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1.
TRAN DANG KHANH TRAN DANG XUAN ILL MIN CHUNG SHINKICHI TAWATA 《Weed Biology and Management》2008,8(4):267-275
Barnyardgrass is one of the most noxious paddy weeds in the world and causes great trouble to many crops. In a bioassay, the aqueous extract of paddy soil infested with barnyardgrass showed phytotoxic action against the growth of the tested crops and paddy weeds, of which rice was the most suppressed among the crops. In contrast, barnyardgrass was the least affected paddy weed. By the use of a separation resin, 18 compounds belonging to terpenes, derivatives of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid, long‐chain fatty acids, and steroids that were potentially involved in the phytotoxic activities in barnyardgrass‐infested soil were isolated and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Of these, the quantities of linalool, 4‐terpinenol, coumaran, methyl phenethyl ketone, and methyl ester cinnamic acid were 1.42, 0.37, 0.02, 3.12, and 4.59 μg g?1 of the wet soil, respectively. The herbicidal activity was varied among these qualified test compounds, in which methyl phenethyl ketone and methyl ester cinnamic acid were more herbicidal than coumaran, linalool, and 4‐terpinenol. A mixture of these compounds was also the least inhibitive against the growth of barnyardgrass, but exerted strong suppression against that of rice and monochoria. The present study demonstrates that barnyardgrass possesses strong phytotoxic properties and releases plant growth inhibitors into the soil to compete with rice and other paddy weeds in its vicinity by a chemical pathway. 相似文献
2.
Min Zhang Xiao‐Hua Xu Yan Cui Long‐Guan Xie Chui‐Hua Kong 《Pest management science》2012,68(11):1512-1522
BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the herbicidal activity of substituted aurones, a series of 4,6‐disubstituted and 4,5,6‐trisubstituted aurones were synthesised, and their herbicidal activities against Brassica campestris L. and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Effects of some of the compounds were evaluated on seed germination. The most active compounds in the laboratory were evaluated in the greenhouse. RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS; some of them were further identified by IR. A (Z)‐configuration was assigned to the aurones, based on spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Bioassay results of root growth showed that the aurones had a moderate herbicidal activity against the dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris. (Z)‐2‐Phenylmethylene‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐3(2H)‐benzofuranone(6o) was the most active compound, with 81.3 and 88.5% inhibition at 10 and 100 µg ml?1 respectively, equal to the activity of mesotrione. Some of the aurones possessed some inhibition of germination on several plant species. For glasshouse tests, the substituted aurones had lower herbicidal activity than metolachlor and mesotrione. CONCLUSION: It is possible that aurone derivatives, which possess structures different from those of the commercial herbicides, may become novel lead compounds for the development of herbicides against dicotyledonous weeds with further structure modification. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
TAKUHITO NOZOE MASAAKI TACHIBANA AKIRA UCHINO NARIFUMI YOKOGAMI 《Weed Biology and Management》2009,9(1):20-26
Laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze the iron (Fe) tolerance of paddy weeds and rice varieties (Oryza sativa) for germination and root elongation. Under a waterlogged soil condition, the Fe(II) content in a soil solution increased with an increase in the ratio of rice straw to the soil. In the presence of 0.9% (w/w) straw to soil, which corresponds approximately to 8 t of straw applied to an area of 1 ha × 10 cm depth in the field, ～80 mg L?1 of Fe(II) was produced in the soil solution. Based on this result, the seeds of rice and the weeds were incubated in a solution with <100 mg L?1 of Fe(II). The presence of 100 mg L?1 of Fe(II) suppressed the germination of Echinochloa crus‐galli var. crus‐galli, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus difformis, and Monochoria korsakowii. However, it had no effect on the germination of Echinochloa oryzicola, Schoenoplectus juncoides (= Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus), and Monochoria vaginalis. This level of Fe tolerance was the same as that of rice. These findings suggest that E. oryzicola, S. juncoides, and M. vaginalis can grow under more severe conditions than E. crus‐galli, C. serotinus, C. difformis, and M. korsakowii. In relation to seminal root elongation, the order of tolerance of Fe toxicity was O. sativa cv. Dunghan Shali > O. sativa cv. Hoshinoyume > E. oryzicola > M. vaginalis > S. juncoides. Thus, the results show that the tolerance of rice is greater than that of E. oryzicola, which had a comparatively strong tolerance among the weeds examined, and also that there are differences in tolerance among the rice varieties. These findings suggest that the difference in Fe tolerance is involved in weed control systems when organic materials are applied. If this difference is an important factor in the weed control system, Fe‐tolerant rice varieties, like cv. D. Shali, could facilitate weed control systems due to their higher Fe tolerance ability. 相似文献
4.
灭草特在水稻秧田应用技术研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在毒鼠时机、毒饵布放位置及药物剂量一致的条件下,用不同饵料防治稻田害鼠,O.005％大隆稻谷毒饵灭鼠效果达91.8％,0.005％大隆大米毒饵灭鼠效果为79.6％。0.2％敌鼠钠盐稻谷毒饵灭效则为96.2％。以相同的或不同的大隆剂量、不同饵料、不同加药方法对4组笼养黄毛鼠作1次投毒试验,其结果与急性杀鼠剂1次毒杀效果相同,但试鼠呈慢性死亡过程。剖检症状为内出血。本试区仅初次使用第一代抗凝血剂——敌鼠钠盐,尚未产生抗药性的老鼠种群。大隆杀鼠剂,可作为今后出现“超级老鼠”时的接替品种。 相似文献
5.
HAJIME IKEDA SEIJI YAMATO YUKARI KAJIWARA TAKAYUKI NISHIYAMA TAKANORI TABUCHI YASUSHI TANAKA 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(3):167-174
Herbicidal activity and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibition of sulfonylurea derivatives with a fused heterocyclic moiety bonded to a sulfonyl group were investigated. Some compounds that had an imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine moiety substituted at the 2‐position by chlorine or methyl controlled sulfonylurea‐resistant (SU‐R) weeds and showed inhibitory activity to ALS prepared from SU‐R Schoenoplectus juncoides shoot. There was a correlation between in vitro and whole‐plant herbicidal activity of the compounds mentioned above against SU‐R Schoenoplectus juncoides. Among them 1‐(2‐chloro‐6‐propylimidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazin‐3‐ylsulfonyl)‐3‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)urea, propyrisulfuron, was selected for further evaluation. Propyrisulfuron effectively controlled paddy weeds at doses of 70 and 140 g a.i. ha?1 with good rice selectivity in a field trial. 相似文献
6.
双环磺草酮除草活性及对水稻的安全性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
双环磺草酮是一种以对-羟苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶 (HPPD) 为作用靶标的双环辛烷类化学除草剂。为明确其在水稻田的应用技术,采用温室盆栽法测定了双环磺草酮的杀草谱、除草活性及对8个水稻品种的安全性。结果表明:在有效成分360 g/hm2剂量处理下,双环磺草酮对水稻田常见杂草稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、雨久花Monochoria korsakowii、异型莎草Cyperus difformis的地上部分鲜重抑制率均高于90%,对主要秋熟杂草稗草E. crusgalli、牛筋草Eleusine indica、雨久花M. korsakowii、千金子Euphorbia lathyris、田皂角Aeschynomene indica和异型莎草C. difformis的GR50值为有效成分48~196 g/hm2,除田皂角外,除草活性均高于对照药剂硝磺草酮。双环磺草酮对8个水稻品种的安全性研究结果表明:在有效成分720 g/hm2剂量处理下,隆两优华占、皖垦糯1号、皖稻68和绿旱粳1号4个水稻品种对双环磺草酮耐药性较高,徽两优882、C两优608、皖稻119和Y两优1号4个水稻品种的株高和鲜重受到不同程度的抑制。双环磺草酮在隆两优华占、皖垦糯1号、皖稻68和绿旱粳1号4种水稻与异型莎草、稗草和雨久花3种杂草之间的选择性指数分别为3.66~4.37、4.50~5.37、3.36~4.01和3.29~3.93,明显高于对照药剂硝磺草酮。研究表明,双环磺草酮对多种秋熟杂草防效较好,且对供试的3个粳稻品种及5个籼稻品种中的隆两优华占安全。 相似文献
7.
R J Martin F Van Ogtrop Y Henson K Broeum R Rien P Srean D K Y Tan 《Weed Research》2017,57(5):333-341
Cambodia has experienced a rapid shift from transplanted to hand broadcast seeded rice, with a consequent increase in seeding rates from 25–30 to 100–200 kg ha?1. To reduce costs, farmers keep their own seed for sowing with the risk of greater weed seed contamination of the sowing seed. A survey of weed seed contamination in harvested rice paddy was conducted in two provinces of Cambodia (Battambang and Takeo) at the end of the wet season in 2016. Farmers were interviewed about rice‐seeding practices, and a total of 110 farmers' fresh paddy samples were inspected for weed seed contamination from the two provinces. Sowing seed samples collected from 28 seed producer lots and 71 samples of farmer‐kept seed were also analysed for weed seed contamination. In both provinces, the majority of farmers kept their own seed or bought seed from a neighbour. Farm‐kept seed for sowing accounted for 88% of sown seed in Battambang and 89% in Takeo. Seeds of 41 different weed species from 13 plant families were found in the farmers' freshly harvested paddy samples. Overall, farmers managed to reduce the number of weed propagules by 60% and seed producers by 95%. There was no significant difference between farmer‐kept seed and seed producer/seed company seed for the total number of weed seeds present. When shown photos, farmers' rankings of the 10 most common weed species found in freshly harvested paddy did not closely correspond to the actual weed seed frequency in the paddy. When farmers were asked to rank the frequency of weeds in their fields without the option to choose from a list, they ranked the weeds differently. Farmers ranked Ischaemum rugosum, Echinochloa spp. and Fimbristylis miliacea as the three most frequent weed species in their fields. The most frequent weeds in harvested paddy, apart from weedy rice, were I. rugosum and Melochia corchorifolia. Farmers did not rank M. corchorifolia as a frequently occurring weed, and most farmers could not recognise M. corchorifolia from photographs. The priority for improved seed hygiene is to place the emphasis on assisting farmers to further improve their seed purification techniques and to caution them to inspect seed before purchasing from neighbours, seed producers and seed companies in the absence of the implementation of seed certification regulation. 相似文献
8.
9.
The optical isomers, (R)-1(α-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea ((R)-MBU) and (S)-1-(α-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea ((S)MBU), which are analogues of daimuron [1-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea], a herbicide for Cyperaceae weeds and a safener for paddy rice, exhibited different biological responses. These two physiological properties of daimuron were observed separately in (R)-MBU and (S)-MBU. Only (R)-MBU had herbicidal activity against Cyperaceae weeds, while the (S)-isomer was a more effective safener against bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) injury of rice seedlings than was (R)-MBU. (S)-MBU promoted root growth of rice seedlings, but the (R)-enantiomer inhibited root growth. (S)-MBU was a more potent inhibitor than (R)-MBU on PS II reaction of spinach broken chloroplasts. Furthermore, (S)-MBU and (R)-MBU showed cross intergenus selective phytotoxicity among the Gramineae plants, Oryza sativa L. (rice, cv. Tsukinohikari, japonica), Triticum aestivum L. (wheat, cv. Norin No. 61) and Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea Wight, on root growth inhibition in the dark. 相似文献
10.
The allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. to affect the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi L. was investigated. Water‐soluble allelopathic substances were found in the water extracts of M. micrantha. The effect of the water extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi was concentration‐dependent. The water extracts from the different plant parts (leaf, stem, and root) of M. micrantha differed in their effect on the germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi, with the effect of the leaf extract being the least inhibitory. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings increased by 64%, 45%, and 52% of the control with increasing concentrations of the extracts of the root, stem, and leaf (80, 400, and 400 g L?1, respectively). The extract from the M. micrantha roots significantly increased the catalase (CAT) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings (48% and 54% of the control at the concentrations of 20 g L?1 and 80 g L?1, respectively). The extracts from the leaves and stems at low concentrations increased the CAT activity, but at high concentrations, the extracts decreased the CAT activity. The extracts from the roots, stems, and leaves at concentrations of 80, 400, and 400 g L?1 also significantly decreased the peroxidase (POD) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings to 27%, 52%, and 34% of the control, respectively. These results indicate that the water extracts of M. micrantha could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi through the regulation of anti‐oxidase activity, such as POD and CAT in the cells. The growth inhibition of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings is probably related to injury after oxidization of the cell membranes with the increase of MDA content. 相似文献
11.
In Taek Hwang Kyung Sik Hong Jung Sup Choi Jin-Seog Kim Ju Hyun Yu Young Kwan Ko Jae Wook Ryu Hae Sung Chang Dae-Whang Kim Kwang Yun Cho 《Pest management science》1999,55(5):578-580
The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha −1, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I50 values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha−1) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture. 相似文献
12.
Timothy L. Widmer Nathalie Laurent 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,115(4):377-388
The three most important species of Phytophthora worldwide causing black pod disease of cacao are P. palmivora, P. megakarya, and P. capsici. Chemicals are effective in controlling this disease but more natural methods would be preferred. One alternative is to use natural plant extracts. Rosemary and lavender leaf extracts were found to be effective in reducing germination of P. capsici, P. megakarya, and P. palmivora zoospores when supplemented to agar plates at different dilutions. The extracts displayed the biggest impact on P. megakarya zoospores where it completely inhibited germination at a 25% dilution of the prepared extract. When applied to cacao leaf disks, rosemary extract reduced necrosis caused by P. megakarya zoospores. In a bioassay, pears first treated with lavender extract showed no symptoms of P. megakarya infection compared with the non-treated controls. Based upon HPLC analyses, the active compound in these extracts was determined to be caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid or some simple derivative thereof. When added to agar plates, synthetic caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid completely inhibited germination of P. capsici, P. megakarya, and P. palmivora zoospores at concentrations of 3 and 6 g l−1, respectively. In addition, sage and rice bran extracts, which both contain caffeic acid, were also effective in reducing zoospore germination. In contrast, inhibition of Botrytis cinerea or Trichoderma asperellum conidia germination did not occur, displaying some level of specificity. These extracts could provide an economically safe method for reducing damage caused by black pod disease on cacao until resistant varieties are developed and released. 相似文献
13.
The hotter the weather,the greater the infestation of Portulaca oleracea: opportunistic life‐history traits in a serious weed 
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下载免费PDF全文 Portulaca oleracea, an r‐strategist, is one of the world's most troublesome weeds. During hot seasons, P. oleracea frequently becomes monodominant in choy sum (Brassica parachinensis) fields in Guangzhou city, southern China. Here, we studied the seasonal dynamics of P. oleracea's germinable soil seedbank, population density and above‐ground biomass in choy sum fields that had been cultivated continuously for several years. Using P. oleracea seeds collected from these fields, we tested seed dormancy, survival and germination, seedling growth and generation time. Portulaca oleracea occurred at high levels during the hot season, but its occurrence was low, and the germinable soil seedbank was much greater during the cold season. The weed's opportunistic characteristics allowed it to avoid freezing and to proliferate during optimal conditions. Portulaca oleracea's generation time was very flexible, as short as 31 days during the hot season, but longer than 100 days during the colder season. Seed dormancy tended to be shorter when the seeds were stored at a higher temperature. At a temperature of 35°C, both seed germination and seedling growth showed advantages over those of choy sum. Storage for one year at a temperature of ?20°C or burial in a paddy field did not significantly reduce P. oleracea seed germination. Nevertheless, seed storage at a temperature of 15°C and soil coverage of 0.5 cm on top of the seeds significantly constrained seed germination. ‘Stale seedbed’ and/or coverage of the surface with soil are recommended during the hot season. However, rotation of rice and upland crops is not an efficient method for managing Portulaca oleracea infestation. 相似文献
14.
Allelopathy and the active metabolites of the endophytic fungus,Alternaria J46, from Platycladus orientalis 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The endophytic fungus, Alternaria J46, was isolated from the stem of the medicinal plant, Platycladus orientalis. A suspension of Alternaria J46 mycelial segments and the culture filtrates of the fungi exhibited marked seed germination inhibition against the monocot wheat, large crabgrass, bromegrass, rice and barnyardgrass and weak inhibition against the dicot redroot pigweed and morning glory, but it was safe for use on soybean, rape, cucumber, tomato, lettuce and radish crops. It is possible to use J46 culture filtrates in order to prevent monocot weeds in dicot cropland. Three active metabolites were isolated from an extract of the fungus cultures and elucidated as 3‐acetyl‐5‐sec‐butyltetramic acid (1, tenuazonic acid), 3‐acetyl‐5‐iso‐butyltetramic acid (2, vivotoxin II) and cyclo‐(L‐leucyl‐L‐proline) (3). Among these three compounds, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant phytotoxic effects on the seed germination of large crabgrass, while compound 3 exhibited weak activity, and all were safe for lettuce at 100 μg mL?1. Accordingly, compounds 1 and 2 were the main active metabolites that were responsible for endophytic fungus Alternaria J46's strong seed germination inhibition against monocotyledons. 相似文献
15.
Pathogenicity,host range and activities of a secondary metabolite and enzyme from Myrothecium roridum on water hyacinth from Thailand 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Orawan Piyaboon Ratchapol Pawongrat Jintana Unartngam Sombat Chinawong Arm Unartngam 《Weed Biology and Management》2016,16(3):132-144
Leaf blight disease of water hyacinth was observed and collected from different geographical areas of Thailand. The disease is caused by a fungal pathogen that was identified as Myrothecium roridum by using its morphological characteristics. The most effective fungal strains were evaluated for pathogenicity on water hyacinth under greenhouse and natural conditions. Myrothecium roridum isolate, Kamphaeng Sean Campus (KKFC) 448, was found to be the most virulent. Different fungal formulations were evaluated for their level of control of water hyacinth. The results showed that spore suspensions with 10% palm oil or 1% Tween 20 caused a higher level of disease severity, compared to spores applied in water alone. The host range of KKFC 448 was evaluated by using 77 plant species that belong to 40 plant families. The fungus did not cause disease on 74 economically important plants but did produce disease signs on water hyacinth and two other aquatic weeds, duckweed and water lettuce. Leaf blight occurs on water hyacinth leaves after being treated with crude extracts of M. roridum and it was indicated that secondary metabolites were released from the fungal mycelia. Myrothecium roridum that was grown on boiled paddy rice produced β‐1,4‐exoglucanase, β‐1,4‐endoglucanase, β‐glucosidase, xylanase and pectinase more than Mroridum that was grown on potato dextrose agar. The results indicated that M. roridum is a pathogen of water hyacinth and the fungus is capable of producing different enzymatic activities on potato dextrose agar and boiled paddy rice, which might be important for infection. 相似文献
16.
为明确高粱田主要杂草对HPPD抑制剂类除草剂喹草酮的抗性,采用整株生物测定法测定马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、稗Echinochloa crusgalli、狗尾草Setaria viridis、野稷Panicum miliaceum、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenbopodium alum六种主要杂草的敏感种群对喹草酮的敏感基线,同时测定全国不同生态区高粱田中这6种杂草对喹草酮的抗性水平。结果显示,喹草酮对野稷、稗、反枝苋和藜的防除效果较好,GR50介于12.76～32.72 g (a.i.)/hm2之间,GR90介于68.04～193.54 g (a.i.)/hm2之间,对马唐的防除效果略低,GR50介于44.23～56.19 g (a.i.)/hm2之间,GR90介于472.26～849.24g(a.i.)/hm2之间。采自全国不同生态区高粱田的马唐、稗、狗尾... 相似文献
17.
The aim of this study was to test the botanical family of Asteraceae as a source of natural herbicides. Twenty Asteraceae species were collected during flowering time and evaluated in terms of the yield and quality of essential oils (germination inhibition and growth of weeds). Half the species showed a sufficient yield of essential oil (from about 0.1% to 1.43%) when testing these phytochemicals in vitro as germination inhibitors of two typical weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus and Setaria viridis. Despite the higher tolerance of S. viridis, the concentration of 100 μg L?1 of essential oils of the two Artemisia species and Xanthium strumarium could totally inhibit germination. In addition, at 10 μg L ?1, the same essential oils showed full inhibition of A. retroflexus seeds. A comparison of their effectiveness at suboptimal doses led to a further selection of the most promising sources of essential oils. After their chemical characterisation, the essential oils were tested as post‐emergence herbicides on seedlings of the above‐cited weeds. After spraying the weeds at different concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 mg L?1) during two different phenological stages of weed seedlings (cotyledons and the third true leaf), the essential oils of Artemisia annua and X. strumarium showed the best performance. The essential oils of X. strumarium were then tested again on both weeds to monitor the dynamics of plant injury. A reduction in plant fresh weight (about 20%–30% after 10 days) and chlorophyll content (destroyed, after the same amount of time) was found, thus confirming the total and rapid effectiveness of these essential oils. In summary, A. annua and X. strumarium have elicited considerable agronomic interest and appear to be suitable as a source of essential oils to act as natural herbicides. 相似文献
18.
稻田施用氯氟吡氧乙酸后其在水稻植株、糙米、稻壳、土壤和田水中的残留消解动态 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
研究了稻田施用氯氟吡氧乙酸后,其在水稻植株、糙米、稻壳、稻田土壤和田水中的残留动态。样品采用氢氧化钠-甲醇溶液振荡提取,二氯甲烷液液分配,甲酯化后经气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水、糙米和稻壳中的平均 回收率在85.5% ~103.2%之间,相对标准偏差在1.9% ~9.9%之间;其最小检出量为2.0×10-12g, 在植株、糙米、稻壳、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度分别为 0.005,0.02,0.005,0.002 mg/kg 和0.001 mg/L。2007和2008年在安徽潜山、广东广州两地的田间残留试验结果表明:氯氟吡氧乙酸在水稻植株中的降解半衰期为4.9 ~6.0 d,土壤中为5.5 ~8.6 d,田水中为11.0~13.8 d;收获的糙米中氯氟吡氧乙酸的最终残留量在未检出~0.13 mg/kg之间,均低于其在糙米上的最大残留限量(MRL)值0.2 mg/kg(中国)。建议5%氯氟吡氧乙酸可湿性粉剂用于防治水稻田杂草时,施药剂量按有效成分计不得超过168.8 g/hm2,于返青期施药1次。 相似文献
19.
Burkholderia plantarii , the pathogen of bacterial seedling blight of rice, was detected in paddy water. Its concentration rose in July and August.
The bacterial concentration in the paddy water was always higher along levees than at distances more than 5 m from levees.
Confirmed to be released into water when graminaceous weeds were immersed, B. plantarii survived for at least 4 days at 30°C. B. plantarii was splashed at least 30 cm upward by rain splash in the field. Harvested seeds, which had been sprayed with B. plantarii released from graminaceous weeds at the flowering stage, retained the bacteria. Bacterial seedling blight occurred when the
seeds were then sown in nursery boxes. These results indicated that graminaceous weeds growing on levees of paddy fields are
a source of infection of the disease and that rice seeds are infected through the paddy water.
Received 23 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 1 September 2002 相似文献
20.
YAN LIU CHAOXIAN ZHANG SHOUHUI WEI HAILAN CUI HONGJUAN HUANG 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(3):160-166
The allelopathic effects of the exotic invasive weed, Johnsongrass, on Lactuca sativa, a native plant in China, were evaluated and the phytotoxins were investigated under laboratory conditions. The crude extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions) that were obtained from the ethanol extract of the subterranean parts of Johnsongrass inhibited the germination speed and growth of the roots and shoots of the test plant. The four compounds, ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate, diosmetin, apigenin, and luteolin, were isolated from the extract of the subterranean parts of Johnsongrass first, along with three other compounds (reported previously), p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, and dhurrin, and they all were evaluated on L. sativa. At the concentration of <0.5 mmol L?1, ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate, dhurrin, and the mixture of the compounds delayed the germination speed of the seeds of L. sativa at 24 h of incubation, while apigenin delayed the germination speed of the seeds of L. sativa at 72 h of incubation. Ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate demonstrated the strongest delaying effect among the phenols and a similar effect was found with apigenin among the flavonoids, wheras ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate induced a drastic inhibition of the germination at 2 mmol L?1. In contrast, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and luteolin had no effect on the germination at any concentration at any stage. All the substances inhibited the shoot and root growth of L. sativa at 3 mmol L?1. Increasing the concentration increased the inhibition of the growth of L. sativa. The inhibitory activity of ethyl p‐hydroxybenzoate and p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde was greater than that of the other compounds. This result suggested that the isolated phytotoxins might contribute to the successful invasion by Johnsongrass. 相似文献