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Reason for performing study: There is limited information on the gross tracheal morphology of donkeys with or without tracheal abnormalities. Objectives: To: 1) examine the morphology of tracheas of donkeys with and without clinical and/or post mortem evidence of tracheal obstruction; 2) record the cross‐sectional dimensions and shapes of tracheal rings at fixed sites; and 3) document prevalence, sites and characteristics of detected tracheal abnormalities. Methods: The tracheas of 75, predominantly aged (median age 30 years, range 7–48 years) donkeys that died or were subjected to euthanasia on humane grounds were examined. Five had severe dyspnoea due to tracheal obstruction (with intercurrent lung disease in 3), while 7 had post mortem evidence of severe tracheal airway obstruction. Every 5th tracheal ring was dissected free and the inner and outer vertical and transverse dimensions and cross sectional areas were measured. Each dissected ring was photographed and the shape of the trachea was classified as normal or, in one of 6 abnormal grades, according to the type and degree of structural abnormality present. Results: The tracheas had a mean of 43 (range 34–50) tracheal rings that tended to be more oval in shape in the distal cervical region. Only 31.2% of rings examined had a circular to oval shape. Dorso‐ventral flattening was present in 0.9% of tracheal rings, dorsal ligament separation in 24.4%, slight cartilage deformity in 26.0%, moderate cartilage deformity in 10.4%, marked cartilage deformity in 1.9% and miscellaneous other abnormalities in 4.9% of tracheal rings. The 12 donkeys with ante or post mortem evidence of tracheal obstruction had significantly increased tracheal abnormality grade in comparison to the remaining donkeys. Conclusions and potential relevance: Structural tracheal abnormalities are present in most old donkeys, but generally do not cause clinical problems in these sedentary animals unless intercurrent pulmonary disease is present. 相似文献
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Kidong Eom Kumjung Moon Yunsang Seong Taeho Oh Sungjoon Yi Keunwoo Lee Kwangho Jang 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2008,9(4):401-405
Tracheal ultrasonography was performed to measure the width of the tracheal ring shadow and to assess the clinical relevance of these measurements for identifying tracheal collapse. The first tracheal ring width (FTRW) and thoracic inlet tracheal ring width (TITRW) were measured on both expiration and inspiration. The mean of the FTRW width (129 dogs) was greater in expiration (10.97 ± 1.02 mm, p = 0.001) than that in inspiration (9.86 ± 1.03 mm). For 51 normal dogs, the mean of the TITRW width was greater in expiration (9.05 ± 1.52 mm, p = 0.001) than in inspiration (8.02 ± 1.43 mm). For 78 tracheal collapse dogs, the mean of the TITRW width was greater in expiration (15.89 ± 1.01 mm, p = 0.001) than in inspiration (14.85 ± 1.17 mm). The TITRW/FTRW ratio of the normal dogs was higher (p = 0.001) in expiration (0.81 ± 0.09) than that in inspiration (0.79 ± 0.10). When compared between the normal and tracheal collapse dogs, the TITRW/FTRW ratio was also increased (p = 0.001) both in expiration (1.54 ± 0.09) and inspiration (1.47 ± 0.08), respectively. Based on these results, the cutoff level of the TITRW/FTRW ratio was statistically analyzed according to the receiver operating characteristic curve and it could be set at 1.16 in expiration and at 1.13 in inspiration. We have demonstrated that tracheal ultrasonography is a useful technique for the evaluation of tracheal collapse and it can be a supportive tool together with the radiographic findings for making the correct diagnosis. 相似文献
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A. A. Dijkhuizen 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):116-124
Summary The income margin in modern pig farming is generally narrow. Controlling the cost of production, therefore, is of great importance. Improving health and fertility can play a major role in this context. In this paper three interrelated issues are discussed from a farm management point of view: (1) the financial losses of common health and fertility problems, (2) the costs and benefits of disease control, and (3) the decision to replace individual sows in case of poor health and/or reduced productive performance. Priorities for further research in the field of animal health economics are also discussed. 相似文献
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Tracheal collapse was diagnosed radiographically in an eight-day-old Yorkshire-cross piglet presented with acute onset of inspiratory dyspnea. The diagnosis was confirmed by gross and microscopic pathology. This is the first reported example of tracheal collapse in a pig. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether percentages of neutrophils in tracheal aspirate (TA) samples collected from racehorses are increased after exercise and whether interpretation of results from TA samples taken before and after exercise agree. DESIGN: Case series of 40 young Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses in race training presented for evaluation of poor performance. PROCEDURE: TA samples were collected endoscopically from racehorses presented for poor performance 24 h before and 1 to 2 h after high speed treadmill exercise testing. Aliquots of the retrieved fluid were cytocentrifuged and smears were stained with Diff-Quik. Mean neutrophil counts were expressed as percentages of the total number of inflammatory cells counted and subsequently were categorised as either above or below an accepted cut-off of 20%. Comparisons between percentages of neutrophils before and after exercise were made. RESULTS: Percentage of neutrophils from TA samples obtained from racehorses after exercise was significantly higher than neutrophil percentages from TA samples collected from the same horse before exercise. In horses with TA specimens that were categorised as having < or = 20% neutrophils before treadmill exercise, the percentage of neutrophils in their TA specimens after exercise was, on average, significantly higher and was greater than the cut-off value of 20%. CONCLUSION: Recent strenuous exercise may change the proportion of neutrophils in lower airways of racehorses and practitioners should be aware of this when collecting and interpreting the results from TA samples. The most practical time for collection of a TA sample to obtain the most diagnostically useful information might be after a suitable washout period of at least 1 to 2 h post-exercise. 相似文献
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Joon-young Kim Hyun-jung Han Hun-young Yun Bora Lee Ha-young Jang Ki-dong Eom Hee-myung Park Soon-wuk Jeong 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2008,9(1):91-93
To evaluate the potential utility of a self-expandable intratracheal nitinol stent with flared ends for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs, endotracheal stenting therapy was performed under fluoroscopic guidance in four dogs with severe tracheal collapse. During the 4 to 7 month follow-up, after stent implantation, clinical signs, including dyspnea and respiratory distress, dramatically improved in all dogs. The radiographs showed that the implanted stents improved the tracheal collapse, and there were no side effects such as collapse, shortening or migration of the stents. In conclusion, the self-expandable intratracheal nitinol stents provided adequate stability to the trachea and were effective for attenuating the clinical signs associated with severe tracheal collapse. 相似文献
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P. M. Burns 《Equine Veterinary Education》2020,32(6):314-318
Access to the respiratory tract of an anaesthetised animal is a vital line of life. An endotracheal tube ensures a secure airway that will allow the delivery of anaesthesia and facilitates mechanical ventilation. The case report by Miller and Auckburally (2020) described in this issue highlights the potential complications associated with endotracheal intubation. Intubation using a 30 mm ID endotracheal tube in the average sized horse (500 kg) has been documented to have a high rate of tracheal injury. The manufacturing specifications of endotracheal tubes may contribute to the incidence of tracheal injury. Further research is needed to help minimise the morbidity and potential mortality associated with this anaesthetic procedure. 相似文献
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An 18-year-old male miniature poodle had a chronic nonproductive cough. On radiographic examination, an opacification resembling a foreign body was noticed within the trachea at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. When the trachea was examined endoscopically, a circumferential flap-like lesion was found. To differentiate the invagination from an annular mass, thoracic computed tomography (CT) of the trachea was performed. There was cranial displacement and invagination of a tracheal segment creating the flap-like lesion. Tracheal intussusception should be considered as a cause of an annular tracheal mass. 相似文献
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COMPARISON OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC AND TRACHEOSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF THE DORSAL TRACHEAL MEMBRANE IN LARGE AND SMALL BREED DOGS 
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下载免费PDF全文 Britany J. Lindl Bylicki Lynelle R. Johnson Rachel E. Pollard 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2015,56(6):602-608
The etiology and clinical significance of increased radiographic opacity along the dorsal margin of the tracheal lumen has long been debated. Most often, this opacity is attributed to redundancy of the dorsal tracheal membrane (DTM), a condition that occurs with tracheal collapse. We hypothesized that the underlying etiology of this radiographic opacity differs between small breed dogs with tracheal collapse and small or large breed dogs without tracheal collapse. The purpose of this prospective, cross‐sectional study was to compare the radiographic appearance of an increased opacity within the trachea to tracheoscopy findings in a group of small and large breed dogs. A total of 17 small breed dogs and 16 large breed dogs were included. Of these, only one did not have a radiographically visible DTM. Small breed dogs were divided into groups with tracheal collapse (n = 8) and those without (n = 9) based on tracheoscopy. Tracheal collapse was absent in larger breed dogs, however both large and small breed dogs demonstrated inward invagination of the DTM. In dogs with tracheal collapse, the DTM occupied a larger percentage of the tracheal luminal height on radiographs and a larger percentage of tracheal circumference on tracheoscopy vs. dogs with an invaginated DTM on tracheoscopy and dogs with no collapse and no invagination of the DTM. Findings supported the hypothesis that increased radiographic opacity along the dorsal margin of the trachea arises from different etiologies in dogs with and without tracheal collapse. 相似文献
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Catherine J. Benson Mark B. Edlund Sarah Gray Lisa Powell Geisa Paulin‐Curlee Anibal Armien Jed A. Overmann 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2013,42(2):221-226
A 7‐year‐old spayed female German Wirehaired Pointer was presented with difficulty breathing after being found seizing in a water‐filled drainage ditch while out hunting. Aspirates from a tracheal wash contained numerous degenerate neutrophils, fewer macrophages, some of which contained basophilic debris, low numbers of extracellular diatoms, and a single intracellular short bacterial rod. As the dog continued to clinically decline and could not be weaned from oxygen support, the owners chose euthanasia. The major necropsy finding was a severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia that was likely due to aspiration of foreign material based on the microscopic presence of plant‐like material, bi‐refringent crystalline material, non‐cellular debris, and occasional fungal structures. Diatoms are a class of algae that live primarily in water. Diatom analysis has been used, with some controversy, in human forensics to assist in documenting drowning as the cause of death. In this case, given the clinical history, the presence of diatoms and inflammation in the tracheal wash were interpreted as a likely result of the aspiration of surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of diatoms observed in a cytologic specimen in a nonhuman mammal with aspiration pneumonia. 相似文献
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DeHeer HL McManus P 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2005,34(1):17-22
BACKGROUND: Hemosiderophages may be found in feline tracheal wash specimens in association with various disease conditions, including heart failure, trauma, infection, foreign body migration, lung lobe torsion, pulmonary embolism or infarction, neoplasia, and bleeding diathesis. Based on observations in our laboratory, we hypothesized that tracheal wash specimens from cats with asthma also frequently contain hemosiderophages, even in the absence of other known causes of pulmonary hemorrhage. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of hemosiderosis in tracheal wash fluid from cats with various diseases, including asthma. METHODS: Feline tracheal wash fluid specimens submitted for cytologic evaluation between March 2002 and August 2003 were included in the study. One hundred and one specimens from 96 cats were examined with both Wright's-Giemsa and Prussian blue stains. Cats were assigned to 6 disease categories: feline asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary neoplasia, rhinitis, heart disease, and other disorders. Based on the percentage of Prussian blue-positive macrophages, hemosiderosis was categorized as negative (0%), mild (<20%), moderate (21-50%), or marked (>50%). RESULTS: The frequency of tracheal wash hemosiderosis in the study population was 63.5% (61/96); hemosiderosis was mild (29/96, 30.2%), moderate (22/96, 22.9%), or marked (10/96, 10.4%). Hemosiderosis was found in 85.7% (6/7) of cats with rhinitis, 78.6% (11/14) of cats with pulmonary neoplasia, 75.0% (27/36) of cats with asthma, 71.4% (5/7) of cats with primary or concurrent heart disease, 25.0% (5/20) of cats with pneumonia, and 66.7% (12/18) of cats with other disorders. In cats with asthma, hemosiderosis was usually mild to moderate and frequently was accompanied by increased eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm that hemosiderosis is a common finding in tracheal wash specimens collected from cats with diverse disease conditions, including feline asthma syndrome. 相似文献
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J. A. Spanton I. S. F. Henderson C. Krudewig T. S. Mair 《Equine Veterinary Education》2008,20(11):582-586
A 5‐year‐old pony presented with sudden onset of severe respiratory distress associated with tracheal rupture and peritracheal emphysema. Subsequent endoscopic examination revealed multiple mucosal nodules protruding into the tracheal lumen. Biopsy of the tracheal wall revealed well‐demarcated submucosal cartilagenous/osseous nodules. The appearance was considered to resemble tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. 相似文献
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为探讨中兽药复方组合与抗生素防治肉鸡呼吸道疾病的协同效应,本研究在规模化鸡场两栋鸡舍内分别随机选取100只3日龄白羽肉鸡,分为两组（Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组）：Ⅰ组饮水添加抗生素,Ⅱ组在添加抗生素基础上的不同阶段分别饲喂中兽药玉屏风口服液（3~7 d）、射干地龙颗粒（10~16 d）、双黄连口服液（22~25 d）、麻杏石甘口服液（27~31 d）。分别于8日龄免疫鸡传染性支气管炎活疫苗、新城疫-传染性支气管炎二联活疫苗和新城疫-禽流感二联灭活疫苗,免疫后1、7、14、21、28 d采集血清和气管组织,检测新城疫、禽流感（H9）、传染性支气管炎疫苗的抗体水平,观察气管组织病理变化,计算免疫器官指数和平均日增重。结果显示,Ⅱ组的成活率较Ⅰ组提高了1.23%,Ⅱ组末体重与平均日增重极显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,分别提高了561.25和16.63 g/d;Ⅱ组病鸡呼吸道症状较Ⅰ组轻,病程短,肝脏和心脏无明显病变,脾脏指数在36 d显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。免疫后21 d,Ⅱ组新城疫、传染性支气管炎和禽流感（H9）疫苗的抗体水平达到最高,显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）;免疫后28 d,Ⅱ组新城疫抗体水平极显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.01）。综上所述,4种清热解毒、止咳平喘、清肝利胆的中兽药复方组合使用与抗生素促生长和预防肉鸡呼吸道疾病具有协同效应。 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endotracheal tube cuff inflation pressure on the occurrence of liquid aspiration and tracheal wall damage. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten healthy horses, weighing 535 +/- 55 kg. METHODS: Horses were anesthetized, orotracheally intubated, placed in dorsal recumbency, and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen with controlled ventilation for 175 +/- 15 minutes. The horses were randomly assigned to an endotracheal cuff pressure of 80-100 or 120 cm H2O. The cuff pressure was continuously monitored and maintained at a constant pressure. Methylene blue in saline was instilled proximal to the cuff. After euthanasia, the trachea was opened distal to the endotracheal tube tip to check for evidence of dye leaking past the cuff. The cervical trachea was then resected and opened longitudinally for gross and histologic examinations. RESULTS: No blue staining was found distal to the cuff in any horse. Visual examination of the tracheal mucosa revealed hyperemic and hemorrhagic lesions at the site of the cuff contact. Histologic changes included epithelium attenuation or erosion, submucosal neutrophilic infiltration, and submucosal hemorrhages. Lesions were absent or less extensive in the lower cuff pressure group as compared to the high cuff pressure group. CONCLUSIONS: The endotracheal tube cuff produced a seal sufficient to prevent leakage in both groups. Tracheal wall damage was more severe and occurred more frequently in the higher cuff pressure group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tracheal mucosal damage induced by cuff inflation is pressure-dependent. Cuff pressure monitoring is recommended. 相似文献