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1.
Feed withdrawal management has significant effects on contamination of commercial broiler chickens. The effect of a cue (short period of feed withdrawal) on broiler behavior, carcass yield, and carcass quality (carcass scratches, trimming, condemnations, and fecal contamination) was evaluated using 2,400 female broilers. Cues were applied for 3 consecutive days prior to slaughter by lifting the feeders in each pen for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h. Bird behavior was monitored to determine the effect of the cue on feeding patterns. The effect of the cue on carcass yield and quality (carcass scratches, trimming, condemnations, and internal contamination) at the time of processing was determined.Cueing for 1 (CUE1), 2 (CUE2), and 4 (CUE4) h resulted in an increase in activity at the feeders compared with the control treatment (CUE0); higher activity resulted from longer cues. During the cue, live BW loss was greatest in the CUE4 treatment at 24.8 g. Birds in the CUE1 treatment gained 11.3 g during application of the cue. Uniformity of cecal contents was improved in the CUE4 treatment. No differences in carcass yield among cueing treatments were observed. The incidence of new scratches, a possible entry point for cellulitis infections, was lowest in the CUE0 and CUE4 treatments. Contamination scores were highest in the CUE1 treatment and lowest in the CUE0 and CUE4 treatments.The data suggest that feeding cues of up to 4 h may be used without compromising processing yield or carcass quality. Benefits may be limited to improved uniformity of cecal emptying.  相似文献   

2.
Cellulitis has emerged as an economically important disease of broiler chickens. The impact of environmental risk factors on the incidence of cellulitis has not been evaluated in the United States. Escherichia coli (E. coli), the causative agent, is introduced through skin scratches during the grow out. Our previous work suggested that the litter was an important reservoir for cellulitis-associated E. coli. We hypothesized that factors contributing to a positive environment for E. coli growth would increase the opportunity for exposure of a broiler to an infectious dose of E. coli, capable of initiating a cellulitis lesion. This prospective study of 304 flocks on five farms from two integrated broiler companies was conducted to determine the effect of environmental factors on the prevalence of cellulitis in California broiler flocks. Environmental variables included temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity (RH) at the litter surface. Litter variables measured included E. coli and total gram-negative bacteria load (colony forming units/g dry matter), water activity, and pH. Management variables such as clean out, the number of flocks reared on the same litter (litter run, LR), and downtime (DT) between flocks were also evaluated. Cellulitis ranged from 0.197% to 6.04%. Significant associations were identified using linear regression between farm, LR, DT, ambient temperature during the brooding period, gram-negative bacteria load in the litter during the brooding period, RH mid-grow out, and E. coli load late in the grow out. The significant variation in the rate of cellulitis between farms combined with the strong association of LR and DT with cellulitis demonstrated that management choices were highly influential in this disease syndrome. Based on these data and our previous findings, managers would be advised to increase DT between flocks and perform a total clean out of the house when a flock processes with a high incidence of cellulitis.  相似文献   

3.
Avian cellulitis in broiler chickens is primarily caused by Escherichia coli. Previous research found that the E. coli isolates of cellulitis origin were unique to each ranch, suggesting that these E. coli were endemic within the ranch environment. To test the hypothesis that the E. coli associated with cellulitis are endemic in the litter of the broiler house, we designed a study to determine whether E. coli DNA fingerprints associated with cellulitis persist over successive flocks that are grown in the same house. In addition, we assessed the impact of different cleaning and disinfection strategies on this persistence. Two broiler houses were followed on each of five farms over 3-4 flocks. A total of 353 E. coli isolates from cellulitis lesions were analyzed in this study, and 314 of these isolates (89%) were DNA fingerprinted by PFGE. In each ranch, there were several DNA fingerprint patterns that were present over successive flocks, regardless of the cleaning and disinfection strategy utilized. Isolates persisted as long as 191 days, implying that these E. coli are capable of persisting in the broiler house environment for long periods of time. In addition, these E. coli isolates were associated with cellulitis lesions in successive flocks. Thus, the isolates of E. coli that are associated with cellulitis in broiler chickens appear to be endemic in the litter environment of the broiler house.  相似文献   

4.
The present study examined several basic attributes of first-line defence mechanisms in the skin as potential factors that may explain the susceptibility of broiler chickens to cellulitis. The variables including structural characteristics of the skin, physicochemical properties and cellular responses to the challenge with pathogens were compared between two categories of chickens, a strain of fast-growing commercial broiler chickens (susceptible to cellulitis) and leghorn chickens (resistant to cellulitis). There were substantial differences between leghorns and broilers with regard to physiological characteristics of the skin. Broiler skin was more amenable to injury and the wound-healing process was slow. Compared with leghorns, the lesions resulting from sub-dermal challenge in broilers were more severe and disseminated over a larger area. Mobilization of phagocytic cells (heterophils and macrophages) in leghorns was brisk even in the areas distant from the site of infection, whereas only few heterophils were recruited in the skin of broilers. The functional competence of heterophils in broilers was inferior when compared with leghorns. Based on the present finding, the predisposition of broilers to cellulitis appears to be primarily associated with the inferior first line of defence of their skin. Broilers in commercial situations may be at higher risk to succumb to even minor infection and eventually develop cellulitis because: (1) structural weaknesses of the skin may predispose broilers to skin injury and thus the risk of skin infection by pathogens is increased; (2) broiler skin surface is more likely to provide a conducive environment for colonization of Escherichia coli; (3) in the event of infection, poor recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection may readily lead to widespread colonization of the tissue by pathogens causing cellulitis and (4) poor functional quality of the phagocytic cells that are mobilized compromise the ability of the host to contain the spread of infection.  相似文献   

5.
Cellulitis results in substantial losses to the broiler industry due to condemnations at slaughter. This study was conducted to clarify the association between Escherichia coli isolated from cellulitis and other lesions caused by E. coli in individual birds. Fourteen flocks were sampled and 118 birds with cellulitis were examined. Escherichia coli was isolated from all but 2 of the cellulitis lesions, and serogroups O78, O1, and O2 predominated. Thirty-six birds had at least 1 other lesion in addition to the cellulitis lesion. Isolation of E. coli from cellulitis and other lesions occurred in 7 of the 14 flocks. Escherichia coli of the same serogroup were isolated from cellulitis and other lesions in some birds, suggesting that a single E. coli may sometimes be responsible for both types of lesions.  相似文献   

6.
The purpose of this study was to identify Escherichia coli isolates that could be characterized as cellulitis pathogens. Twelve E. coli isolates from diagnostic cases of cellulitis or mixed infections with various serotypes were compared for ability to produce cellulitis and internal lesions indicative of systemic infection. Ranking of isolates was based on the premise that E. coli isolates that were "cellulitis-type" would cause cellulitis lesions without causing systemic infection. A quantitative scoring system was also used so both the time required for a lesion to develop and lesion severity could be evaluated as determinants of virulence. Escherichia coli isolates were inoculated by subcutaneous injection of a standardized dose in 24 broiler chickens per isolate. Necropsy was performed on four birds per group at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hr postinoculation (PI). Cellulitis lesions were scored on a 0 to 5 scale based on size, migration from the inoculation site, and gross characteristics. Lesions of the pericardium, liver, joint, or body cavity were evaluated. Gross lesion scores of 1 or 2 were evident by 6 hr PI with all isolates. Mortality occurred in 4 of 12 experimental groups. Internal lesions were observed in 3 to 12 birds per group. Escherichia coli was reisolated from all lesions. The four isolates with the highest lesion score and highest lesion points as determined by the quantitative scoring system did not vary. However, the rankings of two other isolates were affected. Four isolates that were below average for mean internal lesion score and above average for mean cellulitis points were characterized as cellulitis-type. Three isolates that were above average for internal lesion score and below average for mean cellulitis points were characterized as systemic-type. The E. coli serotype was not a determining factor for cellulitis-type pathogenicity. Isolates discriminated as cellulitis-type or septicemic-type E. coli in this study are being used to further investigate virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of cellulitis in broiler chickens.  相似文献   

7.
The focus of this study was to evaluate a feed enzyme (Rovabio Excel) in diets fed to commercial broilers reared in environments typical to that observed in the US broiler industry and destined to be marketed at BW at or near 2.5 kg. The feed enzyme was tested in diets differing in amino acid and energy composition. The main effect of altered nutrient levels, mainly reduced amino acids, was higher abdominal fat at processing. The formulation addition of the exogenous feed enzyme to diets differing in nutrient contents and energy did not affect broiler live performance or carcass traits. However, the exogenous feed enzyme decreased 14-d mortality in experiment 1 and 41-d mortality in experiment 2 but was without effect on mortality in experiment 3. Future research elucidating any benefits on mortality from the exogenous feed enzyme may aid commercial poultry producers. Further, reducing dietary nutrient levels beyond that considered in this study may allow for exogenous enzyme benefits in broiler live production and carcass traits to be observed as mediated through nutrient liberation.  相似文献   

8.
From 50 commercial broiler flocks included in a study concerning respiratory disease, signs of swollen head syndrome (SHS) were shown in eight. Postmortem examination was performed in eight birds showing signs of SHS from each flock. The trachea and head from each bird were collected for laboratory investigation. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of viral and avian mycoplasma antigens in the trachea, and bacteriologic examinations were performed from the infraorbital sinuses of the infected birds. According to the ELISA results, the most frequently detected antigen in the trachea was Mycoplasma synoviae (six flocks, 75%), followed by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (five flocks, 62.5%), avian adenovirus (four flocks, 50%), avian reovirus (three flocks, 37.5%), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (one flock, 12.5%), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (one flock, 12.5%). Turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT), infectious laryngotracheitis, and avian influenza viral antigens were not detected. Experimental assays for characterization of NDV and IBV isolates showed that they were strains of low virulence (evidently vaccine strains). Bacteriologic examinations from the infraorbital sinuses of the affected birds resulted in the isolation of Escherichia coli (seven cases, 87.5%) and Staphylococcus spp. (one case, 12.5%). It is evident that TRT virus did not play a causal role in SHS in commercial broiler flocks in Greece, but in this condition, other viruses (IBV, NDV), mycoplasmas, or bacteria may be involved, and environmental conditions seem to be essential to the occurrence and severity of the disease.  相似文献   

9.
Matched sampling of Escherichia coli from broiler house litter and bird lesions of either cellulitis or colibacillosis was conducted to investigate the relationship of pathogenic E. coli to those found in the environment. Isolates were collected from six broiler flocks representing six geographically disparate ranches. Isolates were compared by flock for similarity in serotype and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Serotyping revealed a considerable dissociation between the two groups of isolates. The prevalence of pathogenic E. coli that matched the environmental isolates from the same house was 0 to 3%. Statistical analysis of the serotype data showed a strong dependence of serotype on isolate source, indicating a high probability that a particular serotype would be found among lesions or litter but not in both groups. Genotyping of isolates on two farms supported the results of serotyping and provided differentiation of isolates that could not by typed by serology. These results suggested that the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli in the broiler house was independent of the prevalence of other commensal or environmental E. coli. Understanding the composition of E. coli populations in commercial poultry production may have bearing on the epidemiology and control of E. coli related diseases.  相似文献   

10.
A commercial broiler farm with a history of poor feed conversion and chronic feed-passage problems was chosen for investigation. Chickens were taken from the broiler flock at specified intervals during growout and tested by virus isolation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for avian reovirus. Abnormal tissue pathology was first seen in the broilers at 9 days of age and continued sporadically throughout the growout period. Antireovirus antibody levels began to increase at 24 days of age. Avian reovirus and avian adenovirus was recovered at different intervals starting at 17 and 31 days of age, respectively. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks housed in filtered-air positive-pressure isolation units were inoculated with two inocula recovered from the field study. Avian reovirus was recovered from the tissues of both treatment groups using chick kidney cells. Significant weight differences were seen in one of the two treatment groups. This avian reovirus was given the name SS-412.  相似文献   

11.
1. This article addresses the current and future role of artificial insemination (AI) in the broiler industry.

2. The application and success of AI programmes in commercial broiler breeder operations are largely dependent on efficient cage management (nutrition, lighting, environment, health programmes) of both males and females.

3. Artificial insemination will remain a viable alternative for the broiler industry, which competes within the economic constraints of least‐cost production.  相似文献   


12.
使用鸡新城疫-禽流感（H9N2 HP株）二联灭活疫苗分别免疫3、7、14日龄三组商品肉鸡各40羽,同时设一组空白对照组。各免疫组及对照组于3、7、14、21、28、35、42日龄采血检测新城疫、禽流感抗体,于21、28、35日龄进行禽流感病毒攻毒,对比不同日龄免疫组的抗体消涨情况及不同日龄禽流感攻毒结果。发现对照组随鸡日龄增加,新城疫与禽流感抗体逐渐下降,在42日龄时下降至0,而不同免疫组新城疫与禽流感抗体均先下降,21日龄左右开始上升,至35日龄新城疫与禽流感抗体升至6log2以上。3日龄免疫组的禽流感免疫保护效果最好,21、28、35日龄时禽流感强毒攻毒保护率均达100%;7日龄免疫组在21、35日龄时禽流感强毒攻毒保护率均达100%,28日龄时禽流感强毒攻毒保护率达70%;14日龄免疫组在28、35日龄时禽流感强毒攻毒保护率均达100%,21日龄时禽流感强毒攻毒保护率只达30%。试验表明,商品肉鸡选择3日龄免疫鸡新城疫-禽流感（H9N2 HP株）二联灭活疫苗时禽流感免疫保护效果最好,采用3日龄免疫程序可以提高新城疫与禽流感的免疫保护效果,减少养殖业的经济损失。  相似文献   

13.
A 1-yr retrospective study was undertaken to verify whether the prevalence of cellulitis in broiler chicken flocks was associated 1) with sex and average body weight controlling for the time of year and 2) with some other condemnation causes such as air-sacculitis, ascites, cyanosis, emaciation, valgus varus deformity, peritonitis, and total condemnation rate controlling for sex, average body weight, and time of year. Data were collected from four Québec abattoirs between October 1992 and September 1993. Data from 2452 unisex male and female broiler flocks were compiled and analyzed with univariate and multivariate models. The prevalence of cellulitis among flocks was 42.2 per 10,000 birds slaughtered. Cellulitis was associated with sex and increased with time of year (P < 0.0001). The prevalence was higher in male (mean +/- SD, 50.7+/-24.3; median, 31.8) than in female flocks (mean +/- SD, 34.2+/-15.6; median, 20.0) but showed no relationship with average body weight. Associations between condemnation causes and cellulitis were relatively weak; increases in the prevalence of cellulitis correlated with increases in total condemnation rate (r2 = 0.19), ascites (r2 = 0.09), airsacculitis (r2 = 0.0), cyanosis (r2 = 0.04), peritonitis (r2 = 0.03), emaciation (r2 = 0.02), and valgus varus deformity (r2 = 0.02). These results suggest that flock sex is a potential correlate of cellulitis prevalence in broiler chickens. Associations between the prevalence of cellulitis and other diseases observed at the abattoir were not very strong. However, it appears here that general disease status of Québec broiler flocks is a better indicator of cellulitis occurrence than the main diseases considered individually.  相似文献   

14.
The aetiologic agent of avian colibacillosis is Escherichia coli. Colibacillosis is a disease that causes mortality and production performance problems in chickens which results in economic losses for the poultry industry. It will be increasingly important for scientists to identify novel solutions that can be implemented which will provide poultry producers with a tool to manage this economically important disease. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could be used as a positive control to evaluate novel chemistries for immunopotentiator activity in battery or floor-pen avian colibacillosis models in chickens. In the battery study, subcutaneous administration of LPS to one-day-old broiler cockerels caused a significant reduction (P < 0.003) in all parameters of colibacillosis evaluated, i.e. mean air sac lesion scores, per cent air sac lesions, E. coli re-isolation and per cent mortality. However, in the floor-pen study, subcutaneous administration to one-day-old broiler chicks resulted in a numerical, but not statistically significant reduction (P < 0.1) in mortality associated with colibacillosis. These data indicate that LPS can be used as a positive control to evaluate the efficacy of immunopotentiator drug candidates in avian colibacillosis models.  相似文献   

15.
At present Denmark has the status of a 'non-vaccinating' country for Newcastle disease and its poultry population should therefore be free of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1). Three live avian vaccines against infectious bronchitis, avian encephalomyelitis, and chick anaemia which had been found to be contaminated with APMV-1 viruses of low virulence for chickens were examined. The vaccines were produced by the same company and the affected batches had been used in Denmark in 1996/97. Furthermore, APMV-1 isolates of low virulence were obtained from three commercial broiler breeder flocks, one of which had been vaccinated with two of the contaminated vaccines. The flocks belonged to the same hatchery organisation. A comparison of viral F0 gene sequences and typing of virus isolates with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed that the vaccine and field isolates were identical.  相似文献   

16.
Avian cellulitis in broiler chickens is characterized by subcutaneous lesions that result in economic losses because of the partial or complete condemnation of the carcasses at processing. Escherichia coli is the primary causative agent of this condition. Previous research with a biotyping system found that the E. coli of cellulitis origin were unique to each ranch, suggesting that these E. coli were endemic within the ranch environment. The objective of our study was to analyze the genetic variability of E. coli isolates associated with cellulitis. We analyzed the genetic relatedness of the isolates in relation to the houses, ranches, and complexes in which the broilers were grown. This analysis enabled us to assess the spatial heterogeneity, or genetic diversity on a spatial scale, of the isolates. Forty-nine broilers with cellulitis lesions were necropsied. These broilers came from six houses on four ranches on three complexes that had been placed with chicks from the same hatchery within a 2-wk period. Isolates of E. coli from the lesions were DNA fingerprinted by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Relatedness among isolates was determined with the Dice coefficient and an unweighted pair group method with average linkages cluster analysis. The complexes possessed isolates with a variety of DNA fingerprints, yet each complex appeared to have isolates with a unique set of DNA fingerprints. Isolates from the same complex tended to form clusters with similarity coefficients greater than 90%. Isolates from different complexes were genetically distinct. This heterogeneity at the level of the complex suggests that isolates were not disseminated from a source common to the complexes. The spatial heterogeneity of the E. coli isolates in this study implies an endemic population of cellulitis-associated E. coli exists in the broiler house environment.  相似文献   

17.
Tropical Animal Health and Production - Since 1998, Iran’s poultry industry has faced several outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2. Tissue samples were collected from a broiler...  相似文献   

18.
Little is known about the effectiveness of current poultry industry cleaning and disinfection procedures in broiler barns. Surface swabs were taken from a commercial broiler barn and a research broiler barn. The swabs were analyzed to determine if cleaning and disinfectant processes used would reduce the numbers of total aerobic bacteria and the total Enterobacteriaceae on the walls of the commercial barn (Experiment 1) and on the walls and floor of the research barn (Experiment 2). Microbiological analyses were used to assess bacterial loads within each barn. In Experiment 1 the mean of total aerobic bacterial counts were not affected by the cleaning and disinfectant process. However, the means of total Enterobacteriaceae counts were significantly reduced by the washing process. Disinfection with Virkon did not further reduce the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae. In general, the cleaning processes used in wood and metal barns were effective in reducing Enterobacteriaceae counts. In Experiment 2, neither the mean of total aerobic bacterial counts nor Enterobacteriaceae counts were affected by the washing process. However, disinfection with Virkon did result in a significant reduction of bacterial numbers. In summary, the disinfectant step performed in the research barn was effective in decreasing both total aerobic and Enterobacteriaceae counts.  相似文献   

19.

In this study, the prevalence and spatial distribution of Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and avian influenza have been evaluated in commercial broiler farms in 31 provinces in Iran. In this survey, a total of 233 affected broiler chicken farms were sampled. The infectious bronchitis virus (alone) was detected with highest frequency in 60 farms, and separately or combined with other agents, in 110 farms; Newcastle disease virus, separately, was detected in 28 farms, and in 63 farms separately or combined with other infectious agents; and avian influenza H9N2 was detected in 22 farms separately and in 51 farms separately or concomitant with other infectious agents. The sample tested negative for all H5 serotypes. The results of the present study show that the most prevalent avian viral infectious disease contributing to respiratory syndromes in broiler farms in Iran was infectious bronchitis due to infectious bronchitis virus serotypes variant 2 and 793/B. On the other hand, combined with the alternation of dominant viruses and circulating strains, flocks are exposed to unremitting anamorphic viral infections. Thus, the permanent monitoring of cases that have occurred and the review of vaccination plans of affected flocks every year are some of the necessary measures needed for strategic control of respiratory syndrome in broilers. It is noteworthy that execution of epidemiologic examinations on the cogent factors of prevalence of this syndrome and defeat of vaccination strategy in the flocks is urgent and has to be fulfilled on the definite causes of time.

  相似文献   

20.
Cui Z  Sun S  Wang J 《Avian diseases》2006,50(2):191-195
In this study, a Chinese field strain of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), NX0101, was studied for its immunosuppressive effects in both commercial broilers and SPF white Leghorn chickens infected at 1 day of age. Our data demonstrated that NX0101 induced much more significant body and immune organ weight loss in the infected commercial broiler chickens in an earlier age than that in the SPF white Leghorn chickens. At the same time antibody responses to vaccinations of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in the NX0101-infected chickens were also evaluated and compared between the commercial broiler chickens and the SPF white Leghorn chickens. Compared with the control group of chickens, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response to NDV vaccines was significantly reduced in the NX0101-infected commercial broiler chickens from as early as 20 days after vaccination. However, no significant difference in HI antibody response was seen when HI titers reached their peaks in the NX0101-inoculated and control SPF white Leghorn chickens, except it declined significantly faster in infected birds. Neither of these two types of chickens showed significant decrease of antibody response to IBDV vaccination. Herein, we conclude that this NX0101 strain of ALV-J could selectively suppress humoral immune reactions to NDV, especially in broilers. But challenge experiments were not conducted and, therefore, it cannot be known if decreased antibody levels correlated with decreased protection against NDV in this case.  相似文献   

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