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1.
Brucella canis is a small intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that frequently leads to chronic infections highly resistant to antibiotic therapy in dogs. Also, it causes mild human brucellosis compared to other zoonotic Brucella spp. Herein we characterize the cellular immune response elicited by B. canis by analysing human and canine CD4+ T cells after stimulation with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Human and canine B. canis-primed MoDCs stimulated autologous CD4+ T cells; however, a Th1 response was triggered by human MoDCs, whereas canine MoDCs induced Th1/Th17 responses, with increased CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A simultaneously. Each pattern of cellular response may contribute to host susceptibility, helping to understand the differences in B. canis virulence between these two hosts. In addition, other aspects of canine immunology are unveiled by highlighting the participation of IL-17A-producing canine MoDCs and CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A.  相似文献   

2.
The present study evaluated the lymphocyte activation in PRRSV-vaccinated pigs subsequently exposed to natural infection by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with homologous vaccine and two heterologous PRRSV isolates. The responsiveness was assessed by determining IFN-γ secreting cells by ELISpot assay, lymphocyte CD8 phenotype by intracellular staining/flow cytometry, cytokine gene expression by real-time quantitative PCR and cytokine secretion by ELISA. Conventional pigs were weaned at 28 days of age and inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or needle-less intradermally (ID) with a modified-live PRRSV vaccine suspended in adjuvant, while control pigs were injected with adjuvant alone (ADJ). Blood samples were collected at vaccination, 35 days post-vaccination and after 35 days post-exposure to natural infection by a heterologous field strain. Thirty-five days post-vaccination, PRRSV vaccine induced a low but significant virus-specific IFN-γ secreting cell response upon stimulation with both the vaccine strain and the two isolates in vaccinated pigs. Conversely, after 35 days post-exposure, only the vaccine strain and the BS/114/S isolate triggered this response. Intracellular staining showed that PRRSV-specific immune cells reacting upon vaccine strain and BS/114/S stimulation were mostly CD8+ IFN-γ producing cells whereas the stimulation with BS/55 isolate induced an IFN-γ production associated to the CD8?IFN-γ+ phenotype. At 35 days post-vaccination, PBMC from vaccinated pigs showed lower IL-10 expression and release, and higher TNF-α gene expression upon stimulation with both the vaccine and viral isolates. After infection, both cytokines were not differently modulated in different groups. Immune parameters give evidence that IFN-γ secreting cells in the peripheral blood can be elicited upon PRRSV infection although vaccination itself does not stimulate high levels of these reactive cells. Moreover, the cross-reactivity against divergent PRRS viruses can show a different intensity and be differently associated with cytotoxic CD8+IFN-γ+ as well as CD8?IFN-γ+ cells. Overall, the obtained data confirmed that the immune activation against PRRSV is not dependent on the genetic divergence of the virus. Especially after infection, a different immune reactivity was evident upon stimulation with the different isolates in terms of frequency and CD8 phenotype of PRRSV-specific IFN-γ producing cells. The modulation of cytokines in vaccinated pigs appeared to be more dependent on vaccination or infection conditions than on stimulation by different isolates, and the changes of IL-10 more relevant than those of TNF-α at gene and protein levels. Moreover, under the conditions of this study, the PRRSV vaccine administered via the intradermal route by a needle-less device was confirmed to induce an immune response comparable or in some cases higher than the intramuscular route.  相似文献   

3.
This study evaluated the early modulation of the phenotype and cytokine secretion in swine immune cells treated with an engineered killer peptide (KP) based on an anti-idiotypic antibody functionally mimicking a yeast killer toxin. The influence of KP on specific immunity was investigated using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as ex vivo antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy pigs were stimulated with KP and with a scramble peptide for 20 min, 1, 4 and 20 h or kept unstimulated. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The same time-periods were used for KP pre-incubation/co-incubation to determine the effect on virus-recalled interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) frequencies and single cell IFN-γ productivity using ELISPOT.KP induced an early dose-dependent shift to pro-inflammatory CD172α+CD14+high monocytes and an increase of CD3+CD16+ natural killer (NK) T cells. KP triggered CD8α and CD8β expression on classical CD4−CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and double positive (DP) CD4+CD8α+ Th memory cells (CD4+CD8α+low CD8β+low). A fraction of DP cells also expressed high levels of CD8α. The two identified DP CD4+CD8α+high CD8β+low/+high CTL subsets were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IFN-γ secretion. KP markedly boosted the reactivity and cross-reactivity of PRRSV type-1- and PCV2b-specific IFN-γ SC. The results indicate the efficacy of KP in stimulating Th1-biased immunomodulation and support studies of KP as an immunomodulator or vaccine adjuvant.  相似文献   

4.
A method to assess the expansion of antigen-specific intracellular IFN-γ positive T cell subsets during the infection will be helpful for a better understanding of mycoplasmal infections physiopathology in the sheep. We analysed the percentage of antigen-specific lymphocytes positive for intracellular IFN-γ during the infection of sheep with Mycoplasma agalactiae by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected or uninfected animals with irradiated M. agalactiae. The expansion of antigen-specific IFN-γ positive lymphocytes in infected sheep was initially sustained by CD4+ T cells at day 15 after infection, when antigen specific IgG start to be detectable, followed by CD8/IFN-γ double positive cells. γδ T-cells were not expanded at any time point analysed. IFNγ+ T cells disappear 60 days after infection, suggesting that antigen specific IFNγ+ T cells, mainly detected in the early phase of the disease, could be useful to understand the role of cell-mediated immunity during M. agalactiae infection.  相似文献   

5.
试验旨在研究结核分枝杆菌Rv2626c蛋白对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞凋亡的影响。根据GenBank数据库中结核分枝杆菌Rv2626c基因序列设计引物,并以结核分枝杆菌国际标准株H37Rv cDNA为模板,PCR扩增Rv2626c基因并克隆至慢病毒表达载体pLEX-EGFP中,包装慢病毒并感染RAW264.7细胞,使用Western blotting和流式细胞仪技术检测Rv2626c蛋白表达水平和RAW264.7细胞凋亡率变化。结果显示,成功构建慢病毒表达载体pLEX-EGFP-Rv2626c;成功包装慢病毒并感染RAW264.7细胞;Rv2626c蛋白在RAW264.7细胞中高水平表达显著促进了细胞凋亡。本试验结果表明,在RAW264.7细胞中过表达结核分枝杆菌Rv2626c蛋白能显著性增加其凋亡水平。  相似文献   

6.
A method to assess the expansion of antigen-specific intracellular IFN-γ positive T cell subsets during the infection will be helpful for a better understanding of mycoplasmal infections physiopathology in the sheep. We analysed the percentage of antigen-specific lymphocytes positive for intracellular IFN-γ during the infection of sheep with Mycoplasma agalactiae by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected or uninfected animals with irradiated M. agalactiae. The expansion of antigen-specific IFN-γ positive lymphocytes in infected sheep was initially sustained by CD4+ T cells at day 15 after infection, when antigen specific IgG start to be detectable, followed by CD8/IFN-γ double positive cells. γδ T-cells were not expanded at any time point analysed. IFNγ+ T cells disappear 60 days after infection, suggesting that antigen specific IFNγ+ T cells, mainly detected in the early phase of the disease, could be useful to understand the role of cell-mediated immunity during M. agalactiae infection.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious avian disease and one of the major causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. The emergence of virulent NDV genotypes and repeated outbreaks of NDV in vaccinated chickens have raised the need for fundamental studies on the virus–host interactions. In this study, the profiles of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages and differential expression of 26 immune-related genes in the spleen of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, infected with either the velogenic genotype VII NDV strain IBS002 or the genotype VIII NDV strain AF2240, were evaluated. A significant reduction in T lymphocyte population and an increase in the infiltration of IgM+ B cells and KUL01+ macrophages were detected in the infected spleens at 1, 3 and 4 days post-infection (dpi) (P < 0.05). The gene expression profiles showed an up-regulation of CCLi3, CXCLi1, CXCLi2 (IL-8), IFN-γ, IL-12α, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TLR7, MHCI, IL-17F and TNFSF13B (P < 0.05). However, these two genotypes showed different cytokine expression patterns and viral load. IBS002 showed higher viral load than AF2240 in spleen at 3 and 4 dpi and caused a more rapid up-regulation of CXCLi2, IFN-γ, IL-12α, IL-18, IL-1β, iNOS and IL-10 at 3 dpi. Meanwhile, the expression levels of CCLI3, CXCLi1, IFN-γ, IL-12α, IL-1β and iNOS genes were significantly higher in AF2240 at 4 dpi. In addition, the expression levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in the IBS002-infected chickens at 3 and 4 dpi. Hence, infection with velogenic genotype VII and VIII NDV induced different viral load and production of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory reactions.  相似文献   

9.
This paper investigates the in vitro effect of dexamethasone on bovine CD25highCD4+, CD25lowCD4+ and CD25−CD4+ T cells. Only a small percentage of bovine CD25highCD4+ (2–4%) and CD25lowCD4+ (1–2%) cells expressed Foxp3. Dexamethasone caused considerable loss of CD25−CD4+ cells, but it increased the relative and absolute numbers of CD25highCD4+ and CD25lowCD4+ lymphocytes, while at the same time reducing the percentage of Foxp3+ cells within the latter subpopulations. Considering all these, as well as the intrinsically poor Foxp3 expression in bovine CD25+CD4+, it can be concluded that the drug most probably increased the number of activated non-regulatory CD4+ lymphocytes. It has been found that changes in cell number were at least partly caused by proapoptotic effect of the drug on CD25−CD4+ cells and antiapoptotic effect on CD25highCD4+ and CD25lowCD4+ cells. The results obtained from this study indicate that the involvement of CD4+ lymphocytes in producing the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of dexamethasone in cattle results from the fact that the drug had a depressive effect on the production of IFN-γ by CD25−CD4+ cells. Secretion of TGF-β and IL-10 by CD4+ lymphocytes was not involved in producing these pharmacological effects, because the drug did not affect production of TGF-β and, paradoxically, it reduced the percentage of IL-10+CD4+ cells.  相似文献   

10.
We determined whether a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1) conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide would enhance allergen-specific Th1 responses in mice. Cry j 1 conjugated with CpG (Cry j 1-CpG) induced IL-12 in the spleen cells of naïve mice. Cry j 1-CpG immunization of BALB/c mice suppressed anti-Cry j 1 IgE response and enhanced anti-Cry j 1 IgG2a to subsequent Cry j 1 and alum adjuvant injection. CD4+T cells isolated from the spleens in mice immunized with Cry j 1-CpG produced higher IFN-γ levels than did CD4+T cells obtained from mice as negative controls. Our results suggested that Cry j 1-CpG immunization can induce Cry j 1-specific Th1 immune responses, thereby inhibiting IgE response to the pollen allergen.  相似文献   

11.
Cytokines produced by T helper (Th) cells are important in orchestrating the immune response during health and disease. Recent reports indicated that cytokine mRNA expression in foals is often quantitatively lower than that of adult horses suggesting that foal T cells are not fully mature. Here, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from foals and adult horses were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and analyzed for intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 production, representing the Th1, Th2 and regulatory TR1 cell phenotypes respectively, by flow cytometry. In agreement with previous reports, all three cytokines were quantitatively reduced in foals compared to adults. However, the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio) showed a clear Th1-biased response in foals by 6 and 12 weeks of life, while similar IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios were found in foals and adult horses. By day 5 after birth, intracellular IFN-γ production by foal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resembled that in adults. Overall, IL-4 production was low in foals. IL-4+ cells peaked at day 5 of age when IL-4 was mainly produced by IgE+ cells. Relative percentages of IL-4+ Th2 cells were significantly lower in foals at all time points. The data suggested that equine neonates and young foals have an impaired Th2 response, that the immune response of foals is Th1 biased, that IFN-γ production by Th and cytotoxic T cells is qualitatively similar to adult horses, and regulatory IL-10 production by T cells is developmentally mature in foals during the first three months of life.  相似文献   

12.
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of the host's immune system. Tregs, particularly CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, have been reported to be involved in the immune evasion mechanism of tumors and several pathogens that cause chronic infections. Recent studies showed that a Treg-associated marker, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), is closely associated with the progression of several diseases. We recently reported that the proportion of Foxp3+CD4+ cells was positively correlated with the number of lymphocytes, virus titer, and virus load but inversely correlated with IFN-γ expression in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which causes chronic infection and lymphoma in its host. Here the kinetics of CTLA-4+ cells were analyzed in BLV-infected cattle. CTLA-4 mRNA was predominantly expressed in CD4+ T cells in BLV-infected cattle, and the expression was positively correlated with Foxp3 mRNA expression. To test for differences in the protein expression level of CTLA-4, we measured the proportion of CTLA-4-expressing cells by flow cytometry. In cattle with persistent lymphocytosis (PL), mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) of CTLA-4 on CD4+ and CD25+ T cells were significantly increased compared with that in control and aleukemic (AL) cattle. The percentage of CTLA-4+ cells in the CD4+ T cell subpopulation was positively correlated with TGF-β mRNA expression, suggesting that CD4+CTLA-4+ T cells have a potentially immunosuppressive function in BLV infection. In the limited number of cattle that were tested, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody enhanced the expression of CD69, IL-2, and IFN-γ mRNA in anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected cattle. Together with previous findings, the present results indicate that Tregs may be involved in the inhibition of T cell function during BLV infection.  相似文献   

13.
Day length-related alterations of several metabolic factors (glucose, leptin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]), cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], and lymphocyte subpopulations [CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, natural killer (NK) cells) were evaluated in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses. Plasma glucose, leptin, IGF-1, insulin, and cytokines levels were measured on the longest day of the breeding season and on the shortest day of the nonbreeding season. Determination of lymphocyte subpopulations was performed by flow cytometry. Glucose and IL-2 levels, CD4:CD8 ratio, and NK cells showed variations that depended on the day length. Mean concentrations of plasma leptin were higher in Arabian horses than in Thoroughbred horses, whereas mean concentrations of IGF-1 and IL-2 were lower in Arabian horses. Day length-by-breed-by-gender interaction was found for insulin, IFN-γ, and IL-4 levels. An interaction was also found between day length and gender for the expressions of CD2, CD3, CD8, and CD19. Correlations were detected between expression of CD8+ cells and levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and between percentages of NK cells and levels of IGF-1, insulin, and glucose. Results suggested that day length and, therefore, season are important determinants or factors in modulating the immune system and could affect lymphocyte subpopulations depending on the sex of the horse. Additionally, it seems that a complex relationship in horses, as in humans and mice, exists between the immune and metabolic system, which changes according to day length, breed, and gender.  相似文献   

14.
Parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis exert immunomodulatory effect on the host immune response through excretory–secretory products (ES L1) released from the encysted muscle larvae. Rat bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with ES L1 antigens acquire semi-matured status and induce Th2 and regulatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Priming naïve T cells in vitro with ES L1 pulsed DCs caused strong Th2 polarization, accompanied by elevated production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and no increase in the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ among the effector T cell population. In vivo T cell priming resulted in mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response, with the dominance of the Th2 type and elevated levels of regulatory cytokines. Significant increase in the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells was found among recipient's spleen cells. We have achieved to create immune status characteristic for the live infection by in vivo application of DCs educated with ES L1 antigens.  相似文献   

15.
In view of the lack of data on the effect of meloxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on bovine γδ T cells (WC1+ cells) and very poorly recognized effects of dexamethasone (steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on these cells, the purpose of the present study has been to determine the in vitro influence of these drugs on CD25highWC1+, CD25lowWC1+ and CD25?WC1+ lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of cattle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with the drugs in concentrations reflecting their plasma levels achieved in vivo at therapeutic doses (dexamethasone 10?7 M; meloxicam 5 × 10?6 M) and at ten-fold lower concentrations. It was found out that percentages and absolute counts of CD25highWC1+ and CD25lowWC1+ cells increased in the presence of dexamethasone, and this effect was at least partly attributable to lower mortality of these cells, whose apoptosis was depressed by exposure to dexamethasone. It seems certain that this effect was not a result of increased multiplication of CD25highWC1+ and CD25lowWC1+ cells because their proliferation was reduced in the presence of dexamethasone. Exposure to this drug caused a rapidly occurring and lasting depletion of CD25?WC1+, which was at least partly due to their higher apoptosis. The results seem to suggest that impaired proliferation of these cells was responsible for a more profound expression of this disorder. Paradoxically, the percentage of cells producing IFN-γ, a proinflammatory cytokine, increased in the presence of dexamethasone, whereas the count of cells secreting the key anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine, i.e. IL-10, declined. This effect was observed in all analyzed subpopulations of cells. Meloxicam did not interfere so drastically as dexamethasone with the functioning of WC1+ lymphocytes because it did not affect their apoptosis, proliferation, percentage or absolute count. With respect to the effect of meloxicam on counts of particular WC1+ lymphocyte subpopulations, it was only demonstrated that exposure to the drug was correlated with a transient and very weakly expressed decrease in the relative and absolute counts of CD25highWC1+ and CD25lowWC1+ cells, which was most probably a result of a temporary down-regulation of the expression of the CD25 molecule. In the presence of meloxicam, percentages of IFN-γ+CD25?WC1+ cells as well as cells producing IL-10 declined, an effect observed in all analyzed cell populations. These results suggest that care should be taken when administering this medication to animals with bacterial or viral infections, and we should avoid giving it to patients suffering from allergic or autoimmune disorders.  相似文献   

16.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a mixed Eimeria infection on chicken regulatory T cell (Treg) percentages, T-cell percentages, cell proliferation, and cytokine mRNA amounts. Specific-pathogen-free white leghorn birds were raised in battery cages and were challenged with and without coccidial oocysts at 21 d of age. At 6 d post challenge, birds inoculated with coccidial oocysts shed an average of 1.5 × 104 oocysts/gram of feces. At d 6 post challenge, both CD4+ and CD8+ cell percentages in the cecal tonsil were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in challenged birds compared to the control. At d 11, CD4+ cell percentages in the cecal tonsil were higher in the control birds. At 6 d post challenge there was a 6-fold increase (P = 0.18) in IL-10 mRNA content in the cecal tonsils of infected birds compared to the control. At 11 d post challenge there was a 4-fold increase (P = 0.09) in IL-10 mRNA content in the infected birds’ cecal tonsils. At 11 d post challenge there was half as much (P = 0.10) IFN-γ mRNA content in the spleen of infected birds compared to the control. At 6 d post challenge, the CD25 depleted cecal tonsils of infected birds had increased proliferation (P < 0.05) compared to the control. It could be concluded that a mixed Eimeria infection causes an up-regulation of IL-10, Tregs, and CD4+ cells in the cecal tonsils during the late stages of infection.  相似文献   

17.
Natural killer (NK) cells play a role in innate antiviral immunity by directly lysing virus-infected cells and producing antiviral cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ). We developed a system for characterizing the bovine NK response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which causes a disease of cloven-hoofed animals and remains a threat to livestock industries throughout the world. IL-2 stimulation of PBMC resulted in poor killing of human K562 cells, which are often used as NK target cells, while lysis of the bovine BL3.1 cell line was readily detected. Depletion of NKp46-expressing cells revealed that 80% of the killing induced by IL-2 could be attributed to NKp46+ cells. In order to characterize the response of NK cells against FMDV in vivo, we infected groups of cattle with three different strains of the virus (A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Manisa, O Hong Kong) and evaluated the cytolytic ability of NK cells through the course of infection. We consistently observed a transient increase in cytolysis, although there was variation in magnitude and kinetics. This increase in cytolysis remained when CD3+ cells were removed from the preparation of lymphocytes, indicating that cytolysis was independent of MHC-T cell receptor interaction or γδ T cell activation. In contrast, animals monitored following vaccination against FMDV did not exhibit any increase in NK killing. These data suggest that NK cells play a role in the host immune response of cattle against FMDV, and contrast with the suppression of NK activity previously observed in swine infected with FMDV.  相似文献   

18.
We previously demonstrated that stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), led to an inversion of the CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratio and generation of an atypical CD8+ T cell subpopulation expressing CD26. In the present study, we examined T cell apoptosis and proliferation profiles of PBMC subpopulations in cultures stimulated with SEC. Unlike when stimulated with concanavalin A, nucleic acid synthesis in bovine PBMC cultures stimulated with SEC was low during the first four days but increased greatly on day 5. In contrast, nucleic acid synthesis in human PBMC cultures stimulated with SEC increased continuously. To investigate the mechanism of delayed bovine T cell proliferation, various cell phenotypes were monitored. The inversion of the bovine CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratio in PBMC cultures stimulated by SEC was associated with higher proliferation and lower apoptosis of CD8+ T cells compared to CD4+ T cells. The mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were sustained over 4 days but IL-12 mRNA levels dropped to background on day 2. These data suggest that SEC induces a prolonged Th-2-biased microenvironment, and together with the inversion of the bovine CD4+:CD8+ T cell ratios in bovine PBMC cultures with SEC, may in part explain the inability of the mammary immune system to establish an effective response to Staphylococcus aureus infections.  相似文献   

19.
Although swine are natural hosts for influenza A viruses, the porcine T-cell response to swine influenza A virus (FLUAVsw) infection has been poorly characterized so far. We have studied Ki-67 expression and FLUAVsw-specific production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8β+ T cells isolated from piglets that had been intratracheally infected with a H1N2 FLUAVsw isolate. IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-2+ multifunctional CD4+ T cells were present in the blood of all infected animals at one or two weeks after primary infection and their frequency increased in four out of six animals after homologous secondary infection. These cells produced higher amounts of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 than did CD4+ T cells that only produced a single cytokine. The vast majority of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells expressed CD8α, a marker associated with activation and memory formation in porcine CD4+ T cells. Analysis of CD27 expression suggested that FLUAVsw-specific CD4+ T cells included both central memory and effector memory populations. Three out of six animals showed a strong increase of Ki-67+perforin+ CD8β+ T cells in blood one week post infection. Blood-derived FLUAVsw-specific CD8β+ T cells could be identified after an in vitro expansion phase and were multifunctional in terms of CD107a expression and co-production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. These data show that multifunctional T cells are generated in response to FLUAVsw infection of pigs, supporting the idea that T cells contribute to the efficient control of infection.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0182-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

20.
The nature of the local immune response was assessed studying the distribution of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+ T lymphocytes, IgM+ B cells, IL-4+ and IFN-γ+ cells in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) of goats immunised with a synthetic peptide of the Sm14 antigen from Schistosoma mansoni and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. A morphometric study of HLN was also carried out in order to evaluate the hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles. Despite the decrease in fluke burdens found in the immunised group (45.9%) respect to the infected control group, this difference was not statistically significant due to the high individual variability. In liver, a significant increase of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+ T lymphocytes was found in the infected groups respect to the uninfected control and in the infected control respect to the immunised group. HLN showed a significant enlargement due to the hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and infiltration of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+ T lymphocytes in both infected groups respect to the uninfected control, with no significant differences between the infected control and immunised group. IFN-γ+ lymphoid cells was absent or very occasional in HLN where the number of IL-4+ cells was higher than that of IFN-γ, suggesting a polarized Th2 response in immunised and in infected control group.  相似文献   

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