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1.
青岛市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(15)
为了估算青岛市畜禽粪便产生量及主要污染物含量,试验在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和排泄系数的基础上,对2012年青岛市畜禽养殖数据进行了估算,并对环境效应进行评价。结果表明:2012年青岛市畜禽粪便总排放量约为1 122.42万t,其中猪、牛排放量较高;畜禽粪便中化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总氮含量(TN)、总磷含量(TP)和水中氨氮(NH3-N)含量分别为28.43,26.68,6.90,2.19,2.96万t左右;农田畜禽粪便负荷量(以猪粪当量计)为29.83 t/hm2,氮、磷养分负荷量分别为164.30,52.06 kg/hm2,畜禽粪便已经开始对环境造成污染。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2015,(15)
为了对南阳市畜禽规模化养殖的温室气体年排放量进行定量估算,试验以跨政府气候变化委员会(IPCC)温室气体(GHG)清单指南和最新文献资料公布的各类畜禽温室气体排放量数据为依据计算温室气体排放参数,并计算了畜禽温室气体甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量。结果表明:甲烷的年排放总量是2.58×108kg,氧化亚氮的年排放总量是2.74×107kg,其中生猪的甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量分别占甲烷、氧化亚氮总排放量的64.03%、70.99%,生猪的粪便源甲烷排放量占总粪便源甲烷的93.10%;年甲烷当量排放量为5.42×106kg,氧化亚氮为8.49×106kg。说明规模养殖生猪是畜牧业温室气体排放的关键排放源,其中生猪养殖的粪污处理环节又是养殖业温室气体减排工作的重心。 相似文献
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对乌兰察布市11个旗县(市区)2017年度生猪、肉羊、肉牛、奶牛的养殖统计数据进行了分析,估算了畜禽粪便年排放量和以氮含量为标准的猪粪当量,在此基础上计算了农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对各旗县(市区)农田畜禽粪便承受程度进行了风险评价.结果表明,乌兰察布市畜禽粪便年排放量已达11353207t;畜禽粪便猪粪当量农田年均负荷量为17.30t/hm2·a;畜禽粪便已对2个旗县构成Ⅱ级威胁1个旗县(市区)构成Ⅲ级威胁,对其余8个旗县(市区)暂未构成威胁. 相似文献
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21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。 相似文献
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畜牧业是发展中国家综合农业体系的重要组成部分,其在生产动物蛋白、农家肥,保证动物源性食品的多样性方面发挥着重要作用。可以说,动物生产对全球人民的福祉和生活作出重要贡献,其生产系统可以根据地区、资源可利用性、基础设施可及性、粮食需求和市场潜力的差异性具体划分为自给自足、规模化、标准化、集约化的农业模式。在保障经济效益和生产性能的同时,畜牧业与其他行业一样,面临着全球变暖的现实问题。甲烷是主要的温室气体之一,至少占温室气体总量的14%,其潜在的全球变暖效应是二氧化碳的25倍,其中农业产生的甲烷排放量占总排放量的50%~60%,反刍动物生产的甲烷排放量占总排放量的15%~33%。由此可见,对动物生产日益增长的需求迫使研究人员探索如何减少饲养环节中的温室气体排放量。除了优化饲料配方和饲喂管理技术外,本文主要以反刍动物为例,积极探索利用当地饲料资源作为替代原料来调控瘤胃生态,以取得较好的替代效果和环保效益。 相似文献
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《家畜生态学报》2017,(12)
收集2010~2015年庆阳市统计学年鉴公布的数据,根据畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数,估算了2015年庆阳市畜禽粪便年产生量和主要污染物产生量。在了解不同农业非点源污染问题的基础上,提出了一些切实可行的对策建议。研究表明,2015年畜禽养殖排放的粪量为477.06×10~4 t,尿液为166.71×10~4 t,粪尿合计为643.77×10~4 t,牛的排放量最大,占总排放量的43.37%;其次是羊粪和猪粪,分别占总排放量的27.31%和2.55%。畜禽粪污污染物COD、TP和TN产生量分别为2.38×10~4 t、0.59×10~4 t和1.51×10~4 t。庆阳市仅有一个县的农田耕地负荷警报值达到Ⅱ级,基本上对环境没有构成威胁,农田耕地的承载力还有一定的空间。 相似文献
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通过估算2012年驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便和污水排放量,并通过耕地负荷、污染物产生量等参数评价了驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便污染状况。结果显示,2012年驻马店市的畜禽粪便产生量为4 007.72万t,养殖污水排放总量为8 485.29万t,单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷为43.47 t/hm^2,畜禽养殖贡献的化学耗氧量（CODcr）、氨氮含量（NH3-N）分别是同期工业和生活污水排放量的2.3和1.5倍,表明畜禽养殖污染已成为驻马店市流域水体富营养化的主要原因,驻马店市养殖业污染风险正不断加大。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2016,(16)
为了对遵义市畜禽养殖业温室气体排放进行估算,笔者结合气候变化委员会和省级温室气体清单编制指南中的参数和最新的文献统计资料对各类温室气体中的CH_4和N_2O排放量进行了估算。结果表明:遵义市的CH4年排放量为8.81×10~7kg,N_2O为1.07×10~6kg;按照温室气体排放当量进行计算,遵义市畜禽CO_2的排放量为181万t CO_2当量,其中牛产生的CO_2当量占总排放量的69.51%,猪占19.37%,羊占5.28%,家禽占4.92%。说明养牛业是遵义市温室气体排放的关键,其次是养猪业,因此在未来养殖业减排中需要考虑养牛业和养猪业的减排措施,促进低碳高效畜牧业发展。 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Pashaei T. Ghoorchi A. Yamchi 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):211-216
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed. 相似文献
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Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb
albumin
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- Chol
cholesterol
- Glob
globulin
- -GT
-glutamyl transpeptidase
- IP
inorganic phosphorus
- TP
total protein 相似文献
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A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance
in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological
status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples
of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected
for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of
the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered,
coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the
gland cisterns and teat cisterns.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L3) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L3 developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone. 相似文献
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Acute phase proteins in dogs naturally infected with the Giant Kidney Worm (Dioctophyme renale) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Elizabeth M. S. Schmidt Mads Kjelgaard‐Hansen Funmilola Thomas Asta Tvarijonaviciute José J. Cerón P. David Eckersall 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2016,45(4):657-664