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吸血性节肢动物种类繁多，多以吸食脊椎动物的血液为生，不仅给畜禽造成贫血和发育不良等危害，同时也会传播多种病原体，严重威胁养殖业的发展。吸血性节肢动物（如蚊子、蜱）体内栖息着大量微生物，经过长期共同进化，这些微生物已经和节肢动物建立起了各种共生关系，在宿主的生长发育、繁殖、营养获取、血液消化、免疫反应、适应环境和病原传播中发挥着不可或缺的作用。研究吸血性节肢动物与共生菌的关系可揭示吸血性节肢动物的生物学特征，也可为通过调控共生菌的感染模式来防控吸血性节肢动物提供科学依据，已经成为研究热点。本文从吸血性节肢动物共生菌的种类、研究方法、功能以及应用等方面进行综述，为读者提供参考。 相似文献
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Eikoh Satoh Ryota Kasahara Kosuke Fukatsu Takao Aoki Hiroto Harayama Tetsuya Murata 《Journal of Pesticide Science》2021,46(1):109
Benzpyrimoxan (5-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy}pyrimidine, NNI-1501) was discovered as a novel insecticide structurally characterized by a pyrimidine derivative substituted with 1,3-dioxanyl and 4-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy groups. The compound showed remarkable activity against nymphs of rice planthoppers, including strains resistant to existing insecticides. Furthermore, benzpyrimoxan had low adverse effects on pollinators and beneficial arthropods. Because of these features, benzpyrimoxan is expected to be a suitable part of an integrated pest management strategy. In this report, the history of the discovery to reach benzpyrimoxan and details of the structure–activity relationships are described. 相似文献
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Direct and host‐mediated interactions between Fusarium pathogens and herbivorous arthropods in cereals 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fusarium head blight and fusarium ear rot diseases of cereal crops are significant global problems, causing yield and grain quality losses and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins. Safety limits have been set by the European Commission for several Fusarium‐produced mycotoxins; mitigating the risk of breaching these limits is of great importance to crop producers as part of an integrated approach to disease management. This review examines current knowledge regarding the role of arthropods in disease epidemiology. In the field, diseased host plants are likely to interact with arthropods that may substantially impact the disease by influencing spread or condition of the shared host. For example, disease progress by Fusarium graminearum can be doubled if wheat plants are aphid‐infested. Arthropods have been implicated in disease epidemiology in several cases and the evidence ranges from observed correlations between arthropod infestation and increased disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation, to experimental evidence for arthropod infestation causing heightened pathogen prevalence in hosts. Fusarium pathogens differ in spore production and impact on host volatile chemistry, which influences their suitability for arthropod dispersal. Herbivores may allow secondary fungal infection after wounding a plant or they may alter host susceptibility by inducing changes in plant defence pathways. Post‐harvest, during storage, arthropods may also interact with Fusarium pathogens, with instances of fungivory and altered behaviour by arthropods towards volatile chemicals from infected grain. Host‐mediated indirect pathogen–arthropod interactions are discussed alongside a comprehensive review of evidence for direct interactions where arthropods act as vectors for inoculum. 相似文献
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Modes of passive dispersal of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Eriophyoidea) were investigated in a vineyard of South-Western Germany. More than 200 Eriophyoidea per month were trapped in a wind chamber during summer (32,1% C.vitis) suggesting long-distance dispersal by air currents. Rain washed part of the adult C.vitis population from the foliage. SE micrographs suggest that quiescent nymphs are affixed to the leaf by a substance of unknown nature. However, the role of rain in C.vitis colonisation of uninfested vineyards is still unclear, as is the role of phoretic transport by arthropods. For the first time, evidence of rust mite dispersal by human activity is presented. A large number of C.vitis was found adhering to clothes and hands of workers carrying out customary cultural practices in the vineyard. Other arthropods, including Typhlodromus pyri, the main predator of C.vitis, were also passively transported by wind, rain and human activity. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Turfgrass management practices, especially the use of chemical pesticides, may be detrimental to beneficial arthropods such as predators and decomposers. However, little is known about the impact of other practices or pest control products on these beneficials. The impact of four different management regimes, consisting of synthetic pesticide cover sprays or combinations of more targeted applications of natural pesticides, on selected groups of non‐targeted arthropods in lawns of different age was studied over 3 years. The short‐term effect of diazinon and carbaryl on Carabidae and Collembola was also evaluated. RESULTS: Formicidae and Araneae were the most abundant taxa at both sites, representing 74–80% of total captures. With a few short‐term exceptions, no persistent and significant difference between turfgrass management regimes on arthropod abundance was observed over the 3 year study. Diazinon and carbaryl significantly reduced Carabidae abundance, but only one year out of three, while Collembola abundance was only transiently affected by carbaryl application in 2003. CONCLUSION: The study showed that practices and products used in the four management regimes did not disrupt the populations of specific groups of arthropods. These results provide useful information to professionals for the development of ecological turf practices to maintain beneficial arthropod abundance and diversity in urban landscapes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Benjamin DAVIDSON 《干旱区科学》2021,13(6):629-638
Water availability, which enables plant growth and animal activity, regulates dryland ecosystem function. In hyper-arid ecosystems, rain cannot support vascular plant growth. Therefore, hyper-arid vegetation is restricted to the lower topography, where runoff accumulates. Typically, food resources originating from areas of dense vegetation are dispersed across the desert floor, enabling animal life in areas lacking vascular plant growth. However, certain regions, such as the hyper-arid upper topography, may be devoid of plant-derived food resources. The present study examined arthropod activity in the upper topography of a hyper-arid desert, in comparison with arthropod activity in the lower topography. Pitfall traps were utilized to compare arthropod activity along unvegetated ridges with activity in parallel, vegetated riverbeds. Surprisingly, the study revealed dense arthropod communities in the barren upper topography. Arthropods collected in the upper topography represented 26% of total arthropod abundance. In addition, the overlap between arthropod identity in the ridges and wadis(i.e., riverbeds) was low, and certain arthropods were strongly affiliated with the ridges. The upper topographic communities included high numbers of silverfish(Zygentoma: Lepismatidae), malachite beetles(Psiloderes), and predatory mites(Acari: Anystidae), and these arthropods were present at various life stages. It remains unclear how arthropod communities can persist in the unvegetated upper topography of the hyper-arid study area. These results raise the possibility that other food sources, independent from vascular plants, may play a significant role in the life history of hyper-arid arthropods. 相似文献
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Geoffrey K Frampton 《Pest management science》1999,55(9):875-886
Contiguous winter wheat fields of similar cropping history and soil type were used in a study of the responses of Collembola to summer sprays of cypermethrin and pirimicarb in southern England. Chlorpyrifos was included in the study as a toxic standard. Epigeic arthropods were captured by suction sampling and crop-inhabiting species obtained by dissecting wheat ears. Eight genera of Collembola responded significantly to the insecticide treatments. Collembolan abundance decreased after chlorpyrifos was applied but increased after use of cypermethrin. Negative effects of cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola were not detected in this study. Effects of chlorpyrifos varied spatially as a result of faunal heterogeneity among the fields, despite apparent homogeneity of the site. Some species known to be susceptible to chlorpyrifos were absent from one or more of the fields. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of non-target pesticide effects and the potential use of Collembola as bioindicators in field studies with pesticides are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae) is an invasive species in the USA, where it grows in pastures and wooded areas. A disease of unknown etiology, rose rosette disease (RRD), infects R. multiflora and other Rosa spp. The goal of this research was to determine the effects of habitat and disease symptoms on the abundance of Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) , the presumed vector of RRD, and other arthropods on R. multiflora . We collected branch tips from healthy R. multiflora plants growing in the sun and shade, as well as RRD-infected R. multiflora growing in the sun. The samples were collected from June 2002 to April 2004 from three sites in Iowa, USA. The samples were collected approximately every 2 weeks during the summer, monthly during the fall, and once during early spring. The fall samples were only taken from RRD-infected plants because they retain leaves throughout the winter. We found that P. fructiphilus was present on diseased and healthy R. multiflora growing in the sun and on healthy R. multiflora growing as understory plants under a tree canopy (shaded), but the greatest numbers were observed on the diseased plants growing in the sun. Several other mite species, both predatory and phytophagous, Chaetosiphon sp. aphids, and the thrips species, Frankliniella exigua Hood and Neohydatothrips variabilis Beach, occur in the same plant microhabitat as P. fructiphilus . This is the first study to document the presence of additional arthropods in the same microhabitat (branch tips) as P. fructiphilus . Future research needs to isolate and identify the causal agent of RRD so it can be confirmed that, of the many arthropods feeding on R. multiflora , only P. fructiphilus vectors RRD. 相似文献
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Effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth of rice plants, weeds, and the number of arthropods in paddy fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
SEISHU TOJO MASAHIRO YOSHIZAWA TAKASHI MOTOBAYASHI KENGO WATANABE 《Weed Biology and Management》2007,7(1):38-43
Aigamo duck farming has been noticed as one of the techniques of environmental conservation agriculture. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth and production of rice plants, the quantity of weeds and arthropods, and the balance of nitrogen (N) in paddy fields by changing the density of the Aigamo ducks. A paddy field was divided into three test plots: a 10-Aigamo-duck plot, a five-Aigamo-duck plot, and a weeding plot. The results show that the height, number of culms, and yield crops of the rice plants increased more in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot and the five-Aigamo-duck plot than that of the weeding plot. Millet ( Echinochloa oryzicola ) remained in both the Aigamo duck plots. The weeding plot was covered with monochoria ( Monochoria vaginalis ). In both the Aigamo duck plots, the outbreak of total arthropods was lower than that of the weeding plot, but the number of rice plants damaged by grass leaf rollers ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) was increased. The number of spiders, regarded as useful insects, did not differ that much between the experimental plots. The N content of the soil did not differ as an effect of loosing the Aigamo ducks. The rice plants in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot absorbed more N than the rice plants in the other plots. 相似文献
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C. Grimm H. Schmidli F. Bakker K. Brown P. Campbell M. Candolfi P. Chapman E. G. Harrison M. Mead-Briggs R. Schmuck A. Ufer 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(3):72-84
The existing standardised test systems for assessing the toxicity of crop protection products to the non-target arthropods Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) are limit tests designed to compare a single-use rate of the product with a water control. The suitability of these test systems for generating dose-response data as required for refined ecotoxicological risk assessment was evaluated. Data on dose-response toxicity of crop protection products to T. pyri and A. rhopalosiphi were generated under worst-case laboratory and to T. pyri under extended laboratory conditions and analysed using the standard Probit method, a logistic regression, a generalised Probit analysis, and the moving average-angle method in order to calculate the LR50-values (application rate killing 50% of the exposed organisms). The fit of the models, the precision of the resulting LR50 values, and the required minimum number of replicates were compared. In 85% of the studies, at least one of the statistical methods led to satisfactory results. The moving average-angle method was the most widely applicable method. The results show that the existing guidelines can be used to perform dose-response tests. Implications for risk assessment are discussed. 相似文献
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Antonio Biondi Veerle Mommaerts Guy Smagghe Elisa Viñuela Lucia Zappalà Nicolas Desneux 《Pest management science》2012,68(12):1523-1536
Spinosyn‐based products, mostly spinosad, have been widely recommended by extension specialists and agribusiness companies; consequently, they have been used to control various pests in many different cropping systems. Following the worldwide adoption of spinosad‐based products for integrated and organic farming, an increasing number of ecotoxicological studies have been published in the past 10 years. These studies are primarily related to the risk assessment of spinosad towards beneficial arthropods. This review takes into account recent data with the aim of (i) highlighting potentially adverse effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods (and hence on ecosystem services that they provide in agroecosystems), (ii) clarifying the range of methods used to address spinosyn side effects on biocontrol agents and pollinators in order to provide new insights for the development of more accurate bioassays, (iii) identifying pitfalls when analysing laboratory results to assess field risks and (iv) gaining increasing knowledge on side effects when using spinosad for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and organic farming. For the first time, a thorough review of possible risks of spinosad and novel spinosyns (such as spinetoram) to beneficial arthropods (notably natural enemies and pollinators) is provided. The acute lethal effect and multiple sublethal effects have been identified in almost all arthropod groups studied. This review will help to optimise the future use of spinosad and new spinosyns in IPM programmes and for organic farming, notably by preventing the possible side effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Methods using the reactions of beneficial arthropods to stimuli of prey and habitats are becoming more and more important in the biological control of pests. Especially olfactory cues, which are measurable with so called 'olfactometers' are of great importance. In the present study, a modified four-armed airflow olfactometer is described by explaining these modifications. As an example, the results obtained for the predatory ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata are explained in detail. Various odour sources caused evident differences in the reactions of the predator, especially comparing the reared beetles and the individuals collected in the field. The volatiles emitted by the odour source 'bean plant + aphids' were attractive to 28% of the reared and to 38% of the field-collected test individuals. These values were clearly higher than in the cases of the odour source 'aphids' with 18% for both groups. About 15% of the reared and 13% of the field-collected coccinellids reacted to the olfactometer chamber without an odour source. On the other hand, it became obvious in test series with groups of adult beetles that group tests were not so suitable because the test individuals diverted each other so that the reactions to the odours were reduced. In the case of the group tests, 68% of the reared and 60% of the field-collected individuals did not react to one of the offered odour sources. In further surveys, the most favourable pre-experiment starvation period of the tested individuals and optimal duration for a single experiment were determined. For adults of C. septempunctata, the most favourable starvation time was 6 hours and the most suitable duration of a single experiment 30 minutes. In two further experiments, it was investigated whether there were differences between males and females or between beetles of different ages. There were slight differences between males and females reacting to distinct odour sources and also in the case of coccinellids of different ages but in both cases without clear tendencies. 相似文献
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稻田生态系统中捕食性天敌节肢动物种类调查分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用吸虫器对稻田生态系统中的稻田与非稻田生境的捕良性节肢动物天敌多样性进行了系统调查，共采集到385种节肢动物。其中115种为捕食性（肉食性）天敌，包括81种捕食性蜘蛛和34种捕食性昆虫，捕食性天敌物种所占比例为29．87％。在115种食性天敌中，稻田与非稻田生境有48个共有种。 相似文献
16.
Methods using the reactions of beneficial arthropods to stimuli of prey and habitats are becoming more and more important in the biological control of pests. Especially olfactory cues, which are measurable with so called 'olfactometers' are of great importance. In the present study, a modified four-armed airflow olfactometer is described by explaining these modifications. As an example, the results obtained for the predatory ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata are explained in detail. Various odour sources caused evident differences in the reactions of the predator, especially comparing the reared beetles and the individuals collected in the field. The volatiles emitted by the odour source 'bean plant + aphids' were attractive to 28% of the reared and to 38% of the field-collected test individuals. These values were clearly higher than in the cases of the odour source 'aphids' with 18% for both groups. About 15% of the reared and 13% of the field-collected coccinellids reacted to the olfactometer chamber without an odour source. On the other hand, it became obvious in test series with groups of adult beetles that group tests were not so suitable because the test individuals diverted each other so that the reactions to the odours were reduced. In the case of the group tests, 68% of the reared and 60% of the field-collected individuals did not react to one of the offered odour sources. In further surveys, the most favourable pre-experiment starvation period of the tested individuals and optimal duration for a single experiment were determined. For adults of C. septempunctata, the most favourable starvation time was 6 hours and the most suitable duration of a single experiment 30 minutes. In two further experiments, it was investigated whether there were differences between males and females or between beetles of different ages. There were slight differences between males and females reacting to distinct odour sources and also in the case of coccinellids of different ages but in both cases without clear tendencies. 相似文献
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Terrestrial arthropods are mainly exposed to pesticides by uptake from the substrate e.g. “residual” uptake, which depends on the bioavailability of the pesticide. The residual uptake of deltamethrin by female Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall), a linyphiid spider, was studied in relation to dependence on soil cover, soil moisture, walking behaviour, time after spraying and deposition rate. C14-labelled deltamethrin was used to quantify the uptake processes. Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis. Uptake was markedly higher from soil covered with fungi or moss than from uncovered soil. From uncovered soils with moisture contents varying from 7 to 49% dry weight, low uptake was measured, while at 63% moisture, the uptake was high. The bioavailability half-life was 157 min. The rate of uptake decreased with distance walked. The possible consequences of these results for field experiments are discussed. 相似文献
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Guido Geßner Sabine Meder Thomas Rink Günther Boheim Achim Harder Peter Jeschke Jürgen Scherkenbeck Michael Londershausen 《Pest management science》1996,48(4):399-407
PF 1022A, a 24-membered cyclooctadepsipeptide and a potent anthelmintic drug, is active against nematodes but not against arthropods. Muscle cells of Ascaris suum generate autorhythmic spikes in electrophysiological control experiments. Exposure of the worm to PF 1022A leads to flaccid paralysis and in parallel to the disappearance of these spike events. Results of such experiments in vitro were compared with those from experiments using planar lipid bilayer membranes incorporating PF 1022A, a related linear octadepsipeptide and other cyclodepsipeptides. Whereas PF 1022A acts both as an ionophore in lipid bilayers, similar to other cyclodepsipeptides like valinomycin and enniatin A, and as a paralysing drug in worms, some of the series of depsipeptides examined have only an ion carrier function, while others exhibit only nematocidal activity. It is concluded that the ion carrier property of PF 1022A is not responsible for its paralyzing effect on nematodes and that there is a specific binding site for PF 1022A in nematodes. Binding may trigger the lethal reaction cascade, which is responsible for anthelmintic activity. 相似文献
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The Carabid Beetle Laboratory Test using Poecilus cupreus (L.) was developed for the assessment of effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and is now available as an official guideline published by the BBA and the IOBC for the registration of pesticides. In this contribution some of the experiences in performing the test are summarized. In total, 126 compounds (mainly herbicides) were tested in 190 test runs (including water controls). In this acute laboratory test, the three parameters mortality, behaviour and feeding rate are investigated. Due to experiences with other ecotoxicological tests a one-way Analysis of Variance or ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni Test, was used for the statistical evaluation of the feeding rates. The results presented here show that a statistical evaluation of the feeding data is possible and that this parameter is useful for the assessment of side-effects of chemicals for these predatory arthropods. In testing the reference substance pyrazophos (formulation: ‘Afugan’ 294 g litre−1 EC) the mortality varied considerably. It is proposed that at a given value (30%) for effects on the mortality and the feeding rate, a test substance should be tested in a semi-field or field situation. 相似文献
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Abundance and diversity of arthropods were compared in olive trees treated against the olive fruit fly with spinosad bait sprays and an untreated control, paying special attention to predators and parasitoids. Spinosad bait sprays did not reduce the abundance and diversity of arthropods as a whole in the canopy. However, principal response curve analysis revealed a significant deleterious effect of the treatments on natural enemies in the last of the three years of study. The most affected taxa were Anthocoridae (especially Orius spp.) and Aphelinidae. 相似文献