间蒸发量影响较大,整个生育期内夏玉米棵间蒸发占总腾发量的比例在37%～45%左右。 相似文献
4.
基于SIMDualKc模型估算非充分灌水条件下温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
为了探讨SIMDual Kc模型在西北地区温室环境不同水分处理的适用性,以番茄为材料,于2013-2015年在陕西省杨凌区温室内进行亏水处理试验,设置全生育期充分灌水处理、仅发育期亏水50%处理、发育期中期连续亏水50%和全部亏水50%共4种水分处理,通过2013-2014年试验数据对SIMDual Kc模型进行率定,采用2014-2015年试验数据对模型进行验证,并通过模型将土壤蒸发量和番茄蒸腾量分开,利用模拟结果分析不同水分处理对土壤蒸发量和番茄蒸腾量的影响。结果表明:模型模拟不同水分处理蒸发蒸腾量与实测值有较好的一致性,其绝对误差为0.22~0.33 mm/d,均方根误差为0.26~0.48 mm/d、决定系数为0.51~0.81。该模型可以准确的将不同水分处理土壤蒸发量和作物蒸腾量分开,且土壤蒸发量模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性,其绝对误差为0.016~0.024 mm/d,均方根误差为0.013~0.034 mm/d和决定系数为0.63~0.84;通过模拟得到的番茄蒸腾量计算不同水分处理的水分亏缺系数,研究表明水分亏缺系数随亏水时间的增加而降低,复水后水分亏缺系数有不同程度的增加,且发育期、中期和后期连续亏水50%时,后期时水分亏缺系数降到最低,为0.63。因此该模型在西北地区温室环境下非充分灌溉条件下有一定的适用性。除此之外,研究通过模拟结果分析非充分灌水下番茄的响应及复水后的补偿机制,为非充分灌水条件下番茄栽培提供理论依据。 相似文献
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6.
基于SHAW模型的黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态模拟 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
黄土高原半干旱区土壤蒸发强烈,准确地掌握土壤水分动态对于旱地农业水分管理至关重要。应用基于物理基础的一维水热耦合SHAW（The Simultaneous Heat and Water）模型,模拟了陕西子洲岔巴沟流域1964～1967年土壤水分和土壤蒸发的动态特征,以及神木六道沟流域2006年坡地和梯田土壤水分变化。结果表明,除表层土壤水分模拟结果偏差较大,其他土层模拟值与实测值基本吻合,模拟期土壤水分模拟的相对平均绝对误差（Relatively Mean Absolutely Error,RMAE）为5.2%～11.4%。1964～1967年土壤累积蒸发量模拟值与实测值平均相对偏差为0.8%～6.1%,土壤蒸发的模拟值与实测值较为一致。因此,SHAW模型可以用于黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态规律研究。 相似文献
7.
内蒙古通辽膜下滴灌玉米棵间蒸发量SIMDual_Kc模型模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为明确内蒙古东北部地区玉米膜下滴灌棵间蒸发的变化规律,探索玉米膜下滴灌节水增产机制,在田间试验的基础上,采用经过参数率定与验证的双作物系数SIMDual_Kc模型,模拟分析了土壤含水率、土壤棵间蒸发及作物系数的变化规律,结果表明:1)双作物系数SIMDual_Kc模型模拟内蒙古东北部地区滴灌玉米土壤含水率与实测值具有很好的一致性;2)利用双作物系数SIMDual_Kc模型估算出该地区覆膜玉米生育初期、中期和后期作物系数分别为0.15、1.05、0.4,无膜滴灌玉米初期、中期和后期作物系数分别为0.15、1与0.4;3)根据双作物系数模型SIMDual_Kc模拟了2014和2015年滴灌玉米棵间蒸发量占作物蒸散发的比例,覆膜滴灌较无膜滴灌少,说明覆膜能有效降低作物棵间蒸发量,具有降低作物耗水量的潜在优势。研究结果可以为内蒙古东北部地区玉米滴灌生产实践提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
基于SIMDual_Kc模型的豫北地区麦田土壤水分动态和棵间蒸发模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2a实测的冬小麦田间土壤剖面含水率和棵间蒸发数据,修正了基础作物系数和土壤物理参数等指标,率定了SIMDual_Kc双作物模型,并验证了其在豫北地区冬小麦田的适用性。结果表明,修订后的SIMDual_Kc模型模拟豫北地区冬小麦有效根层的土壤含水率和棵间蒸发量与实测值具有很好的一致性,误差较小。冬小麦整个生育期的棵间蒸发量占总腾发量的比例约为35%,分时期计算,此比值在生育前期明显高于生育后期。生育前期棵间蒸发量占总腾发量的比例高达73%,快速生长期该比例降至约30%,生育中期棵间蒸发比例最低,约为7.5%,生育后期棵间蒸发比例又升至约35.5%。研究结果可为地表覆盖、节水灌溉方式和适宜灌溉频率等减少棵间蒸发的技术措施研发与应用提供必要的理论支持。 相似文献
9.
采用中子微区模拟装置测量旱地玉米农田棵间蒸发的结果表明,本试验装置实用可行.晋西棵间蒸发量占降水量（510mm）的54%以上;棵间蒸发与蒸腾的比值同叶面积指数呈负相关,玉米产量与作物蒸腾呈正相关. 相似文献
10.
沟灌夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发规律的试验研究 总被引：17，自引：11，他引：17
棵间土壤蒸发是农田土壤耗水的重要组成部分。该文采用两种规格的微型棵间蒸发皿(Micro-Lysimeter)分别测定沟灌夏玉米田沟、垄土面蒸发量,并对沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾变化规律进行了试验研究,分析了相对棵间土壤蒸发强度与土壤含水率的关系以及棵间土壤蒸发强度与作物叶面积指数的关系。结果表明,沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育总耗水量的33.06%～34.35%,棵间土壤相对蒸发强度与表层土壤含水率和作物叶面积指数之间均呈现良好的指数函数关系,灌溉或降雨后2～3 d内土壤蒸发强度较大,受大气蒸发力影响明显。因此,在不影响作物蒸腾的条件下减少表层土壤的湿润面积和湿润次数是减少棵间土壤蒸发、提高作物水分利用效率的主要技术途径与措施。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献