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1.
近年来我国乳品消费量持续增加,乳品质量安全关乎着人们身体健康和生命安全.金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的乳品中毒事件时有发生,逐本求源地针对原料乳开展金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估研究是十分必要的.本文根据国际食品法典委员会拟定的微生物风险评估的原则和指导方针,从危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估、风险描述四方面综述了关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌国内外风险评估的研究现状.通过国外成熟的定量风险评估案例,介绍关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌定量风险评估的基本框架,提出未来应加强构建肠毒素预测模型,较为系统的对原料乳从牧场到餐桌进行全程监控和风险评估的建议. 相似文献
2.
运用风险分析理论,以科学研究为基础,同时遵循客观实际,分别从危害确认、接触评估、危害评定及风险评定几方面对含有牛源性成份的化妆品能否传播人类变异型克雅氏症的风险进行了科学评估。结果认为,由于化妆品直接与皮肤接触,而朊蛋白可以被身体许多部位吸收,所以含有牛源性蛋白的化妆品是一个潜在的暴露源,使用含牛源性蛋白的化妆品存在感染人类变异型克雅氏症的风险。然而,由于风险评估中存在许多重要的变数,因而存在许多不确定性,关于发生该病的风险所做的任何定量评估都不是很准确的,防止疯牛病病原通过化妆品传播的最可靠的做法就是化妆品生产中禁止使用高风险性牛源蛋白。 相似文献
3.
食品中亚硝酸盐的风险评估 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
亚硝酸盐中毒是常见的食物中毒,其对人体健康的危害极为严重.通过危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估和风险描述等方面对亚硝酸盐风险进行全面的分析,并对其提出了风险管理的建议. 相似文献
4.
The aim of this study was to provide theoretical basis for regulatory departments to formulate risk management measures for bacterial resistance of animal origin.The point assessment method was applied to assess the risk of bacitracin resistance in animal origin foods of Chinese residents,according to the model of risk assessment analysis,based on the data from the monitoring report of the citizen's physiques in China in 2014,the fifth Chinese total diet study and the official website of European Medicine Agency.Dietary exposure to bacitracin was calculated by estimated daily intake,and hazard quotient (HQ) was used in risk characterisation to indicate risk level of health damage exposed to bacitracin.Firstly,through the way of hazard identification,the toxicity of bacitracin by oral ingestion was very low.But the pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens had developed resistance to bacitracin,with the resistance genes easily transferring to the human intestinal flora through bacteria commonness.Secondly,the hazard characterization indicated the toxicological ADI was 0.055 mg/(kg·BW),and the microbiological ADI was 3.9 μg/(kg·BW).Thirdly,exposure assessment showed that the maximum dietary exposure of bacitracin was in 2 to 7 age group among Chinese residents.And that of women through intake of dairy products was higher than men.Among 2 to 7 age group,dairy products contributed most to the dietary exposure of bacitracin,while meat was the largest contributor above 8 years old.Fourthly,risk characterization hazard quotient was 1.4901 for males and 1.4121 for females among Chinese residents aged 2 to 7 by calculation,and <1 among other age groups.Finally,the uncertainty analysis showed that the lack of monitoring data of bacitracin residues in animal foods,the lag of authoritative data collection and release,the absence of consumption data of aquatic products brought uncertainty to the results.In total,the risk of bacitracin resistance as a medicated feed additive through animal foods exposure was high in children aged 2 to 7 and moderate in other age groups.The maximum residue limit standard should be revised appropriately and risk management of bacitracin resistance need to be strengthened in imported animal foods. 相似文献
5.
本研究旨在为监管部门制定动物源细菌耐药风险管理措施提供理论依据。利用2014年国民体质监测数据、第五次中国总膳食研究数据和欧洲药品管理局官方网站数据,采用抗菌药物风险评估模型,对中国居民经动物性食品摄入杆菌肽的耐药性风险进行点评估。用估算每日摄入量作为杆菌肽膳食暴露量,用危害指数（HQ）进行风险特征描述,反映杆菌肽耐药对人体健康损害的风险等级。结果表明,危害识别得杆菌肽经口毒性极低,但肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌已对杆菌肽产生耐药性,耐药基因可转移至人体肠道菌群。经危害特征描述可知,杆菌肽毒理学每日允许摄入量（ADI）为0.055 mg/（kg·BW）,微生物学ADI为3.9 μg/（kg·BW）。暴露评估发现,中国居民中2~7岁人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量最高,女性通过摄入乳类的杆菌肽膳食暴露量高于男性。2~7岁人群中,杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以乳类贡献最大,8岁以上人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以肉类贡献最大。风险特征描述发现,中国居民中通过摄入肉、蛋、乳等动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群HQ分别为男性1.4901、女性1.4121;其他年龄人群均<1。不确定性分析发现,结果不确定性源自缺乏动物性食品杆菌肽残留量监测数据、权威数据发布的滞后性、未考虑水产品等因素。综上动物性食品中药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群为高风险,其他年龄段人群为中等风险。针对杆菌肽的耐药性风险,必要时修订动物性食品中杆菌肽的最大残留限量,同时加强对进口动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险管理。 相似文献
6.
Fiona Maunsell G Arthur Donovan 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2008,24(1):155-190
Biosecurity, biocontainment, and disease risk management on dairy replacement operations are time- and labor-intensive, planned programs. Oftentimes the value of these programs is realized only after disease is introduced to a facility or a disease outbreak occurs. There is no "one-plan-fits-all;" each plan must be tailored to meet the needs of management's goals and expectations and problems specific to a production enterprise or geographic region. A standard framework applicable to biosecurity programs includes: (1) hazard identification, (2) exposure assessment, (3) risk characterization, and (4) risk management. The discussion presented here helps lay the framework for development and implementation of biosecurity and risk-management programs within dairy replacement facilities. 相似文献
7.
Myrna M. T. De Rooij Jeroen P. G. Van Leuken Arno Swart Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar Mirjam Nielen Aline A. De Koeijer Ingmar Janse Inge M. Wouters Dick J. J. Heederik 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(1):14-25
From 2007 through 2010, the Netherlands experienced the largest Q fever epidemic ever reported. This study integrates the outcomes of a multidisciplinary research programme on spatial airborne transmission of Coxiella burnetii and reflects these outcomes in relation to other scientific Q fever studies worldwide. We have identified lessons learned and remaining knowledge gaps. This synthesis was structured according to the four steps of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA): (a) Rapid source identification was improved by newly developed techniques using mathematical disease modelling; (b) source characterization efforts improved knowledge but did not provide accurate C. burnetii emission patterns; (c) ambient air sampling, dispersion and spatial modelling promoted exposure assessment; and (d) risk characterization was enabled by applying refined dose–response analyses. The results may support proper and timely risk assessment and risk management during future outbreaks, provided that accurate and structured data are available and exchanged readily between responsible actors. 相似文献
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9.
Leah Estberg Ian A. Gardner Susan M. Stover Bill J. Johnson 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1998,33(1-4):159-170
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between intensive racing and training schedules and risk of either catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) or lay-up from racing in California Thoroughbreds. Thoroughbred racehorses that sustained a CMI during racing or training and either were subsequently euthanized or died on a California racetrack during 1991 and 1992 were studied using a case-crossover study design. Each study subject (case) provided its own self-matched control information in the form of ‘typical’ exposure frequency, determined or estimated from historic information. Periods of rapid average daily accumulation of high-speed exercise distance were identified for each horse from official race and training histories with a sliding 60-day window. Those window frames containing an average daily rate of distance accumulation exceeding 75th percentile cutoff values were classified as exposed frames followed by 30 days of increased risk, or hazard periods. All remaining days (excluding periods of layoff from racing) were considered non-hazard time at risk. The relative risk (RR) of CMI within 30 days following a period of rapid accumulation of high-speed exercise distance (during a hazard period) was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 3.0, 5.8). Of these 214 cases, 84 (39%) were injured during a hazard period whereas on average only 22% of total career time at risk was hazard time for these horses. A second analysis was performed for horses with at least 1 lay-up period from racing of ≥ 60 days. RR for a lay-up beginning during a hazard period was estimated for the last lay-up experienced by each horse. The RR for lay-up beginning during a hazard period was 4.8 (95% CI = 2.9, 8.1). Of these 98 cases, 32 (33%) of the lay-ups began during a hazard period whereas on average, only 22% of at-risk time up to last lay-up was hazard time for these horses. 相似文献
10.
Survival analysis of factors affecting culling early in the productive life of Holstein-Friesian cattle in Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Holstein-Friesian cattle raised in tropical environments pose a challenge due to genotype by environment interactions which may lead to higher rates of involuntary culling and reduce profit margins obtainable. This study assessed factors influencing culling within the first three parities of Holstein-Friesian cattle raised on four large-scale farms in Kenya using a Cox proportional hazard model. Differences in length of productive life (LPL) due to differences in area of origin of sires were also assessed in an attempt to determine possible adaptations by specific genotypes to the Kenyan environment. Environmental effects of herd, year-season, parity, sire area of origin, milk yield class and stage of lactation all significantly affected LPL. Daughters of sires born in Kenya tended to have a higher risk of being culled compared to those from other countries. Part of this higher risk was linked to a higher culling of low-producing cows. Further analyses and possibilities for the inclusion of LPL in selection criteria for sires to be used in Kenya should be encouraged. 相似文献
11.
Olea-Popelka FJ Fitzgerald P White P McGrath G Collins JD O'Keeffe J Kelton DF Berke O More S Martin SW 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,88(3):178-184
We investigated the impact of targeted removal of badgers on the subsequent bovine tuberculosis (BTB) risk in cattle herds in county Laois, Ireland. The study period was 1989-2005. For each of 122 targeted badger-removal licenses (permit to remove badgers in the proximity of cattle herds undergoing a serious BTB episode), the herd number (index herd) for which the license was given was obtained. The herds in the proximity of the index herd were identified from another database. The main "exposure" in our study was the geographical location of herds relative to the area in which targeted badger removal was conducted. We categorized herds into five different exposure groups: herds were classified as non-exposed and denoted as group 0 (reference group) if they were located 500 m or more from the edge of any parcel of land of the index herd; group 1, was the index herds, group 2 the immediate (contiguous) neighbors of the index herd, group 3 herds were not immediate neighbors but within 150 m and group 4 herds were between 150 m and 500 m distance from the edge of any parcel of land of the index herd, respectively. We conducted a survival analysis (allowing multiple failures per herd) to compare the hazard of having a BTB episode in any of the four groups of exposed herds vs. the hazard in herds in the reference group. We controlled for other known risk factors as well taking into account a temporal component. Our analysis showed that the hazard ratio for the index herds (group 1) were non-significantly increased, indicating that there was no difference in the hazard of failing a BTB test (after the targeted badger removal was conducted) between index herds and reference herds. For the rest of the herds farther away from badger removal activities the hazards were lower than herds in areas not under badger removal. The hazard in the reference group decreased over the study period. 相似文献
12.
Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies to evaluate the risk of sarcoid associated with castration.
In order to investigate whether gender and castration have an effect on the time to the development of sarcoids, a retrospective study in a population of donkeys was conducted using survival analysis techniques. Univariable Kaplan Meier product limit curves identified males as having significantly lower survival probability, or higher risk of developing sarcoids, than females (P < 0.01). Cox's proportional hazard model was used to assess the effect of age at entry to the population whilst simultaneously considering the effect of gender on the hazard of developing sarcoids. Age at entry and gender were both significantly associated with the hazard of sarcoid (P < 0.01). Animals younger at entry were at increased risk of being diagnosed with sarcoids and the hazard ratio for being male was 1.9. Although male animals castrated after entering the population had significantly poorer survival rates than those castrated prior to entry, this effect was not significant when age at entry to the population was fitted to the model, demonstrating that the castration procedure within the population per se was not a risk factor. Although there was a trend toward stallions being at increased risk when compared to geldings, the effect was not statistically significant, particularly when controlling for age. It was concluded that a multicentre study or meta-analysis will be necessary to resolve the issue of risk associated with castration. 相似文献
13.
Finland's cold loose-housing systems for dairy cows were compared with the more traditional warm loose-housing systems regarding the number of days from calving-to-first-service, the first-service-pregnancy risk and the repeated-service-conception hazard. 3131 calvings registered during the indoor periods in 1996 and 1997 on 208 farms were modelled using multilevel survival analysis and logistic regression in a retrospective cohort study. Compared to cows in a warm loose-housing system, cows in a cold loose-housing system had the same period from calving-to-first-service, a significant 6% lower first-service-pregnancy risk and the same repeated-service-conception hazard. 相似文献
14.
Vigre H Chriél M Hesselholt M Falk-Rønne J Kjaer Ersbøll A 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2002,56(2):105-117
A follow-up study focusing on health problems interfering with optimal training of Danish Standardbred trotters was conducted with the participation of seven professional trainers. Our aim was to estimate the incidence of health problems that cause interruptions of optimal training, and to identify associations between the hazard of lameness and selected risk factors.The study population was dynamic and contained data of 265 Standardbred trotters monitored during 5 months in 1997 and 1998. The horses were >or=2 years old. Optimal training was defined as when the horse followed scheduled training including fast-speed trotting. Interruption of optimal training could only be caused by health problems and castration.A total of 123 new events of interruption of optimal training caused by health problems were reported. Lameness (injury located to joints and tendons) was the most-frequent cause of interruption of optimal training: 84 events in 69 horses (0.09 events per horse-month). Respiratory diseases (16 events) and muscular problems (seven events) were the second and third most-frequent causes of interrupted training.The effects of trainer, gender, age-group, time with a trainer, participation in races and current month on the hazard of lameness were estimated in a multivariable Cox proportional-hazard model. The effects of trainer, gender and age-group were modelled as time-independent. The effects of time with a trainer, participation in races and the current month were modelled as time-dependent variables.Trainer affected the hazard of lameness. Geldings had higher hazard than mares, as did 3-year olds (compared to >4-year olds). Compared to the period where horses had been trained by the same trainer for >3 months, horses in the period 1.5-2.5 months after they had entered the training regime had higher risk of lameness (hazard ratio: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1-9.9). Participation in races increased the hazard of lameness significantly in the 5 days after a races. 相似文献
15.
Stevenson MA Wilesmith JW Ryan JB Morris RS Lockhart JW Lin D Jackson R 《The Veterinary record》2000,147(13):349-354
The objectives of this study were first to determine the cumulative incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the British cattle population from July 1986 to June 1997, secondly, to identify individual animal-associated risk factors that influenced the age of onset of clinical signs in confirmed BSE cases, and, thirdly, to assess the effectiveness of the measures introduced to control BSE during the epidemic. The analyses were based on the population of British cattle at risk, derived from agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996, and BSE case data collected up to June 30, 1997. The unit of interest was individual adult cattle recorded on annual agricultural censuses between June 1986 and June 1996. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis techniques were used to characterise the age of onset of clinical signs. In total 167,366 cases of BSE were diagnosed in Great Britain up to June 30, 1997. The cumulative incidence of BSE between July 1986 and June 1997 was 1.10 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 1.10) cases per 100 adult cattle at risk. Cattle from the South east, South west and Eastern regions of England had 4.26 to 5.96 (95 per cent CI 4.15 to 6.14) times as great a monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE as cattle from Scotland. Compared with cattle born before June 1985, those born between July 1987 and June 1988 had 22.5 (95 per cent CI 22.1 to 22.8) times the monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE, whereas those born in the 12 months after July 1988 had only 7.39 (95 per cent CI 7.24 to 7.54) times the monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE. This reduction in hazard was directly attributable to the ban on the use of ruminant protein as a feed instituted in July 1988. Successive cohorts from 1989 to 1991 experienced further reductions in the hazard of experiencing BSE. The additional decrease in hazard observed for the 1990 cohort may be attributed to the effect of the Specified Bovine Offal ban instituted in September 1990. 相似文献
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17.
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are emetic toxins causing food poisoning in humans, because of their biological activity and structural relatedness They have been classified as members of the pyrogenic exotoxin superantigen family Among them nine major antigenic types of emetic enterotoxins were recognized In recent years several newly detected SEs were also discriminated, but their occurrence and role in human and animal diseases are not fully understood Neverthless, evidences of their pathogenic role and broad distribution in staphylococcal strains cumulate Therefore their importance as potential risk factor for food safety becomes essential For this reason their properties, genetic determinants and supposed mechanisms of the pathogenic activity are discussed in respect of their potential hazard to human health. 相似文献
18.
This study evaluated the impact of the Irish herd bovine tuberculosis (bTB) depopulation policy (depopulation, disinfection, contiguous testing and local badger removal where implicated) on the recurrence of bTB infection, by comparing the future risk in restocked herds following depopulation for either bTB or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) during 2003 to 2005. Each herd was assigned a 'previous bTB risk', based on bTB history during the five years before depopulation. Future bTB risk was estimated, using a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model for time-to-breakdown for each study herd, to identify risk factors associated with bTB. Future bTB risk varied significantly by reason for depopulation and previous bTB risk. Herds depopulated for bTB (by definition, at high bTB risk) were not significantly different from BSE herds with no or a low previous bTB risk. BSE herds with a high previous bTB risk were found to be at significantly greater future bTB risk. Herd bTB depopulation measures, as currently applied in Ireland, are shown to be effective in enabling herds to attain and retain bTB freedom following restocking. Based on the data presented, and consistent with current knowledge of the bTB epidemiology, local badger removal contributes to efforts to limit recurrence of bTB in Ireland. 相似文献
19.
A V Tennyson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1989,195(2):190-193
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a human disease; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not infect animals other than nonhuman primates. Veterinarians and their employees are no more at risk by reason of their employment than are workers in offices. Cautions for health care workers do not generally apply to animal health care workers, but they are good rules to follow if it is necessary to render first aid for human injuries in the workplace. Veterinarians are advised to have properly equipped first aid kits available in case of need. Employees with HIV infection or AIDS should be treated in the same way that any other ill or disabled employee would be treated. They should be given the opportunity to continue work as long as they are able to perform most of the essential functions of their jobs. Their privacy must be respected, but if their condition becomes known, they must not be discriminated against by employers or other employees. All employees should be instructed in basic information regarding HIV infection and AIDS, so they understand what is and is not a hazard. They should also be trained to deal safely with human injuries and be informed of their rights and the rights of other employees in case one of them is infected with HIV. 相似文献
20.
Engblom L Lundeheim N Strandberg E Schneider Mdel P Dalin AM Andersson K 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(2):432-441
The objective of this study was to investigate factors that might influence the length of productive life in Swedish crossbred (Landrace x Yorkshire) sows. The data set consisted of 20,310 sows farrowing between 2001 and 2004 in 21 commercial piglet-producing herds. Productive life (PL) was defined as the number of days between first farrowing and removal or termination of data collection. In addition to the overall risk analysis of PL, another 4 longevity traits were analyzed (competing risk analyses): reproductive disorder-determined length of PL (RPL), udder problem-determined length of PL (UPL), lameness-determined length of PL (LPL), and mortality-determined length of PL (MPL). Analyses were performed by using survival analysis, applying a Weibull model with 6 time-dependent and 1 time-independent variable (age at first farrowing). The factor with the largest contribution to the likelihood function for PL was days after farrowing, followed by parity, the herd x year combination, the total number of piglets born, days between weaning and next farrowing, farrowing month, and age at first farrowing. For all 4 competing risk traits, the factors contributing most to the likelihood function were days after farrowing, the herd x year combination, and parity, with a varied order between traits. The hazard for removal was greatest 30 to 40 d after farrowing (after weaning) for PL, UPL, and LPL (P < 0.001). However, for MPL the hazard was greatest just after farrowing (0 to 10 d), and for RPL the hazard peaked at 70 to 100 d after farrowing. The hazard for removal was, compared with parity 1, less in parities 2 to 7 and greater from parity 8 for PL (P < 0.001). The hazard was greatest in parity 1 (P < 0.01) for RPL, UPL, and LPL, whereas for MPL the hazard increased with greater parity number and was markedly greater from parity 9 (P < 0.001). Sows with litters of 9 piglets or less had a greater hazard for removal than sows with litters of 12 to 13 piglets (P < 0.001). Intervals between 120 and 122 d from weaning to the next farrowing showed the lowest hazard for removal (P < 0.001). The influence of farrowing month displayed no clear pattern for PL. Sows of 14 mo or older at their first farrowing had a 20% greater hazard for removal than younger sows (P < 0.001). The hazard for removal was greater for smaller litters in all parities but was more accentuated in greater parities. Overall, days after farrowing was the main risk factor for sow removal. Removal hazard was greatest shortly after weaning, and this peak increased with greater parity number. 相似文献