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1.
腋花杜鹃多倍体诱导和鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究秋水仙素对腋花杜鹃的诱变效应,以增殖培养15 d的腋花杜鹃无菌幼苗为材料,通过浸泡处理诱导多倍体,并进行倍性鉴定。结果表明,0.15%秋水仙素浸泡24 h后去除茎尖,培养茎段,通过茎段侧芽及其基部愈伤组织分化的丛生芽分离变异株,得到的形态变异率最高,为32%。形态观察结合流式细胞仪鉴定发现,叶片肥厚、叶片畸形扭曲和茎段变粗3种形态变异类型具有大于50%的多倍体得率。气孔观测表明,二倍体气孔趋近于圆形,变异株气孔为椭圆形;变异株平均长直径和平均短直径显著大于二倍体,而气孔数却显著少于二倍体。最终流式细胞仪鉴定得到四倍体腋花杜鹃141株。本研究结果为杜鹃花培育倍性新品种提供了技术支持和理论依据。 相似文献
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秋水仙素诱导地锦多倍体研究 总被引：5，自引：9，他引：5
用不同浓度秋水仙素处理不同萌发时期地锦体细胞胚胎及丛生芽苗诱导多倍体,对多倍体植株进行染色体数目及稳定性检测。结果表明:(1)秋水仙素对地锦体胚及丛生芽的生长有不同程度抑制作用,对根系生长的抑制尤为明显。以0.05%秋水仙素处理48h以上对地锦体胚萌发有显著抑制作用,0.1%浓度处理96h产生完全抑制。(2)0.05%秋水仙素处理1cm体胚48h可诱导3.3%地锦体胚产生多倍体嵌合植株,多倍细胞比率40%。以0.1%秋水仙素处理地锦丛生芽24h,多倍体诱导率可达13.3%,多倍细胞比率62.5%~75%。说明秋水仙素处理丛生芽效果要好于处理体胚。(3)本实验诱导的多倍体植株全为混倍体,多倍细胞占40%~75%,但在无性增殖中有逐代下降趋势。(4)多倍体植株中出现4裂和5裂叶片的变异体。 相似文献
3.
黑果枸杞多倍体诱导及鉴定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了建立黑果枸杞多倍体诱导方法及快速、准确和高效的多倍体鉴定技术,以黑果枸杞二倍体种子经浸泡后的吸胀种子与萌动种子为材料,用不同浓度的秋水仙素进行不同时间的诱导处理,通过流式细胞仪测定细胞核DNA含量的方法对诱导后的植株进行倍性鉴定,并与传统的染色体计数、气孔密度和大小测定、叶绿素相对含量测定等不同方法进行比较。结果表明,0.1%的秋水仙素(内含2%的DMSO)可有效地诱导黑果枸杞萌动种子的染色体加倍,其中24 h处理的效果最好,诱导率为33.3%。经流式细胞仪细胞核DNA含量测定以及压片染色体计数等方法鉴定,获得的多倍体有四倍体、八倍体。在形态上,多倍体植株具有叶色深绿,叶脆,易折断,叶片加厚、卷曲,叶下表皮气孔增大,密度减少等特征。本研究建立的黑果枸杞多倍体诱导方法以及利用流式细胞仪进行细胞核DNA含量测定分析植株倍性技术可方便快速的培育出黑果枸杞多倍体植株,为黑果枸杞新品种选育提供参考。 相似文献
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秋水仙素诱导蝴蝶兰原球茎产生多倍体研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究秋水仙素处理对蝴蝶兰染色体加倍的效果,本研究以蝴蝶兰杂交组合H-03(2n=2x=38)的原球茎为材料,采用共培法诱导多倍体,秋水仙素浓度分别为0.05%、0.1%、0.2%,处理时间分别为5、10、15 d。结果表明,0.05%浓度的秋水仙素处理15 d效果最佳,变异率为50.00%,变异株存活率为30.00%;对处理后的植株进行流式细胞仪鉴定和染色体压片分析,发现变异株存在大量嵌合体;与对照相比,变异株形态特征表现为植株矮化、叶色加深、叶片表面粗糙、叶片变大、叶片偏短或偏圆等,部分植株表现出植株畸形或叶片扭曲;气孔观测结果表明,变异株气孔偏圆,单位面积气孔数减少,气孔增大,长、宽较对照分别增长76.45%、38.99%。本研究结果为蝴蝶兰体细胞无性系变异新品种的培育提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
种衣剂对低温处理下棉花胚根及幼苗外部形态和超微结构的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以棉种‘新陆中54号’为材料,用3种种衣剂(棉1、棉2、棉3)包衣棉种后播种于塑料营养盒内,25℃恒温培养,分别在第4天(棉种长出胚根)和第7天(棉株幼苗)均进行5、10、15、20℃共4个低温处理,与各低温下未包衣种子(对照,CK)进行比较,低温处理24h后,观察各处理棉花胚根、幼苗外部形态和超微结构的变化,以期通过模拟新疆早春"倒春寒"发生特点,考察种衣剂对提高棉花耐寒性的功效。结果表明:20℃下种衣剂处理与CK无差异,种子萌发正常,发芽率在92.24%~95.51%,3种种衣剂包衣处理胚根生长量为3.66~3.81cm,幼苗叶色浓绿,茎杆直立,胚根细胞中线粒体结构完整,叶肉细胞中线粒体、叶绿体结构规则;15℃低温下种衣剂处理棉种发芽率较CK提高4.45~6.98个百分点,胚根生长速度下降,但包衣处理生长量较CK提高25.27%~36.05%,幼苗叶色浓绿,棉苗直立,胚根细胞中线粒体内脊清晰,叶肉细胞中叶绿体、线粒体结构清晰,细胞器结构和数量明显优于CK;10℃低温下棉种发芽受到抑制,但包衣处理较CK发芽率提高0.73~4.25个百分点,19.15%~42.55%的幼苗叶片下垂萎蔫,保持正常温度后种衣剂处理棉苗很快恢复到正常形态,胚根细胞中线粒体、内质网数目多于CK,叶肉细胞中叶绿体轮廓清晰,内含物较少;5℃低温下各处理棉种发芽率均低于50.00%,CK幼苗叶色脱水失绿,萎蔫下垂,萎蔫率达74.47%,叶绿体膨胀成圆球形、轮廓模糊,包衣处理幼苗萎蔫率在60.42%~67.45%,叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构完整,呈椭球型,线粒体结构较规则、内含物浑浊。研究表明种衣剂能促进低温处理下种子萌发、提高发芽率和胚根生长速度、保护棉苗外部形态和细胞超微结构稳定,维持正常生长,增强幼苗抵御低温的危害能力。 相似文献
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二甲戊灵与秋水仙素离体诱导虎眼万年青多倍体发生的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以白花虎眼万年青(Ornithogalum thyrsoides)组培的丛生芽(2n=2x=12)为试验材料,采用溶液浸泡法,研究秋水仙素和二甲戊灵的不同浓度和处理时间对白花虎眼万年青多倍体的诱导效果,观察根尖细胞染色体数,叶片下表皮保卫细胞及叶片组织结构特征。结果表明:800μmol·L-1二甲戊灵浸泡24h,变异率达46.67%,0.05%秋水仙素处理48h,达42.22%,两种诱变剂诱导变异的差异虽不显著,但前者处理后材料存活率高于后者(前86.67%,后80.0%)。对变异的材料通过细胞学鉴定,发现两种诱变剂均能诱导出四倍体白花虎眼万年青。从处理时间短,材料死亡率低,对人畜伤害小,成本低,变异率较高以及两种诱变剂处理得到的多倍体气孔、叶片结构特征的相似性等综合条件考虑,可将二甲戊灵作为秋水仙素的替代品诱导多倍体。此外,对比二倍体与四倍体植株形态特征、叶片下表皮气孔数目及大小,可将气孔大小作为初步快速检测多倍体的有效方法。本试验用2种诱变剂诱导白花虎万年青多倍体,并从形态、气孔、叶片组织结构比较诱导前后差异,旨在为白花虎眼万青年多倍体新品种研究提供数据支持。 相似文献
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不同诱变剂对大蒜四倍体诱导的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨不同诱变剂对大蒜茎尖试管苗成苗率和四倍体率的影响,采用二次饱和-D最优设计方法,以氨磺乐灵、二甲戊乐灵和秋水仙素作为诱变剂,以大蒜品种金乡紫皮茎尖为材料,采用流式细胞仪分析和根尖压片染色体计数相结合的方法进行染色体倍性鉴定。结果表明,氨磺乐灵、二甲戊乐灵对大蒜茎尖试管苗平均成苗率和四倍体率的影响均显著高于秋水仙素。分别为62.58%和20.92%、60.95%和23.20%、44.28%和12.25%,但3种诱变剂不同处理组合对大蒜茎尖成苗率影响存在显著差异,均以低浓度处理较短时间成苗率较高,而在较高浓度长时间处理下,成苗率降低。3种诱变剂诱导大蒜四倍体率的最佳处理浓度和时间也不同,且以氨磺乐灵、二甲戊乐灵诱变处理显著优于秋水仙素。经模拟运算,三者诱变大蒜茎尖的最佳处理浓度和时间分别为4.17~8.52 mg·L-1和71.14~118.03 h、4.68~8.90 mg·L-1和72.96~106.18 h、3.87~6.94 g·L~(-1)和67.92~114.43 h。本试验初步明确了3种诱变剂对大蒜茎尖试管苗四倍体的诱变效果,为进一步开展大蒜四倍体新品种选育奠定了基础。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献