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A. Nouri 《British poultry science》2019,60(5):530-538
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chitosan nano-encapsulating mint (MEO), thyme (TEO) and cinnamon (CEO) essential oils (EOs) used in the diet on performance, immune responses and intestinal bacteria population in broiler chickens.
A total of 600 mixed-sex, 1-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment as completely randomised design with 8 experimental groups (diets) with 5 replicates of 15 chicks each (totally 40 pens). The eight experimental diets consisted of no EO and free distiller water (control); no EO and chitosan nano-encapsulated (CNE) distiller water; and other six treatments with free or CNE form of MEO, TEO and CEO (added at 0.025%, 0.04% and 0.055% respectively to starter, grower and finisher diets).
Both EOs and the CNE form had significant (P < 0.05) benefits on improving body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in periods of 29–42 and 1–42 days. The highest effect was (P < 0.05) obtained in birds receiving TEO, which was intensified by nano-encapsulation. Breast percentage was improved by nano-encapsulation (P < 0.05). The EOs (especially TEO and CEO) and CNE form improved (P < 0.05) serum IgY and IgM concentrations (at 35 and 42 days) and intestinal Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli populations (at 42 days) in broilers. Nano-encapsulated EOs, especially TEO and CEO had (P < 0.05) the largest effect on increasing IgY42 concentrations and the microbial populations.
The tested EOs, especially TEO, improved more of the evaluated traits in broiler chickens. Also, Chitosan nano-encapsulation because of its ideal properties can be an effective, suitable and inexpensive method for protecting bioactive compounds and improving effects of the herbal EOs especially thyme in broiler chickens.
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Methane emissions from beef cattle: effects of fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of this study was to identify feed additives that reduce enteric methane emissions from cattle. We measured methane emissions, total tract digestibility (using chromic oxide), and ruminal fermentation (4 h after feeding) in growing beef cattle fed a diet supplemented with various additives. The experiment was designed as a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods and was conducted using 16 Angus heifers (initial BW of 260 +/- 32 kg). Treatments were: control (no additive), fumaric acid (175 g/d) with sodium bicarbonate (75 g/d), essential oil and spice extract (1 g/d), or canola oil (4.6% of DMI). The basal diet consisted of 75% whole-crop barley silage, 19% steam-rolled barley, and 6% supplement (DM basis). Four large chambers (2 animals fed the same diet per chamber) were equipped to measure methane emissions for 3 d each period. Adding canola oil to the diet decreased (P = 0.009) total daily methane emissions by 32% and tended (P = 0.09) to decrease methane emissions as a percentage of gross energy intake by 21%. However, much of the reduction in methane emissions was due to decreased (P < 0.05) feed intake and lower (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of DM and fiber. Digestibility of all nutrients was also lowered (P < 0.05) by feeding essential oil, but there were no effects on ruminal fermentation or methane emissions. In contrast, adding fumaric acid to the diet increased total VFA concentration (P = 0.03), increased propionate proportions (P = 0.01), and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P = 0.002), but there was no measurable effect on methane emissions. The study demonstrates that canola oil can be used to reduce methane losses from cattle, but animal performance may be compromised due to lower feed intake and decreased fiber digestibility. Essential oils had no effect on methane emissions, whereas fumaric acid caused potentially beneficial changes in ruminal fermentation but no measurable reductions in methane emissions. 相似文献
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试验旨在研究牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率、发酵特性及CH4产量的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,在培养液中分别添加0(CON)、100(EO1)、400(EO2)、700(EO3)和1000 mg·L-1(EO4)牛至精油,每组4个重复。发酵48 h后测定养分降解率、发酵参数及不同时间总产气量和CH4产量。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,干物质降解率、粗蛋白降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率在EO1组中均显著升高(P<0.05),在EO4组中均显著降低(P<0.05),EO2组中均无显著差异(P>0.05),干物质降解率在EO3组中显著降低(P<0.05),添加牛至精油对酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)无显著影响(P>0.05);2)EO1组pH最低,而总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸浓度最高,且乙酸浓度显著高于EO2、EO3和EO4(P<0.05),但乙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸显著低于EO3、EO4组(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,牛至精油组丁酸、丁酸/总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)发酵36 h后,总产气量、甲烷产量均随牛至精油的添加而逐渐降低,与CON组相比,EO1组发酵18~48 h总产气量显著降低(P<0.05),EO2、EO3和EO4组总产气量、CH4产量在发酵18 h后均显著降低(P<0.05),EO4组甲烷百分比在发酵12~36 h显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,在绵羊瘤胃体外培养液中添加牛至精油能够提高饲粮养分降解率,调控瘤胃发酵,降低总产气量和甲烷产量,体外条件下添加量不应高于100 mg·L-1。 相似文献
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《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2014,23(2):221-227
The demand for foods that are free of pathogens and chemical residues has increased interest in the use of plant-based products as natural antimicrobials. Essential oils (EO) from plants are natural compounds that have been shown to have antimicrobial properties against food-borne pathogens. The objective of the current study was to determine the ability of various concentrations of 4 selected EO to inhibit Salmonella enterica (3 different serovars and a cocktail of all 3) and Campylobacter (2 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, one strain of Campylobacter coli, and a cocktail of all 3). The disc diffusion method was used to screen the oils of thyme, orange, rosemary, and clove oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum bactericidal concentration of the EO was determined using a 2-fold broth dilution method at concentrations ranging from 0.0008 to 1.000% (vol/vol). Two independent experiments were performed. Zones of inhibition (ZI) were expressed in millimeters and concentrations were expressed in percentages. All the oils demonstrated antibacterial activity against the strains tested. However, thyme oil demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity than other oils against Salmonella (ZI of 18.5 mm). In general, Campylobacter was more susceptible to the antibacterial activity of EO, with plates containing thyme or clove oil showing no growth. Orange oil was also highly effective on Campylobacter, with a mean ZI of 17.5 mm. The least expensive treatment effective against both Salmonella and Campylobacter was a combination of 100% concentrations of thyme and orange oil combined on a 50:50 proportion. Tested on the same strains of bacteria, the thyme-orange combination (TOC) had a mean ZI of 20.5 mm for Salmonella and 21.3 mm for Campylobacter. Thyme-orange combination demonstrated a synergetic effect against Salmonella, but no such effect was noticed for Campylobacter. On average, 0.14% TOC was required to inhibit both pathogens. Hence, TOC can be considered as a potential antimicrobial for future studies on food systems. 相似文献
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为研究金柑果皮精油含量与油胞密度及果实形态的关系,对21个金柑种质资源的果实大小、果皮质量、油胞密度、精油含量、单果油胞数目和精油总量进行了观察测定。研究表明,油胞密度在不同金柑品种间达到近十倍的差异,在141~1035个/cm2之间,果皮精油含量在0.54%~2.3%之间,品种间油胞密度和精油含量都存在极显著差异。单果油胞数目和精油总量分别在2474~17320个和2.23~120.51mg之间,不同品种间相差很大。相关分析表明,油胞密度和精油含量与果实横径、表面积和果皮质量呈显著负相关,而单果油胞数目和精油总量与果实横径、纵径、表面积、果皮质量呈显著正相关,但精油含量和油胞密度间并无明显相关性。 相似文献
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A.V. Chaves K. Stanford M.E.R. Dugan L.L. Gibson T.A. McAllister F. Van Herk C. Benchaar 《Livestock Science》2008,117(2-3):215-224
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of cinnamaldehyde (CDH), garlic (GAR) and juniper berry (JUN) essential oils (200 mg/kg of DM) on performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed a barley-based concentrate diet ad libitum. For this purpose, 40 ewes' lambs (23.5 ± 1.11 kg initial live weight, LW) were used in a random block design over a 13-week period. Feeding CDH, GAR or JUN did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but the average daily gain (ADG) of lambs supplemented with CDH and JUN was higher (P = 0.002) as compared to lambs fed GAR or the control diet. Feed conversion (DMI/ADG) was numerically improved when lambs were fed CDH (4.8) and JUN (4.7) compared to those fed GAR (5.2) or the control diet (5.3). There were no effects of feed additives on ruminal pH and concentrations of ammonia and total VFA. Serum concentrations of glycerol and total glycerides were lower and higher (P ≤ 0.03) in lambs fed CDH or JUN respectively, as compared to lambs fed GAR or the control diet. Hot dressed carcass weight was similar among treatments (23.7 ± 0.75 kg; P = 0.18) whereas saleable meat tended (P = 0.13) to increase (+ 9%) in lambs fed CDH and JUN compared to those fed GAR or the control diet. Feeding CDH, GAR or JUN had little effect on the overall fatty acid composition of back fat and liver and only minor effects on meat flavour characteristics. 相似文献
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Dong Ruan Qiuli Fan Ahmed Mohamed Fouad Yunyun Sun Shengshu Huang Aiji Wu Chuxiao Lin Zhixiang Kuang Chang Zhang Shouqun Jiang 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(2)
Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition. 相似文献
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Evidence suggests that high-quality diets enriched with essential fatty acids (EFA) and other nutrients can ameliorate canine atopic dermatitis (AD). This study compared such a diet (Eukanuba Veterinary Diets Dermatosis FP) with a home-cooked equivalent (fish and potato) in a randomised, single-blinded, cross-over trial. Twenty dogs with perennial AD were randomly assigned to receive either the test (group A) or the control diet (group B) for 1 month, followed by the contrasting diet for a further month. Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI version 2) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) scores were recorded at days 0, 30 and 60. Eight dogs in each group completed the study. CADESI scores significantly declined when dogs were fed the test diet (group A P < 0.01; group B P < 0.001), and increased (group A P < 0.05) or remained steady (group B) on the control diet. CADESI scores decreased in 15 of 16 dogs fed the test diet, but this was less than 50% in all cases. Pruritus scores also declined when dogs were fed the test diet compared to the control diet, but this was only significant for group A (P = 0.027). Pruritus was reduced in 11 of 16 dogs fed the test diet, but this was 50% or more in only two dogs. This trial provides evidence for the efficacy of Eukanuba Veterinary Diets Dermatosis FP in canine AD, although it is likely that most cases will require adjunct therapy. The mechanism is unclear, but may involve increased and balanced EFA levels. 相似文献
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1. An experiment was conducted to determine the individual and combined effects of two essential oils, oregano and garlic, on carcass characteristics, meat composition, colour, pH and sensory quality of broiler meat.
2. The diets were supplemented with no essential oil (control), oregano essential oil or garlic essential oil at 300 mg/kg and oregano essential oil at 150 mg/kg + garlic essential oil at 150 mg/kg.
3. Dietary oregano and garlic oil supplementation did not affect carcass yields, the relative weight of carcass parts, breast and thigh meat composition, pH or b* value of breast meat. Oregano + garlic oil supplementation significantly decreased the L* value. The a* value of breast meat in birds given a diet supplemented with oregano oil was lower than that in birds given a diet supplemented with garlic oil and oregano oil + garlic oil. The essential oil addition had no positive effect on the oxidative stability. There was no difference between the treatments in breast appearance.
4. The juiciness, flavour, oxidised flavour and acceptability of breast meat samples were affected by treatments. 相似文献
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The toxicity of six plant essential oils to the chewing louse, Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus collected from donkeys, was examined in laboratory bioassays. The oils examined were: tea-tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere), clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora). All except camphor oil showed high levels of toxicity, with significant dose-dependent mortality and an LC(50) at concentrations of below 2% (v/v). Hundred percent mortality was achieved at concentrations of 5-10% (v/v). Two essential oil components: eugenol and (+)-terpinen-4-ol showed similar levels of toxicity. The data suggest that these botanical products may offer environmentally and toxicologically safe, alternative veterinary pediculicides for the control of ectoparasitic lice. 相似文献
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Male broilers were fed on isocaloric diets containing 140, 180 or 220 g/kg crude protein from 1 to 3 weeks of age. Four diets were formulated for each protein concentration so that essential amino acids (EAA), all balanced in proportion to requirement, supplied 350, 450, 550 or 650 g/kg crude protein. Weight gain, efficiency of food utilisation and total carcase protein reached plateaux at 550 g EAA/kg protein irrespective of the dietary protein content, whereas the proportion of carcase fat decreased and that of carcase protein increased as the proportion of EAA in the dietary protein increased. All EAA in the diet containing 550 g EAA/kg protein were supplied at 125% of requirement, suggesting that the amino acid requirements as reported are inaccurate. Weight gain and carcase protein were shown to be significantly (P less than 0.001) dependent on total intake of EAA rather than on the proportion of EAA in the diet per se. In order to supply sufficient EAA for maximum gains, the diet had to contain more than 140 g crude protein/kg and 450 g EAA/kg protein. 相似文献