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1.
The frost hardiness of the shoots of individual trees withintwo Chilean provenances of Nothofagus procera (Poepp & Endl.)Oerst. was measured once in each of the months January, February,November and December 1989 and January and February 1990. Therewere significant (P<0.05) differences of frost hardinessbetween provenances but only one tree could be shown to be significantlymore frost hardy than the others within the same provenance.During the winter of 1989/90 both provenances were hardy toabout –14°C (temperature killing 50 per cent of shoots)in December, but the shoots dehardened to about –9°Cin January before hardening again in February. This patternof alternate hardening and dehardening seemed to mirror changesin air temperature and could render N. procera liable to frostdamage where (as happened in 1988/9 in the UK) mild spells occurin winter followed by severe frosts. 相似文献
2.
The frost hardiness of 16 European provenances of sessile oakQuercus petraea (Matt.)Liebl. originating from six Europeancountries was examined from autumn until budburst in springusing the method of relative conductivity. There were significant differences of frost hardiness betweenprovenances and a strong relationship between phenology andfrost hardiness. In spring, provenances that burst bud earlydehardened earlier than provenances that burst bud later. Inautumn, provenances that stopped growing early were more frosthardy than provenances that continued to grow. The interprovenance ranges of frost hardiness were greatestin spring and autumn and least in midwinter. Consequently, itwas not possible to demonstrate significant differences of frosthardiness between provenances in December and January. Overall, German, Polish and Danish provenances were more frosthardy than French, Austrian and British provenances. Frenchprovenances were least hardy at all times. 相似文献
3.
The phenology and frost hardiness of shoots of 15 provenancesof Alnus rubra growing in Scotland were measured over one autumn,winter and spring. Dates of budset (in September) and the onsetof rapid frost hardening (in October-November) occurred about2 days earlier for each degree latitude of origin northwards,except for an Idaho provenance. However, all provenances dehardenedat about the same time in March and burst their buds between8 and 14 April. Assuming that rapid frost hardening in the autumnwas triggered primarily by shortening daylengths, Alaskan provenancesof A. rubra seemed better adapted to British conditions thansouthern British Columbian provenances, which have been mostcommonly planted. However, even Alaskan provenances are proneto spring frost damage. Scottish A. glutinosa and Alaskan A.sinuata set buds and frost hardened 1–2 weeks before eventhe Alaskan A. rubra, and burst their buds 2–3 weeks laterin April-May. All three species were hardy to below –30°Cfrom December to mid-March. 相似文献
4.
Autumn Frost Damage on Young Picea sitchensis 2. Shoot Frost Hardening, and the Probability of Frost Damage in Scotland 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The natural increase in frost hardiness of detached shoots ofPicea sltchensis during August to November was measured usinga programmable freezing chamber. Oregon, Queen Charlotte Islandsand Alaskan provenances were compared, and the effects on hardeningof long days, warm temperatures and frosts were determined.A computer model was constructed to mimic the observed patternsof autumn frost hardening, as functions of air minimum temperatures,daylengths and the occurrence of frosts. The model was used(a) to describe the pattern of autumn frost hardening at differentsites in northern Britain, using past meteorological records,and hence (b) to determine when frosts occurred that might havedamaged young trees. The model accurately predicted known instancesof autumn frost damage at Kirroughtree and Carnwath. The predicted probability of autumn frost damage on young treesof P. sitchensis in upland areas of Scotland was much lowerthan that previously predicted for spring frost damage. Theestimated return time for autumn frost damage to an Oregon provenanceat Eskdalemuir was 8.3 years, and the return time for a Q.C.I.provenance was longer than 10 years. Most damaging frosts occurredin October, but frosts like those on 13–15 October 1971,which followed warm weather and caused wide spread damage inScotland, have been quite rare. Alaskan provenances would rarelybe damaged by autumn frosts, nor would trees of Q.C.I. provenancegrowing in lowland areas of Scotland, or at Masset on the QueenCharlotte Islands. 相似文献
5.
Mercè Guàrdia Robert Savé Raquel Díaz Antoni Vilanova Neus Aletà 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(8):791-800
Context
J. regia timber is appreciated for high-value wood products. In new plantations, biotic or abiotic events which could affect wood quality should be monitored. Autumn frosts could affect annual shoot development, with consequent loss of timber value or even tree death. In southern Europe, climate change forecasts include erratic and severe autumn frost events.Aims
The relationship between genotype and environment regarding susceptibility to autumn frost damage was examined in four provenances of Juglans regia L., planted at two ecologically different sites, one subject to Mediterranean and the other Atlantic weather conditions.Methods
Annual budsticks from eight trees per provenance were collected in November 2010 from each site. The samples were then submitted to freeze–thaw cycles down to ?8, ?13 and ?18 °C, plus a control treatment (keeping samples at 5 °C). Damage to the stem was assessed using the index of freezing injury calculated from relative electrolyte leakage at each temperature considered. Frost damage to stem, apical and lateral buds was recorded by visual scoring.Results
Differences in cold acclimation between sites were detected, with provenances exhibiting differences on senescence. A ‘provenance?×?site’ interaction was found in some of the analyses, but the same ranking of susceptibility was detected for all provenances at both sites and in all the tissues analysed. The differences between provenances could be related to their geographical origins, where an altitude gradient was observed.Conclusions
The genetic component was important in the expression of autumn cold hardiness and, together with productive traits, should be considered in new afforestation projects. 相似文献6.
7.
Seasonal Changes in the Frost Hardiness of Provenances of Picea sitchensis in Scotland 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Changes in the natural level of frost hardiness of shoots offour provenances of Picea sitchensis were monitored over twogrowing seasons by detaching shoots from 7 to 10-year-old treesgrowing in a nursery in Scotland, and subjecting them to freezingtemperatures under conditions which simulated night frosts. Six seasonal phases of frost hardiness were identified (Fig.3).
- During each autumn, killing temperatures (the level of hardiness)decreased from –5°C to below –20°C, beginningseveral weeks after shoot elongation ceased. Alaskan provenanceshardened in September, apparently in response to shorteningday lengths alone, whereas an Oregon provenance did not hardenuntil November, after repeated frosts. Queen Charlotte Islandsprovenances were intermediate.
- From November to March allprovenances were hardy to below –20°C,which is adequateto prevent direct freezing injury at mostplantation sites.
- In March-April, several weeks before bud-burst, old shootsdehardenedto killing temperatures of about –10°Cin responseto warm temperatures, and southerly provenancesdid so beforenortherly ones.
- During bud-burst the newly-emergingshoots were hardy to only–3°C to –5°C untilthey were about 3.5 cmlong. All provenances burst bud at thesame time and were equallyfrost susceptible at this time.
- DuringMay-July the elongating shoots fluctuated in hardinessbetween–5°C and –10°C apparently in responsetofluctuating ambient temperatures.
- In August 1980 there wasa period of late summer dehardeningto killing temperaturesof about –3°C.
8.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):100-110
Abstract Spring and autumn frost tolerance was measured using material from a range-wide (50–67° N, 38–158° E) provenance trial of four Russian larch species (Larix sukaczewii Dyl., L. sibirica Ledeb., L. gmelinii Rupr. and L. cajanderi Mayr.) growing in northern Sweden. Shoots were collected in early May and late September and frozen at ?8, ?12, ?16 and ?20°C. Cambial damage was assessed visually after development under ideal conditions for 2 weeks. Differences in frost damage among provenances were highly significant in both spring and autumn. Autumn frost damage was significantly correlated with provenance latitude and longitude and spring frost damage was significantly correlated with provenance longitude but not latitude. Frost damage was not correlated with provenance elevation. North-western provenances showed the least damage and far-eastern provenances the greatest damage in both spring and autumn. A possible explanation for less spring frost damage to north-western provenances is adaptation to maritime conditions in proximity to the Barents Sea, which is often ice free in late winter. This would counteract early loss of frost tolerance and bud flushing if warm spells occurred in late winter. North-eastern Siberian provenances did not show similar adaptation and may exhibit increased spring frost damage if global warming eventually results in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia becoming ice free in late winter. 相似文献
9.
Selections were made within East European Norway spruce provenances in a provenance trial in northern Sweden and the selected clones were grafted in a Norwegian seed orchard mixed with plus trees of local origin. Full-sib families were generated by controlled crosses, producing sets of both inter- and intraprovenance families, which were planted in two short-term and in long-term trials. Measurements were made of frost damage, tree height, annual shoot growth rhythm and lammas shoots, and genetic parameters were estimated. The intraprovenance families from selected trees of East European origin showed the least variation in all traits and had the lowest heritability values. The variation among the intraprovenance families of local origin was large and with the highest estimates of heritability. The means of the provenance hybrid families were intermediate between those of the intraprovenance families. Strong genetic correlations were present between the growth rhythm traits measured, and in the family group of local origin also between these traits and frost damage, as well as for lammas shoots and height. The progenies of the selected parents of East European origin seem to be a desirable land race with less damage, lower percentage of lammas shoots and less variability in growth capacity. 相似文献
10.
11.
Fast, nondestructive measurement of frost hardiness in conifer seedlings by VIS+NIR spectroscopy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Frost hardiness development from mid-August to mid-November was evaluated in seedlings of three provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and three provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) raised at nurseries in north, central and south Sweden. Measurements of the visible + near infrared (VIS+NIR) spectra of shoots were made simultaneously with estimates of frost hardiness based on electrolyte leakage following artificial freezing. Nine physiological variables known to influence frost hardiness were measured throughout the experiment. Multivariate analysis showed that VIS+NIR spectra explained 69% and 72% of the variation in frost hardiness in Scots pine and Norway spruce, respectively. Stem lignification, dry weight fraction, and starch, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose concentrations together explained 80% and 85% of the variation in frost hardiness in Scots pine and Norway spruce, respectively when used as independent X variables in a partial least squares model. These physiological variables could be related to varying degrees with variation in the VIS+NIR spectra. We conclude that VIS+NIR spectroscopy provides a rapid nondestructive technique for measuring frost hardiness in conifer seedlings based on causal relationships between the spectra and the physiology of seedling frost hardiness. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):22-26
Seedlings representing offspring from 46 Swedish natural stands of Pinus sylvestris (L.) from latitude 63° to 68° and altitude 75 to 675 m were artifically frost hardened and tested for autumn frost hardiness using artifical freeze testing in a programmable freezing chamber. A clinal variation in frost hardiness was observed over latitude. Altitude had no effect on the frost hardiness. The results are discussed in relation to the reproduction‐ and migration biology of P. sylvestris. 相似文献
13.
The growth of seven Picea sitchensis x Picea glauca hybridswas compared with the growth of two P. sitchensis provenancesand Picea glauca var.albertiana at two sites in northern Scotland.The sites were at Aultmore (an exposed, dry site with a mineralsoil) and Shin (a frosty, wet site with deep peat). They wereof the type considered more suited to Pinus contorta than P.sitchensis. At age 10, in 1984, most of the hybrids, at both sites, wereabout 10 and 20 per cent taller than P. sitchensis of Masset(Q.C.I.) and Ketchikan (Alaska) provenance, respectively. P.glauca var. albertiana grew very poorly, especially at Aultmore. At Aultmore, the frost hardiness of three of the tallest hybrids,the two P. sitchensis provenances, and P. glauca var.albertiana,was tested at about 3-weekly intervals throughout 1982 and 1983.Detached shoots were subjected to artificial frosts in a programmablechamber. P. glauca var. albertiana was frost susceptible atbudburst, but at all other times it was relatively very frosthardy (eg. to–10°C in mid-August). Also, the hybridswere consistently more hardy than P. sitchensis of even Ketchikan(Alaska) provenance from July onwards. However, the hybridswere less frost hardy than P. sitchensis of Masset (Q.C.I.)provenance in early spring (they dehardened a week earlier inMarch-April) and their buds were equally as frost susceptibleat the time of budburst. In 1983, trees of P. glauca var. albertianaburst their buds about a week sooner than P. sitchensis. It was concluded that P. sitchensis x P. glauca hybrids canperform better than P. sitchensis at sites considered ‘marginal’for P. sitchensis, and that their good performance may be partlyattributed to, or associated with, their greater summer andautumn frost hardiness. A programme of inter-specific hybridizationis being pursued. 相似文献
14.
福建永安光皮桦种源家系试验初报 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用采自南方5省区光皮桦(Betula luminiferaH.Winkl.)天然林的12个种源176个家系种子在福建永安进行了苗期测定,并在3个不同海拔高度开展造林试验,调查其1年生幼林的树高、地径,据此对优良种源、家系进行了初步选择。结果表明:光皮桦苗期高生长在种源家系间差异显著;1年生幼林各种源、家系、海拔间树高和地径差异均极显著,种源和海拔的交互作用对树高影响极显著,而对地径影响不显著;种源遗传力高于家系,树高遗传力高于地径;以树高为主要指标,初步筛选出适合当地生长的5个优良种源,并选择出适合不同海拔的优良家系各30个,其种源遗传增益达13.27%,家系遗传增益为12.84%,选择效果良好。 相似文献
15.
The winter frost hardiness level of Corsican Pine buds in northernEngland is found to range from –16° C to –20C (+3° F to –4° F). Buds in the lower parts ofthe tree are more susceptible to frost damage than those nearerthe leader, and buds at a given position in the canopy on anorth-facing slope are less hardy than those in a correspondingposition on a tree in a south aspect. The symptoms produced by artificial freezing are distinct fromthose found in dieback disease, and temperature measurementsin diseased and healthy stands suggest that frosts are not severeenough to account for the disease. The lower hardiness levelsin disease susceptible areas are therefore considered to beof secondary importance and are probably a result of a weakenedphysiological condition in the tree. Diseased slopes are chiefly characterized by high humidities,low light intensities, and only slightly reduced air and soiltemperatures when compared with nearby healthy areas. 相似文献
16.
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile provides wood and other essential products for farming and pastoralist communities in the West African Sahel.
In this region, mean annual rainfall decreases in general from south to north and from west to east, so one might expect clinal
variation in fitness-related traits in relation to the rainfall gradients. This paper presents results from a provenance/progeny
test of 11 provenances sampled in Niger and established at one relatively dry site in Niger. The objectives were to evaluate
phenotypic correlations (Pearson r) between tree growth (height, stem diameter) and basic density of the wood, and clines in growth and density at 13 years.
Tree growth and wood density were positively correlated, and the correlations differed among provenances. Mean tree height
and stem diameter of provenances increased, in general, from the more humid to the drier parts of the sample region. Results
suggest that selection of faster-growing trees could lead to an increase in wood volume and density in the subsequent generation,
especially in certain provenances; that provenances from drier areas are better adapted to drought; and that tree improvement
and conservation programs should collect seeds from populations in the drier areas for planting and conservation. 相似文献
17.
Yang Chuanping Xia De''''an Xu Chuiqing Qi LizhiLiu Guifeng Weng Yuhui Sheng LiNortheast Forestry UniversityWei Fuyou Zhang ZhengsuWangqin Forestry Bureau Jilin Province 《林业研究》1993,4(1):22-30
In this paper,it is studied that the growth characters of the progeny of 16provenance of larix gmelinii within the all 13 experimental sites by means of the analysis of va-riance,provenance stability,productivity index,rank correlation,synthetic index selection andPCA.The provenances were divided into three patterns:The first type have low and steady prod-uctivity;The second type have high but unsteady productivity;The third type is between theproductivity of the first and second type.Through the analysis on the feasibility and the reliabili-ty of the provenance early selection,the best provenances which lie in the southeast of theXiaoxingan Mt.are regarded as the best and suitable for a large afforestation areas of Larixgmelinii.Then in the north of Xingan Mt.,the local or the northwest provenances of theXiaoxingan Mt.should be used.The genetic gain was calculated on the basis of the provenanceheritability and the utilization of the best provenance were evaluated in this paper. 相似文献
18.
Laboratory freezing tests were used to determine seasonal changesin the frost hardiness of detached shoots of young trees ofEucalyptus gunnii (from central Tasmania), and E. niphophilaand E. debeuzevillei (‘snow gums’ from the SnowyMountains, Australian Capital Territory). The trees were growingat the Bush Estate. No difference was found between the speciesor between seedlots, all of which were from high altitudes nearthe tree line. In midwinter (February) the shoots tolerated –16°Cwithout suffering damage, and many shoots survived temperaturesas low as –18°C to –22°C. This result agreedwith Evans' (1986) observation that some trees within theseseedlots survived temperatures in the range –19°Cto –23°C in field planting during the winter 1981/82.In their native habitats the trees rarely experience temperaturesbelow –20°C. The shoots did not harden appreciably before they experiencedfrosts (in late October/early November) and so may be proneto autumn frost damage. By contrast, they were slow to dehardenin late winter and spring and did not seem prone to spring frostdamage. There were no killing air frosts during the period of this study(winter 1985/6), but many trees died, possibly as a result ofground freezing, producing root injury and/or shoot desiccation.In subalpine regions of Tasmania and the Snowy Mountains theground is covered by snow throughout the winter. Variation in frost hardiness within these hardy seedlots couldbe exploited. 相似文献
19.
从西南桦分布区内选择的13个种源在南亚热带山地进行筛选试验的结果表明:不同种源在生长、产量、形态 特征上都有很大差异。以胸径、树高、材积和干形等为指标,用坐标综合评定方法对13个不同种源进行综合评定, 结果表明:潞西、屏边和镇源3个种源生长和形态等各种特征都比其它种源好,位列前3名,是当地适生的好种源; 西马、龙陵和百色种源表现较好,属可利用种源;腾冲和西莲种源表现差,不好利用;平果、凭祥、靖西、景洪和田林5 种源表现一般,最好不发展。 相似文献
20.
Enrique Andivia Manuel Fernández Javier Vázquez-Piqué Reyes Alejano 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(4):1091-1101
Despite evidences that Holm oak has a high plasticity and great adaptability, there is limited or contradictory knowledge of the morphological and physiological variability of this species. Holm oak has been widely used for reforestation projects in Mediterranean areas, but has frequently shown poor field performance. We hypothesized that Holm oak has inter-population differences in physiological responses to abiotic stressors that could affect reforestation success. The influence of nursery culture on the characteristics of Holm oaks from different provenances has not been explored in depth. Thus, we studied the effect of nursery autumn fertilization on morphological traits, frost tolerance, root growth potential, and nutritional status of two Spanish provenances of Holm oak, La Alcarria (a region with inland Mediterranean climate) and Sierra Morena Occidental (a region with a warm coastal Mediterranean climate). There were significant differences between the provenances in frost tolerance, biomass allocation, and leaf nutrient content, suggesting a role of genetic factors. The leaves of seedlings from La Alcarria had less visual damage at ?12°C than seedlings from the warmer provenance (45% vs. 92%). Seedlings from La Alcarria, compared to those from Sierra Morena, had higher leaf P concentration (0.17% vs. 0.15%), greater stem diameter (3.1?mm vs. 2.7?mm), lower shoot-to-root dry mass ratio (0.46 vs. 0.53), and lower slenderness (4.03 vs. 5.31). For both provenances, N autumn fertilization improved growth, root growth potential, cold hardiness, and nutritional status of seedlings. We suggest that forest reforestation programs should consider to a greater extent Holm oak provenances and their tolerances to different abiotic stressors. 相似文献