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1.
《畜牧与兽医》2016,(3):103-106
18头健康杜长大三元杂交去势公猪,平均体重(15±5)kg,肌肉注射甲磺酸达氟沙星(DFM)水溶液,给药量为2.5 mg/kg。给药后分别于不同时间点采集前腔静脉血液,高效液相色谱法检测血浆中DFM的含量。DFM的血药浓度-时间数据采用Win Nonlin(Version 5.2.1)软件进行拟合,计算药动学参数。肌肉注射后DFM水溶液的主要药动学参数如下:末端消除速率常数λz(0.067±0.01)h-1,消除半衰期T1/2λz(10.42±1.19)h,峰时Tmax(0.88±0.21)h,峰浓度Cmax(0.70±0.13)μg·m L-1,药时曲线下面积AUCall(8.45±0.90)h·μg·m L-1;表观分布容积Vz(4.62±0.60)L·kg-1;除速率常数CLz(0.31±0.04)L·h-1·kg-1;平均滞留时间MRT(14.23±1.65)h。结果表明,DFM在健康猪体内的主要药动学特征为:肌注给药吸收迅速,达峰时间短,消除缓慢。  相似文献   

2.
选取18头平均体重(15±5)kg、健康的杜长大三元杂交去势公猪,肌肉注射15 mg/kg阿莫西林三水合物水溶液,给药后分别于0.17、0.33、0.5、0.67、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、10、12和24 h采集前腔静脉血液,高效液相色谱法检测血浆中阿莫西林的含量。阿莫西林的血药浓度-时间数据采用Win Nonlin(Version 5.2.1)软件进行拟合,计算药动学参数。结果显示:末端消除速率常数λz=(0.40±0.04)h-1,消除半衰期T1/2λz=(1.74±0.16)h,峰时Tmax=(1.53±0.40)h,峰浓度Cmax=(5.62±0.74)μg·m L-1,药时曲线下面积AUCall=(25.35±2.25)h·μg·m L-1,表观分布容积Vz=(1.64±0.38)L·kg-1,消除速率常数CLz=(0.65±0.12)L·h-1·kg-1,平均滞留时间MRT=(3.20±0.41)h。结果表明:阿莫西林三水合物在健康猪体内的主要药动学特征为肌注给药吸收迅速、达峰时间短、消除迅速。  相似文献   

3.
为研究六氢β-酸月桂酸酯在鸡体内的药动学,本试验选用12只健康鸡,随机分为2组,分别单剂量40mg/kg体重灌胃给药和1 mg/kg体重静脉注射给药。在给药前后不同时间点从前腔静脉采集血样,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的浓度。用Winnonlin 5.2.1的非房室模型处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。单剂量口服六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:Cmax(0.04±0.01)μg/m L,tmax(1.00±0.15)h,T1/2(2.35±0.17)h,AUC(0.13±0.01)μg·h/m L,V(1024.1±98.4)L/kg,CLB(302.2±7.6)L/h·kg,MRT(3.55±0.27)h;单剂量静脉注射六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:C0(1.25±0.17)μg/m L,T1/2(1.10±0.25)h,AUC(0.82±0.14)μg·h/m L,V(1.93±0.13)L/kg,CLB(1.25±0.21)L/h·kg,MRT(1.27±0.31)h。结果表明:灌胃六氢β-酸月桂酸酯与静脉注射六氢β-酸月桂酸酯相比,鸡灌胃给药的生物利用度为0.4%,灌胃给药后吸收极少,静脉注射血药浓度较高,消除半衰期均较短。  相似文献   

4.
为了考察国产马波沙星注射液在母猪体内的药动学数据,给临床用药提供依据。选用18头健康长白、大白母猪(体重222.0±31.9 kg),随机分为2组,分别以每千克体重2.0 mg的剂量静脉注射或肌肉注射马波沙星注射液。在给药前后按设计时间点从母猪前腔静脉采集血液,离心后取上清液,用反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中药物的浓度,采用美国Pharsight公司药动学软件Winnonlin5.2.1的非房室模型来处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。结果:主要药动学参数分别为:(1)肌肉注射马波沙星注射液:MRT(20.20±3.71)h;t_(1/2β)(21.09±5.18)h;AUC(32.94±4.41)μg/h·m L;t_(max)(1.72±0.97)h;C_(max)(1.90±0.69)μg/m L,生物利用度(F)为80.2%;(2)马波沙星注射液静注:MRT(18.94±4.10)h;t_(1/2β)(17.70±4.59)h;AUC(41.07±13.02)μg/h·m L;V_d(1.23±0.33)L/kg。表明:在健康母猪体内,马波沙星肌肉注射给药的主要药动学特征为:吸收迅速完全,消除缓慢,生物利用度高。  相似文献   

5.
为探究加米霉素在比格犬体内的药物代谢动力学特征,了解其在比格犬机体内的吸收、分布、转化以及排泄规律,选取6只比格犬,加米霉素以推荐剂量6 mg/kg皮下以及静脉分别单次给药,分别于不同时间点静脉采集犬血液,用高效液相色谱串联二级质谱法测定血液中药物浓度。用非房室模型对药时曲线进行分析,皮下注射药动学参数为:达峰时间(T_(max))为0.875 h±0.186 h,消除半衰期(T_(1/2β))为59.978 h±7.861 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为4.912μg·h/mL±0.738μg·h/mL。静脉注射药动学参数为:达峰时间(T_(max))为0.336 h±0.144 h,消除半衰期为(T_(1/2β))为49.028 h±5.012 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为3.774μg·h/mL±0.211μg·h/mL。试验结果表明,静脉或皮下注射加米霉素后,药物在比格犬体内的浓度较高,且皮下注射的生物利用度较高,推荐使用皮下注射的方式给药。  相似文献   

6.
文中进行了六氢β-酸月桂酸酯在鸡体内的药动学研究。将12只健康鸡随机分为2组,分别单剂量每千克体重40 mg/kg灌胃给药和1 mg/kg静注给药。在给药前后不同时间点从前腔静脉采集血样,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的浓度。用Winnon-lin5.2.1的非房室模型处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。单剂量口服六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:Cmax(0.04±0.01)μg/ml,Tmax(1.00±0.15)h,T1/2(2.35±0.17)h,AUC(0.13±0.01)(h·μg)/ml,V(1 024.1±98.4)L/kg,CLB(302.2±7.6)L/(kg·h),MRT(3.55±0.27)h;单剂量静注六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:C0(1.25±0.17)μg/ml,T1/2(1.10±0.25)h,AUC(0.82±0.14)(h·μg)/ml,V(1.93±0.13)L/kg,CLB(1.25±0.21)L/(kg·h),MRT(1.27±0.31)h。结果表明:灌胃六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[40mg/(kg·bw)]与静脉注射六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[1 mg/(kg·bw)]相比,鸡灌胃给药的生物利用度为0.4%,灌胃给药后吸收极少,静注浓度较高,消除半衰期均较短。  相似文献   

7.
为了研究麻保沙星在犬皮下给药的生物利用度,将18只犬随机分成2组,按照2mg/kg分别皮下注射或静脉注射麻保沙星后,采血待检,2周后两组交叉给药后,采血。分别在药物注射后5、10、15、30、45min,1、1.5、2,4、6,8、12、24、36、72h时采集血液。血浆通过高效液相色谱法检测药物浓度,用3P97药代动力学软件进行分析。麻保沙星皮下注射的平均药代动力学参数为:t1/2ka=0.19±0.08h;t1/2ke=7.21±1.88h;tmax=0.97±0.29h;Cmax=1.13±0.17μg/mL;AUC=13.13±4.24μg·h/mL;CL=0.17±0.05L/h;V/F=1.63±0.24L/kg。犬皮下注射麻保沙星的绝对生物利用度为66.7%,皮下注射能迅速被吸收且有较高的组织渗透性。  相似文献   

8.
本研究旨在考察国产麻保沙星溶液在健康犬体内的药动学特征及生物利用度.选用8只健康犬,按照随机拉丁方设计,进行单次不同单剂量(2.75 mg·kg-1)分别静注麻保沙星溶液和口服麻保沙星溶液制剂.血浆样品经乙腈沉淀血浆蛋白,高速离心,用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中麻保沙星的浓度,3P97药动学计算软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据.健康犬静注给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为无吸收开放二室模型,主要药动学参数为:T1/2α(0.34±0.14)h,T1/2β(7.74±1.70)h,V(1.03±0.60)L·kg-1,CL(0.22±0.08)L·h-1;AUC(14.05±4.25)mg·mL-1·h.口服给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为一级吸收二室模型.主要药动学参数为:T1/2α((2.82±1.86)h,T1/2β(16.03±9.27)h,V/F(2.25±0.34)L·kg-1,CL/F(0.21±0.05)L·h-1,Tmax(1.55±0.62)h,Cmax(0.89±0.21)μg·mL-1,AUC(13.66±2.77)mg·mL-1·h.肌注麻保沙星冻干粉针的生物利用度为97.22%.麻保沙星在健康犬体内口服的主要药动学特征为吸收较快,达峰时间短,半衰期较长,生物利用度高.  相似文献   

9.
将24只健康肉用商品鸡(公母各半)随机分为A、B两组,分别单剂量灌服10%替米考星可溶性粉和10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉,给药量均为12 mg/kg体重,进行药动学比较研究。给药后按预定时间采集血样,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)法测定血浆中药物含量。实测血药浓度-时间数据,采用Win Nonlin5.2.1药动学分析软件处理。结果显示,A组平均消除半衰期(T1/2β)约为33.786 h,达峰时间(Tmax)和峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为1.125 h和0.377μg/m L,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为2.322μg/m L·h,平均滞留时间(MRT)为9.345 h;B组T1/2β约为37.272 h,Tmax和Cmax分别为1.167 h和0.358μg/m L,AUC为2.444μg/m L·h,MRT为9.698 h,相对生物利用度约为105.3%。结果表明,两种替米考星饮水剂上述药动学参数无明显差异(P0.05)。  相似文献   

10.
健康杜长大猪16头(体重为18±1kg)随机分为A、B两组,以20mg/kg剂量单次灌服两种氟苯尼考制剂(20%氟苯尼考粉和2%氟苯尼考预混剂),并于给药后不同时间点从前腔静脉采血,采用已建立的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行血药浓度测定,利用Win Nonlin软件的非房室模型拟合其血药浓度-时间数据。方法学研究表明本实验建立的HPLC方法专属性良好,在目标峰附近无杂质干扰,线性良好,线性范围为0.03~10μg/mL,相关系数为0.9994。20%氟苯尼考粉主要药动学参数为:Tmax=1.13±0.64h,Cmax=9.61±2.65μg/mL,T1/2=3.84±1.56h,MRT=4.65±0.70h,AUC=52.56±16.99 h*μg/mL;2%氟苯尼考预混剂主要药动学参数为:Tmax=1.31±0.37h,Cmax=8.30±2.17μg/mL,T1/2=3.39±0.35h,MRT=4.93±0.74h,AUC=49.84±17.54 h*μg/mL。比较药动学结果表明20%氟苯尼考粉相对于2%氟苯尼考预混剂的相对生物利用度为105.45%。经T检验和方差分析,二者主要药动学参数无显著差异,在猪体内可视为有相似的药动学过程,但前者在饮水灌服给药时能在更短的时间吸收分布、达到血药峰浓度,且血药峰浓度略高于2%氟苯尼考预混剂,故20%氟苯尼考粉起效更快、效果稍好于2%氟苯尼考预混剂。  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

13.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

14.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

15.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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16.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

17.
Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein  相似文献   

18.
A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

19.
Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L3) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L3 developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.  相似文献   

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