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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(7):1011-1021
In the course of a series of studies conducted to investigate the long-term behavior of 129I (which has a half-life of 16 million years) in the environment, the concentration of stable iodine (127I) in precipitation, irrigation water and soil water to a depth of 2.5 m in a forest plot, an upland field and a paddy field in the upland area of Tsukuba, Japan, was determined. In the forest plot, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 μg L?1, about one-tenth of the values recorded in precipitation (weighted mean 2.1 μg L?1). This finding suggests that the major part of iodine in precipitation was sorbed onto the surface soil horizon under oxidative conditions. In the upland field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water was 2.2 μg L?1 at a depth of 0.2 m and it decreased to 0.34–0.44 μg L?1 at a depth of 0.5 m or more; these concentrations were about one-fifth of that in precipitation. This suggested that the major part of the iodine derived from precipitation was sorbed onto the subsurface soil horizon (at depths between 0.2 and 0.5 m). In the paddy field, during the non-irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 1.8 to 4.8 μg L?1, almost the same values as those recorded in precipitation. During the irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations at depths of 0.2 and 0.5 m were 18.8 and 16.7 μg L?1, values higher than the 10.9 μg L?1 value recorded in irrigation water and the 11.8 μg L?1 value recorded in ponding water. However, at a depth of 1.0 m or more, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water rapidly decreased from 7.3 to 1.8 μg L?1. These data suggested that a significant amount of iodine flowed out from the paddy field by surface runoff and a considerable amount of iodine that leached to a depth of 0.5 m was retained onto the mildly oxidative soil horizon (2Bw) that lay at depths between 0.5 and 1.0 m. At a depth of 2.5 m in the paddy field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water decreased to 1.8 μg L?1, but this level was much higher than those in the forest plot and upland field at the same depth, which suggested that a significant amount of iodine had leached into the groundwater-bearing layer. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.889) between the Eh of soil and the iodine concentration in soil water (0.2 m depth) of the paddy field. Particularly, when the Eh of soil fell below approximately 150 mV, the iodine concentration rapidly increased to above 10μg L?1. As for the chemical forms of iodine in precipitation, irrigation water, ponding water and soil water during the winter irrigation period in the paddy field with oxidative conditions, 58–82% of iodine consisted of IO? 3 and 17–42% of iodine consisted of I?. In the soil water during the summer irrigation period in the paddy field under reductive conditions, 52–58% of iodine consisted of I?, and 42–47% consisted of IO? 3. 相似文献
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西南丘陵区坡地土壤水分的时空变异 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用地统计学方法研究了我国西南丘陵区坡地土壤水分特性的时空变异特性。土壤水分含量在不同季节和不同层次具有一定的空间结构,可用纯块金效应模型、指数模型和球状模型进行拟合;土壤平均含水量、剖面各层含水量和半方差参数除变程外均随季节表现出明显的变化,但随土壤层次无明显的变化规律;土壤含水量的空间相关性随季节呈波动变化,块金值的变化趋势与基台值相似。克立格插值结果显示不同季节土壤平均含水量的空间分布格局不同。 相似文献
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N. K. Fageria O. P. de Morais A. B. dos Santos M. J. Vasconcelos 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(5):633-642
Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for crop production in South American soils. Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in South American cropping systems, including Brazil. A field experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate 20 upland rice genotypes for phosphorus (P) use efficiency. The P rate used was low (0 kg P ha?1) and high [87 kg P ha?1 or 200 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha?1]. Plant height, shoot dry weight, grain yield, panicle number, 1000 grain weight, spikelet sterility, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by P and genotype treatments. The P X genotype interaction was significant for grain yield, indicating that genotypes responded differently under two P rates. Overall, grain yield increased by 12% with the addition of P fertilization. Based on grain yield efficiency index, genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient group. The genotypes that were classified as efficient in P use were BRA032048, BRA042094, BRA02601, BRA032051, BRA032033, BRA052015, BRA042156, BRA01600, BRA01506, BRA052023 and BRA042160. The inefficient genotypes in P us efficiency were BRS Primavera, BRA052045, BRA01596, and BRS Sertaneja. Grain harvest index had a significant positive association with grain yield and spikelet sterility had a significant negative association with grain yield, as expected. Average, P-use efficiency of five genotypes was about 17 kg kg?1 (kg grain yield per kg P applied). 相似文献
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大量研究证明稻田土壤比旱地土壤更具固碳潜力,但至今对稻田土壤固碳机制的认识尚不甚清楚。本研究于2007年利用两个开垦年代相似,近20多年分别一直种植双季稻和双季玉米的长期定位试验,来比较不同种植模式下土壤有机碳及其组分的差异。结果表明,水田土壤总有机碳和总氮的浓度分别是旱地的2.2倍和2.5倍。与试验前相比,水稻种植显著提高了土壤有机碳的含量,增幅达到30.8%,而旱地的前后差异不显著。在所有团聚体粒径水平上,水田有机碳的浓度均显著高于旱地。其中53～250μm微团聚体相差最大,水田是旱地的近3倍。水田微团聚体保护碳（iPOM_m）在土壤中的浓度是旱地的4.2倍,微团聚体保护碳在总有机碳中的比重也显著高于旱地,达到25.5%,是旱地的2倍。水田和旱地iPOM_m组分碳的差异能够解释其总有机碳差异的42.8%。上述结果可以增强我们对稻田土壤固碳机制的了解,为稻田土壤碳管理提供理论依据。 相似文献
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土体重构对旱田土壤微生物及养分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《水土保持学报》2015,(4)
以旱田土壤为研究对象,探讨常规耕作(CK),0-10cm与10-20cm土层置换(TC1),0-20cm与20-40cm土层置换(TC2),0-30cm与30-60cm土层置换(TC3),0-10cm土层混合(GF1),0-20cm土层混合(GF2),0-30cm土层混合(GF3)对不同层次土壤微生物量、酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,土体重构处理能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量和土壤酶活性,不同层次土壤酶活性与对照处理差异显著;耕翻处理的土壤酶活性明显高于对照处理,但除土壤脲酶含量和GF2处理均未达到显著水平;土层置换处理土壤养分含量随土层深度增加表现出不同的变化趋势,与对照处理相比各层次差异显著,土层置换处理有利于土壤养分含量在不同土层中的均匀分布;土层置换处理对土壤改良效果明显,可提高土壤微生物量碳氮含量,增加土壤酶活性,活化土壤养分。 相似文献
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基于野外旱地红壤定位试验,通过在各处理中采取土样测定土壤水分含量,用环刀分层取土测定水分物理性质,并测定作物产量,分析改良剂(生物质炭与过氧化钙)对旱地红壤水分特征和作物产量的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量月动态呈现"双峰型"曲线,11月、12月土壤含水量比较低,且随着时间推移含水量呈上升趋势,2月达到最高;然后缓慢下降,4月后开始缓慢升高,到6月份为第二峰值,6月后又开始缓慢下降。随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量和土壤容重呈上升趋势,即:0—10cm10—20cm20—40cm40—60cm,而土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量的变化趋势与其相反。单施处理中,随着过氧化钙施入量的增加,土壤含水量呈下降趋势,而随着生物质炭输入量的增加,土壤含水量呈上升趋势;配施处理土壤含水量都高于单施,且以C2Ca1的土壤含水量最高,为16.14%~34.57%。随着改良剂的加入,土壤容重有减小的趋势,各处理从小到大的顺序为C2Ca1C1Ca1C0Ca1C2Ca0C1Ca2C2Ca2C1Ca0C0Ca2CK。各处理土壤饱和持水量、土壤毛管持水量和土壤田间持水量均大于对照(CK),且以C2Ca1为最大,分别为:24.49%~38.81%,22.18%~27.06%,18.87%~22.68%。各处理从大到小的顺序为C2Ca1C1Ca1C2Ca2C1Ca2C2Ca0C0Ca1C1Ca0C0Ca2CK。各处理红薯产量从高到低的顺序为C2Ca2C2Ca1C1Ca2C1Ca1C2Ca0C1Ca0C0Ca2C0Ca1CK,施入生物质炭或过氧化钙都有利于红薯产量的提高,且混施的效果更好。因此,生物质炭与过氧化钙可作为土壤改良剂是培肥土壤的重要措施,能有效减小土壤容重和提高土壤水分含量,并提高作物产量。 相似文献
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Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nutrient interactions are important in determining crop yields. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate interaction among nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in upland rice production. The treatments applied to upland rice grown on an Oxisol were three levels of N (N0, N150 and N300 mg kg?1), three levels of P (P0, P100 and P200 mg kg?1) and three levels of K (K0, K100 and K200 mg kg?1). These treatments were tested in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, root dry weight, maximum root length, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by N, P, and K treatments. The treatment that did not receive P fertilization did not produce panicle or grain. Hence, P was most yield-limiting nutrient compared to two other nutrients. At the N0P0K0 treatment, rice did not produce grains, indicating severe deficiency of these nutrients in Brazilian Oxisols. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the N300P200K200 treatment. Grain yield had significant positive association with plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length, 1000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain harvest index. Among these growth and yield components, shoot dry weight had the highest positive association with grain yield and root length minimum positive association with grain yield. Hence, adopting adequate soil and crop management practices can improve growth and yield components and increase grain yield of upland rice. 相似文献
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Mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) are global pollutants, but little information is available on their distribution and mobility in soils and catchments of Central Europe. The objective of this study was to investigate the pools and mobility of Hg and CH3Hg+ in different forest soils. Upland and wetland forest soils, soil solutions and runoff were sampled. In upland soils the highest contents of total-Hg were found in the Oh layer of the forest floor (>400 ng g-1) and the storage of non geogenic total-Hg (calculated for 60 cm depth) was about 120 mg/m2. The storage of total-Hg was one order of magnitude lower in wetland soils as compared to the upland soils. By far the largest proportion of total-Hg in soils was bound in immobile fractions. The depth gradients of CH3Hg+ did not correspond to those of total-Hg and the highest contents of CH3Hg+ in upland soils were observed in the litter layer of the forest floor and in the Bsv horizon. The CH3Hg+ content of the wetland soils was generally much higher in comparison with upland soils. CH3Hg+ in solution was found in the forest floor percolates of upland soils and in wetland soils, but not in soil solutions from mineral soil horizons. Gaseous losses of Hg as well as methylation of Hg are likely in wetland soils. The latter might be highly relevant for CH3Hg+ levels in runoff. 相似文献
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施肥结构对旱地红壤有机质和物理性质的影响 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24
研究了有机肥与化肥配施对旱地红壤有机质和物理性质的影响。结果表明,虽然部分年份各处理土壤有机质含量存在某些程度的波动,但总体上随施肥年限的延长呈增加趋势;与对照处理相比,有机肥能够显著地提高土壤有机质含量。本田还田是该地区提高土壤有机质含量的最佳方法。有机肥施用均可显著地降低红壤旱地土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度;但不同的种类之间存在一定差异,即秸秆和本田还田的效果优于厩肥和绿肥的。与化肥处理相比,施用有机肥显著地促进了土壤中>1mm和1～0.5mm水稳性团聚体的形成,厩肥和绿肥处理中>1mm水稳性团聚体含量也显著高于秸秆及本田还田处理的。各种有机肥之间及其与对照相比0.5～0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量都存在不同程度的差异。有机肥的施用不仅显著地提高了0.25～0.05mm微团聚体含量,而且显著地降低了0.05～0.002mm微团聚体含量。除本田还田处理外,其它处理的<0.002mm微团聚体含量与对照相比差异显著。 相似文献
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低丘红壤旱地水分问题及其解决途径研究进展 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
阐述了低丘红壤旱地的季节性干旱和土壤物理性退化等导致的水分问题 ,总结了一些实际可行的减缓水分问题的有效措施 ,如 :农林复合生态系统的构建、植被覆盖、合理轮作、以肥调水、灌溉系统和改良土壤结构等。并在回顾有关研究的基础上 ,对低丘红壤区水分问题的研究和解决途径提出展望 相似文献
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N. K. Fageria 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(9):1346-1358
Deficiency of micronutrients increasing in field crops, including upland rice in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine requirement of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) boron (B) and iron (Fe) for upland rice grown on a Brazilian Oxisol. The levels used were: Zn (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg?1), Cu (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg?1), B (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg?1) and Fe (0, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg kg?1). Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle number and grain harvest index (GHI) were significantly improved with the addition of these micronutrients. Root growth was also improved with the application of micronutrients, except with the addition of B. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the addition of 51 mg Zn, 24 mg Cu, 5 mg B kg?1, and 283 mg Fe kg?1 soil. Similarly, maximum straw yield was obtained with the addition of 38 mg Zn, 17 mg Cu, 6 mg B kg?1, and 1500 mg Fe kg?1 soil. Maximum plant height was obtained with the addition of 54 mg Zn, 10 mg B kg?1, and 1197 mg Fe kg?1 soil. Copper did not affect plant height significantly. Maximum panicle number was obtained with the addition of 22 mg Cu kg?1, 3 mg B kg?1, and 1100 mg Fe kg?1 soil. Zinc did not affect panicle number significantly. Maximum GHI was obtained with the addition of 61 mg Zn kg?1, and 8 mg B kg?1. Zinc was had a linear increase in GHI in the range of 0 to 80 mg kg?1, and Fe showed a negative relationship with GHI. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(22):2676-2684
Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate. 相似文献
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In a lysimeter study in the field with soil samples of a Fluvisol the transport of chloride was monitored under high frequency irrigation. The results of this investigation were used for verification of two computer models of different complexity. One was a transient state water and solute movement model the other a simplified steady state model. It was demonstrated that both models predicted nearly equally well the chloride concentrations in the drainage water. For many practical situations, the simple model may be all that is needed to predict the downward movement of solutes in field soils. 相似文献
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覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
为了加深对地面覆盖措施保墒增产机理的认识,通过大田试验,对黄土高原南部旱塬区秸秆和地膜两种覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤水分动态、作物产量形成和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明:在试验年份,与不覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖后玉米生育期内土壤储水量提高了5.2%～8.4%(P<0.05),籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别降低了7.8%和3.5%;而地膜覆盖下土壤储水量的差异不显著,但显著提高了产量构成指标,其籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了14.1%和10.6%(P<0.05),显示后者抑制土表蒸发所增加的土壤水分更多地、更有效地被作物根系吸收利用了。从产量形成和水分利用效率角度分析,本地区旱作玉米农田使用地膜覆盖有较好的保墒增产效果。 相似文献
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川中丘陵坡耕地水土保持与农业生产的发展 总被引：20，自引：4，他引：20
总结了作者近 10多年来在水土保持和作物栽培中所做的研究工作 ,在分析研究川中丘陵坡耕地水土流失状况基础上 ,提出了一套既有益于水土保持 ,又能提高作物产量 ,提高农户经济收益的工程措施和农耕措施 ,对今后如何协调川中丘陵坡耕地水土保持与农业生产的发展有重要指导意义。 相似文献