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1.
Hymenolepis nana, as a neglected zoonotic helminth, naturally occurs in both humans and rodents. Herein, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate pooled prevalence of H. nana infection among human and rodent hosts for the first time in Iran. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases (English articles) and SID and Magiran databases (Persian articles) were systematically searched for relevant studies published from inception till May 24, 2020. Chi2 and I2 index were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's intercept and visual inspection of the funnel plot. Pooled prevalence was estimated using random-effects model with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and depicted as a forest plot. STATA software was used for analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of H. nana in humans included 1.2 % (95 % CI = 1.0–1.4%). Subgroup analysis revealed 2.2 % (95 % CI = 1.8–2.6%) and 0.5 % (95 % CI = 0.3 to 0.8 %) of H. nana infection among school children and food handlers, respectively. In terms of rodent hosts, the overall pooled prevalence of H. nana infection included 13 % (95 % CI = 9.3–16.6%). Subgroup analysis revealed the highest rate of the infection was in Rattus spp. (19.6 %; 95 % CI = 10.6–28.6%), a genus with synanthropic behavior. It seems, despite the advancement in sanitation infrastructure and hygiene status, the H. nana infection compares to other helminthic diseases remains a challenging public health problem in Iran.  相似文献   

2.
Leishmania infantum is the main cause of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL; also known as kala-azar) in the Middle East and may be fatal if left untreated. This disease was first reported in 1949 in Iran. Despite marked improvements in hygiene and sanitation conditions, the disease is still endemic in some parts of Iran. It is difficult to determine the current prevalence of HVL in Iran due to the scarcity of comprehensive studies in this regard. In response to this gap, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to gain better understanding of HVL epidemiology in the general population of Iran. English and Persian databases were searched for studies reporting the prevalence and risk factors associated with HVL in the Iranian people from January 1995 to December 2019. The reported data were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of HVL infection and its 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Quality assessment, heterogeneity testing and publication bias assessment were also done. Literature search revealed 3634 studies, of which 35 studies met our eligibility criteria, with a total of 50,716 individuals. The meta-analysis was performed on 31 out of 35 included studies. The estimated pooled prevalence of HVL infection according to seropositivity was 2% (95 % CI: 1–2%) in the general population of Iran in which western and northern provinces had the lowest and the highest prevalence, 0.5 % (95 %CI, 0.2−0.7%) and 3% (95 %CI, 1–5 %), respectively. The seroprevalence of HVL among females (2%; 95 %CI, 1–2 %) was more than males (1%; 95 %CI, 1–2 %). The ≤10 and >10 years age groups had similar seroprevalence rates (1%, 95 %CI, 1–2 % versus 1%, 95 %CI, 0–1 %, respectively). There was no significant difference in terms of geographic area, age and sex. Of 31 studies included in the meta-analysis, the most common diagnostic test was the direct agglutination test (96.77 %). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of the prevalence of HVL in Iran. The results showed a low seroprevalence of HVL infection. However, the lack of published reports of HVL in an area does not exclusively mean the absence of the disease or carrier. We therefore recommend further studies in this regard.  相似文献   

3.
A cross‐sectional study was carried out on sheep and cattle slaughtered at a New Zealand abattoir from September to November 2010 to investigate the supplier‐specific shedding rate, renal carriage rate and seroprevalence of leptospires. In the 2008/2009 season, this abattoir experienced three human leptospirosis cases from 20 staff, of which two were hospitalized. Urine, kidney and blood samples were collected from carcasses of 399 sheep (six suppliers, 17 slaughter lines) and 146 cattle (three suppliers, 22 slaughter lines). The urine and kidney samples were tested by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR), while serum samples (from coagulated blood samples) were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In total, 27% (73/274; 95% CI: 18–37) of urine samples tested positive by qPCR. Species‐specific shedding rates (prevalence of positive urine qPCR) were 31% (95% CI: 17–48) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 14–30) for cattle. For 545 kidney samples tested, 145 were qPCR positive (27%; 95% CI: 17–39). The average prevalence of kidney qPCR positivity was 29% (95% CI: 17–45) for sheep and 21% (95% CI: 15–28) for cattle. Three hundred and thirty of 542 sampled sheep and cattle had antibodies against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis (Hardjobovis) and/or Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona (Pomona), based on reciprocal MAT titre ≥1 : 48 (overall seroprevalence of 61%; 95% CI: 48–73). Seroprevalence was 57% (95% CI: 40–72) for sheep and 73% (95% CI: 59–83) for cattle. Among the seropositive animals, 41% (70/170; 95% CI: 30–54) were shedding (tested positive by urine qPCR) and 42% (137/330; 95% CI: 30–54) had renal carriage (tested positive by kidney qPCR). Some risk management options for abattoirs or farms to prevent human leptospirosis infections include vaccination of maintenance hosts, the use of personal protective equipment, and the application of urine qPCR to detect shedding status of stock as surveillance and as an alert.  相似文献   

4.
One hundred and four mithuns from India were tested for serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by modified direct agglutination test. The overall prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in mithun was 28% (95% CI=19-37). Highest (prevalence rate=46, 95% CI=30-62) seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and lowest (prevalence rate=14, 95% CI=1-27) in mithuns of 6 months-1 year old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence rate=23, 95% CI=10-36) and female (prevalence rate=31, 95% CI=20-42) seroprevalences (P=0.53). Significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in mithuns of different strains with the highest (48%) seroprevalence recorded in Arunachal and lowest (14%) in Mizoram strain. The seroprevalence was higher in farm located at lower altitude (305 m a.s.l.) than the farm located at higher altitude (2134 m a.s.l.). This is the first serologic survey for T. gondii antibodies performed on mithuns from India.  相似文献   

5.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection remains an important public health problem, and it is endemic primarily in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of HEV among the general population, occupational population and swine in mainland China and its risk factors based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Systematic search from EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and several Chinese databases, such as Wanfang (WF) Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP) and SINOMED, was searched from inception up to 25 April 2018. The overall seroprevalence of HEV and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) as well as the correlation coefficients between different groups were estimated using stata 12.0 and r ‐3.4.1 software. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Twenty‐eight studies with 57,274 participants (including human and swine) were included. The seroprevalence of anti‐HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) among the general population, occupational population and swine was 27.3% (95% CI: 22.4–32.2), 47.4% (95% CI: 40.1–54.8) and 66.4% (95% CI: 61.7–71.1), respectively. The overall prevalence of IgM among the general population was 1.8% (95% CI: 0.7–2.9). The odds ratio for the occupational population, as compared to the general population, was 2.63. The highest anti‐HEV IgG prevalence (59%) was observed in East China, whereas the lowest (34.8%) was noted in Northeast and North China. In the occupational population, the highest prevalence (77.0%) was observed among swine vendors. Seven studies included 30,392 participants (humans and swine); the correlation coefficient for the prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG between the professional population and adult pigs was 0.88. Sensitivity analyses showed that the stability of results was not considered significant. This research found that HEV is common in China, and contact with pork or other pig products may be an important mode of HEV transmission.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

AIMS: To estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in chickens in New Zealand, and to estimate the effect of housing type, geographical location and age on seroprevalence.

METHODS: A cross-sectional serological survey of a convenience sample of 545 broiler, breeder, and layer chickens in 55 flocks was conducted in 2010–2011. Birds were aged 5–83 weeks; housing types were free-range, shed, caged, and unknown; and flocks were located in the Auckland, Manawatu, North Canterbury, Otago, Taranaki, Waikato, and Wairarapa regions of New Zealand. An ELISA was used to measure antibodies to E. rhusiopathiae. Samples with an optical density reading ≥1.50 were considered to be positive. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the effect of housing type, geographical location and flock age on the prevalence of samples positive for antibodies to E. rhusiopathiae.

RESULTS: The overall prevalence of samples with antibodies to E. rhusiopathiae was 39.8 (95% CI=35.68–44.06)% for the 545 samples, and 46/55 (84%) farms that were tested had at least one positive sample. Mean seroprevalence for types of housing was 44.2 (95% CI=37.79–50.70)% for free-range (n=240 birds), 23.7 (95% CI=17.83–30.38)% for shed (n=190), 73 (95% CI=56–86)% for caged (n=37) and 50 (95% CI=38–62)% for unknown (n=78). The disease was present in all seven geographical locations from which samples were obtained for this study. Seroprevalence increased with increasing age of birds (p<0.001); for birds ≤12 weeks of age it was 2 (95% CI=0.3–8)% (n=91), 13–24 weeks 29.1 (95% CI=23.34–35.46)% (n=230), 25–36 weeks 47 (95% CI=32–64)% (n=40), 37–48 weeks 75 (95% CI=51–91)% (n=20), >48 weeks 63.8 (95% CI=54.78–72.12)% (n=127). Neither housing type nor geographical location had a significant effect on the likelihood of samples being positive for antibodies to E. rhusiopathiae.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest the prevalence of erysipelas under New Zealand field conditions may be higher than expected and that the disease is significantly associated with increasing age. Housing type and geographical location appear to be unrelated to seroprevalence.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Further study of the epidemiology of E. rhusiopathiae in chickens in New Zealand should be considered in order to minimise the extent of birds' exposure to the organism. These findings will assist in the design of further studies.  相似文献   

7.
Felis catus, the domestic cat, is the definitive host for parasites that may result in adverse health outcomes in humans. Prevalence data of zoonotic parasites in feral cats, which are free‐roaming domestic cats that are born and live in the wild, are limited. The objective of this study was to assess seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and copro‐prevalence of potentially zoonotic parasites in feral cats and to evaluate risk factors for seropositivity and faecal excretion of parasites. In this cross‐sectional survey, 275 feral cats at Trap‐Neuter‐Release clinics in Central Virginia were tested for parasites via faecal flotation, direct immunofluorescence assay (faeces) and modified agglutination testing (serum). Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 22.35% (95% CI: 17.47–27.86). Faecal prevalence of T. gondii‐like oocysts was 1.04% (95% CI: 0.13–3.71), Toxocara cati 58.85% (95% CI: 51.54–65.89), Ancylostoma spp. 18.75% (95% CI: 13.49–25.00), Giardia duodenalis 5.73% (95% CI: 2.89–10.02) and Cryptosporidium spp. 3.33% (95% CI: 1.37–7.24). Female cats were more likely than males to excrete faecal Ancylostoma spp. eggs (OR 2.88; 95% CI 1.34–6.17). Adults were more likely than immature cats to be seropositive (OR 2.10; 95% CI: 1.11–3.97) and to excrete faecal Ancylostoma spp. eggs (OR 2.57; 95% CI: 1.10–5.99). However, immature cats were more likely than adults to excrete T. cati eggs (OR 6.79; 95% CI: 3.31–13.90) and to excrete one or more potentially zoonotic species (OR 4.67; 95% CI: 2.28–9.55) in faeces. Results of this study have implications for human and animal health and highlight the importance of collaboration between public health, medical and veterinary communities in preventive efforts.  相似文献   

8.
Studies conducted on free-ranging mithuns of Nagaland, India revealed that the overall seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in mithun was 42% (95% CI = 33-51) when detected by modified direct agglutination test. Highest (prevalence = 57%, 95% CI = 43-71) seroprevalence was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and the lowest (prevalence = 18%, 95% CI =4-32) in mithuns of 1-2 years old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence = 40%, 95% CI = 26-54) and female (prevalence = 44%, 95% CI = 31-57) seroprevalences. The study also revealed that the maximum number (57%) of animals with the highest titre (1 : 3200) were above 3 years of age. This is the first serological survey for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging mithuns from India.  相似文献   

9.
In the present study, the seroprevalence and genetic identification of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in goats were investigated in Hainan Province, tropical China between October 2012 and October 2013. A total of 1,210 serum samples collected from 16 herds in various administrative regions in tropical China were evaluated using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Antibodies to M. ovipneumoniae were tested in (31.7 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 29–34.3) 383 of 1,210 serum samples (IHA titer ≥1:16). The M. ovipneumoniae seroprevalence ranged from 26.8 % (95 % CI 20.8–32.9) to 39 % (95 % CI 30.8–47.2) among different regions in tropical China, and the difference was statistically significant (P?<?0.01). The seroprevalence of M. ovipneumoniae infection in goats was higher in winter (46.1 %, 95 % CI 39.6–52.5) and spring (33.8 %, 95 % CI 28.3–39.3) than in autumn (27.5 %, 95 % CI 22.6–32.3) and summer (24.7 %, 95 % CI 20.3–29.1), and the difference was statistically significant (P?<?0.01). In addition, DNA was extracted from nasal swab; lung samples and the 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced. Twenty-four of 329 (7.3 %) nasal swab samples and 73 of 280 (26.1 %) pneumonic lung tissues were found to contain M. ovipneumoniae, respectively. The results of the present survey indicate that M. ovipneumoniae infection is highly prevalent in goats in tropical China. This is the first report of the comprehensive survey of M. ovipneumoniae prevalence in goats in China.  相似文献   

10.
In Belgium, pseudorabies in swine has been the subject of a mandatory eradication programme since 1993. From December 1995 to February 1996, a survey was conducted in the five provinces of northern Belgium to estimate the provincial pseudorabies virus (PRV) herd seroprevalence. Seven hundred and twenty randomly selected herds were included in this survey. To detect recently infected animals, only young sows were sampled. The results show that 44% of these herds had an important number of PRV-seropositive young sows. The highest herd seroprevalence was observed in West Flanders (68%), followed by Antwerp (60%), East Flanders (43%), Limburg (18%), and Flemish Brabant (8%). Assuming a diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 99%, respectively, and a true PRV within-herd prevalence of 43%, the overall true PRV herd prevalence was estimated to be 35%. A logistic multiple-regression revealed that the presence of finishing pigs was associated with a two-fold increase in odds of a herd being seropositive (odds ratio (OR)=2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31–3.26); a breeding herd size ≥70 sows was associated with a four-fold increase in odds of a herd being seropositive (OR=4.09, 95% CI=2.18–7.67); a pig density in the municipality of ≥455 pigs/km2 was associated with a 10-fold increase in odds of a herd being seropositive (OR=9.68, 95% CI=5.17–18.12). No association was detected between the PRV herd seroprevalence and purchase policy of breeding pigs (purchased gilts, or use of homebred gilts only).  相似文献   

11.

Knowing the status of Bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors is a crucial step in formulating evidence based control scheme. In this study, a total of 967 dairy cows from 307 dairy farms in eastern Ethiopia were serologically tested for Brucella antibodies. The screening was done first using RBPT and positive samples were subsequently subjected to CFT for confirmation. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 307 dairy cattle owners or attendants to assess their awareness and routine practice. The data were run using univariable logistic regression analysis using STATA version 11.0 for Windows. Accordingly, herd and individual animal seroprevalence were found to be 6.8% (95% CI?=?4.28–10.28) and 1.3% (95% CI?=?0.72–2.29), respectively. The prevalence of sero-reactors among local breeds was observed to be higher compared to cross breed (p?<?0.05). Herd level analysis of the risk factors indicated that in farms with large herd size (>20 animals), the odds ratio (OR)?=?9.13, p?=?0.00, CI?=?3.01–27.69 of having brucellosis was 9.13 times higher than smaller size herds (<20 animals). Intensively managed herds had shown the highest seroprevalence (20.8%) than extensive (6.7%) and semi-intensive (4.2%). Experience of dairy handlers about the disease that cause abortion in late pregnancy was significantly associated (p?<?0.001) with the occurrence of brucellosis in the herds. However, about 91% of the dairy cattle owners/attendants lack awareness about disease(s) that causes abortion in late pregnancy. Similarly risk of having brucellosis in those herds experiencing abortion was 6.3 times higher (OR?=?6.3, p?<?0.001, CI?=?2.50–15.92). This study identified some of the handling practices for aborted and retained fetal materials to be risky. Therefore, the study highlights the need of comprehensive brucellosis surveillance in animal and human and institutions of public education and on farm biosafety measures in shaping proper disease control scheme.

  相似文献   

12.
Studies conducted on mithuns maintained at National Research Centre on mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Nagaland, India and mithuns found in free-ranging condition of Nagaland revealed that the overall prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in mithun was 10% (95% CI=5-15) when detected by a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Highest (prevalence rate=16, 95% CI=8-24) seroprevalence was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and lowest (prevalence rate=2, 95% CI=0-6) in mithuns of 2-12 months old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence rate=7, 95% CI=0-14) and female (prevalence rate=12, 95% CI=6-18) seroprevalences. The seroprevalence was found to be higher (prevalence rate=20, 95% CI=9-31) in mithuns found in free-ranging condition in comparison to mithuns kept in semi-intensive system (prevalence rate=5, 95% CI=1-9). This is probably the first report on serological evidence of N. caninum infection in mithun. The possible role of sylvatic fauna in the epidemiology of N. caninum infection mithun is also discussed in brief.  相似文献   

13.
The importance of the domestic pig reservoir for Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was assessed by estimating the seroprevalence and prevalence of HEV contaminated livers in French slaughter-aged pigs. 6565 sera and 3715 livers were randomly sampled from 186 pig farms throughout the country. Taking the sampling design into account, the farm-level seroprevalence was 65% (95% CI 57–74) and 31% (95% CI 24–38) of the slaughter-aged pigs had antibodies against HEV. The individual prevalence of HEV RNA positive livers was 4% (95% CI 2–6) and 24% (95% CI 17–31) of the farms had at least 1 positive liver. Most isolates were of genotype 3f (76.7%) with smaller amounts of 3c (18.6%) and 3e (4.6%). The high prevalence of HEV in pigs and the similarities between HEV subtypes from pigs and humans corroborates the possible zoonotic origin of some HEV autochthonous infections.  相似文献   

14.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence of brucellosis and the associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Gokwe, Marirangwe, Mushagashe, Nharira, Rusitu and Wedza areas of Zimbabwe. A total of 1,440 cattle from 203 herds were tested serially for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal test and the competitive ELISA. Weighted seroprevalence estimates were calculated and risk factors in individual cattle investigated using logistic regression analysis. The overall individual animal brucellosis seroprevalence was low, with mean of 5.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.4%, 6.8%). Gokwe had the highest individual (12.6%; 95% CI, 3.9%, 21.4%) and herd-level (40.0%; 95% CI, 22.1%, 58.0%), while Wedza had the lowest individual (2.3%; 95% CI, 0%, 5.3%) and herd-level (8.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%, 18.9%) brucellosis seroprevalence, respectively. In individual cattle, the area of origin, age and history of abortion were independently associated with brucellosis seroprevalence. While the seroprevalence was independent of sex, it decreased with increasing age. Cattle 2–4 years old had higher odds (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1%, 9.1%) of being seropositive compared to those >7 years. Cows with a history of abortion were more likely to be seropositive (OR = 7.9; 95% CI, 3.1, 20.1) than controls. In conclusion, the area-to-area variation of brucellosis may be linked to ecological factors and differences in management practices. The implementation of stamping out policy, bleeding and testing animals before movement and promoting the use self-contained units are likely to significantly reduce the public health risks associated with Brucella infections in cattle.  相似文献   

15.
Q fever caused by Coxiella burentii, gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease has been reported in wide range of animals especially ruminants. The available data about the prevalence of Q fever in camels in Egypt are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii among camels and identify the risk factors associated with infection. A total 315 serum samples were collected from three governorates in Egypt during 2018 and examined by an indirect Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The obtained results were subsequent analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression. Generally, the seroprevalence of C. burnetii among camels was 22 %. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of C. burnetii increased in aged female camels in comparison with young one and was higher also in female with history of abortion (OR = 4.6, 95%CI: 2.46–8.76). The infection was significantly increased during autumn season (OR = 9.3, 95%CI: 4.23–20.5). Besides, camels in contact with small ruminants showed high level of infection (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.65–1.93) or camel with heavy tick infestation (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.60–1.92). Our report confirms that the seroprevalence of C. burnetii among camels in Egypt and appropriate control measures should be taken to reduce the transmission of infection to other animal species or human.  相似文献   

16.
Toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed zoonosis with a clinical impact in the unborn fetus and in the immunosuppressed individual. In Serbia, studies of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans have shown that the relatively high prevalence is associated mainly with consumption of undercooked meat and/or meat products. However, data on T. gondii infection in domestic animals mostly used for human consumption are scarce. We thus conducted a cross-sectional survey on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in a representative sample of cattle, sheep and pigs from different regions of Serbia between June 2002 and June 2003, and analyzed the main risk factors associated with the infection. Sera from 611 cattle (yearlings and adults of both sexes), 511 ewes, and 605 pigs (market-weight and sows), were examined for T. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test. The seroprevalences determined were 76.3% in cattle, 84.5% in sheep and 28.9% in pigs. The antibody levels ranged from 1:25 to 1:400 in cattle, and up to 1:25,600 in sheep and to 1:12,800 in pigs. Among the seropositive, the proportion of high antibody levels (> or =1:1600), suggestive of acute infection, was 10% in sheep, and 4% in pigs. Possible association of the infection with biologically plausible risk factors including gender, age, herd size/farm type, type of housing, feeding practices and region, was analyzed by univariate analysis, and variables significant at P< or =0.1 were included in multivariate logistic regression models. The results showed that risk factors for cattle were small herd size (odds ratio, OR=2.19, 95% confidence interval, CI=1.28-3.75, P=0.004) and farm location in Western Serbia (OR=2.04, 95% CI=1.10-3.79, P=0.024), while housing in stables with access to outside pens was protective (OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.21-0.67, P=0.001). In sheep, an increased risk of infection was found in ewes from state-owned flocks (OR=4.18, 95% CI=2.18-8.00, P<0.001) vs. private flocks, and, interestingly, also in those from Western Serbia (OR=4.66, 95% CI=1.18-18.32, P=0.028). In pigs, the risk of infection was highly increased in adult animals (OR=3.87, 95% CI=2.6-5.76, P<0.001), as well as in those from finishing type farms (OR=3.96, 95% CI=1.97-7.94, P<0.001). In addition to providing data on the current T. gondii seroprevalence in meat animals in Serbia, the results of this study show the main risk factors associated with infection, thereby pointing to the type of preventive measures to reduce T. gondii infection.  相似文献   

17.
Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that can infect a wide range of animals including horses. However, its circulation dynamics in and through horses are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of C. burnetii and its genomic characteristics in horse sera samples in the North of Iran (Golestan Province). The samples were collected in 2018 and the age, sex, and breed of each animal were recorded. Nested-PCR was used to detect C. burnetii based on the presence of the transposable gene IS1111. The results showed that 7.50 % (P < 0.05; 95 % CI: 0.5 %–0.12 %) of the examined sera samples were positive for C. burnetii. Based on the resuls, prevalence of C. burnetii in the age groupof < Years 1–5 (p-value <0.05, 95 % CI: 1 %–8 %) was less than the age group of >6 years old (p-value <0.05, 95 %, CI: 7 %–19.8 %). In previous studies, it was concluded that the horses' population in Golestan Province should be considered as an important factor in the epidemiology of Q fever and consequently in public health. Further studies should be implemented to evaluate if horses may be relevant indicators of zoonotic risk in urban and suburban endemic areas.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection, seroprevalence, and factors associated with antibody response to Ehrlichia canis in dogs of Yucatan, Mexico. The study was carried out in four veterinary clinics located in Merida, the capital city of Yucatan, Mexico. Blood samples were obtained from a total of 120 dogs, and each animal was physically examined to determine age and sex, as well as to record any clinical signs of platelet-related bleeding. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies to E. canis using an ELISA test, and thrombocyte counts were calculated. Blood smears were prepared to detect typical morulae in leukocytes. The prevalence of infection, seroprevalence and associated factors were calculated. A primary screening was performed using 2 x K contingency tables of exposure variables. All variables with P< or =0.20 were analyzed by a logistic-binomial regression. Fifty-three (44.1%) of the 120 dogs were found to be seropositive to E. canis. In six dogs (5.0%) typical morulae of E. canis were observed in monocytes. These six cases were positive for antibodies and were thrombocytopenic. The following factors associated with seropositive animals were: platelet-related bleeding (Yes: OR=10.26, CI=2.50-42.16, P=0.001), thrombocytopenia (Yes: OR=18.91, CI=4.47-80.03, P=0.000) and age (2-4 years: OR=6.77, CI=1.76-25.97, P=0.005; >4 years: OR=4.24, CI=1.04-17.21, P=0.043).  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pestivirus antibodies in sheep and goats in India. A total of 2803 serum samples collected between 2004 and 2008 from 1777 sheep in 92 flocks and 1026 goats in 63 flocks belonging to 13 states were tested by competition ELISA for detection of pestivirus antibodies. In sheep, the true prevalence rate was 23.4% (95% confidence interval: 22.9%–27.0%) and in goats it was 16.9% (95% CI: 16.4%–21.3%). The flock level seroprevalence was 66.3% for sheep and 54.0% for goats. Geographical variation in individual and flock prevalence was highly significant. A significant association (p?<?0.05) was found between sheep and goat flocks having cattle contact and the flock level seroprevalence. The seroprevalence was lower in 6 months–1 year age group compared to the 1–2 year and >2 year age groups in both sheep and goats. Cross neutralization studies on 61 seropositive sheep and 34 seropositive goat samples representing all positive flocks, exhibited > four fold higher titre to bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) in 41 sheep and 23 goat samples and to BVDV-2 in one sheep and goat each. This study for the first time showed serological evidence of wide spread BVDV infections in Indian sheep and goats, with BVDV-1 predominating and BVDV-2 occasionally besides highlighting the potential risk of infection to other species, which needs to be considered whenever BVD control measures are initiated.  相似文献   

20.
We evaluated the prevalence of mycobacterial infections (i.e., Mycobacterium bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria [NTM]) and their associated risk factors among cattle herds and trade cattle in southwestern Nigeria. Through cross-sectional study design, cattle herds from three locations were screened using the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test based on two diagnostic standards; more than 4 mm (? 4 mm) and more than 2 mm (? 2 mm) cut-off points. Abattoir study involved screening trade cattle for tuberculous lesions. Overall, 515 cattle from 45 herds were screened. Using >?4 mm, animal level and herd prevalence of 11.7 and 46.7% were recorded, respectively. Applying the ? 2 mm cut-off, animal level and herd prevalence increased to 31.1 and 60.0%, respectively. Significantly, using the ? 2 mm cut-off, cattle in medium size herds/extensive management system (OR?=?1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and Sokoto Gudali (OR?=?2.3; 95% CI 1.4–3.8) were more at risk of being positive reactors, while Rahaji (OR?=?0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7) breeds of cattle and cows in the peri-urban area (OR?=?0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.9) were less at risk of being positive reactors. Again, M. avium reactor of 21.7% was observed. In the abattoir, 1797 cattle were examined with 126 lesions suggestive of tuberculosis (TB). Culture/molecular analyses confirmed 2.2% M. bovis and 0.9% NTM infections. Risk factors associated with bovine TB among trade cattle were sex (OR?=?4.0; 95% CI 1.2–13.5) and age (OR?=?0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.9). We confirm 11.7% prevalence of mycobacterial infections among populations of cattle screened with breed and herd size being major risk factors.  相似文献   

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