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1.
Satoshi Yoshioka Katsuhiko Sumitomo Yuichi Fujita Atsuko Yamagata Takashi Onozaki Michio Shibata Akemi Ohmiya 《Euphytica》2010,171(2):295-300
Most chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) flowers have a central capitulum, composed of many disc florets that is surrounded by ray petals. CmCCD4a, a gene that encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD), is expressed specifically in the ray petals of chrysanthemum
cultivars, and its expression leads to white ray petals as a result of carotenoid degradation. Here, we show that wild chrysanthemums
with white ray petals have CmCCD4a orthologs, whereas those with yellow ray petals lack these orthologs, as is the case in chrysanthemum cultivars. CmCCD4a orthologs also exist in some lines of Chrysanthemum pacificum and Chrysanthemum shiwogiku, even though these species lack ray petals. Interspecific hybridization between C. shiwogiku and a yellow-flowered chrysanthemum cultivar showed that the CmCCD4a orthologs from C. shiwogiku lead to the development of white ray petals. This indicates that the translation products of the CmCCD4a orthologs maintain enzymatic activity that can degrade carotenoids in chrysanthemums, irrespective of whether or not the
ray petals that CmCCD4a expression actually occurred. 相似文献
2.
Akemi Ohmiya Koji Tanase Masumi Hirashima Chihiro Yamamizo Masafumi Yagi 《Plant Breeding》2013,132(4):423-429
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) belongs to the family Caryophyllaceae in the order Caryophyllales. Plants in this order do not accumulate carotenoids in petals. To understand how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in carnation petals, we analysed the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation. Petals at an early stage of development accumulated small amounts of carotenoids. As petals matured, their carotenoid content decreased to extremely low levels. In contrast, carnation leaves contained substantial amounts of carotenoids that are essential for photosynthesis. Most of the carotenogenic genes were expressed in petals at levels similar to those in leaves, and the expression levels of these genes increased during petal development. Genes encoding phytoene synthase and lycopene ε‐cyclase were exceptions. Their expression levels in petals were very low compared with those in leaves. Expression of the gene encoding carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 was detected in neither leaves nor petals. These data suggest that the low levels of carotenoids in carnation petals are caused not by enzymatic degradation but rather by low rates of carotenoid biosynthesis. 相似文献
3.
4.
Eustoma grandiflorum is one of the leading cut‐flowers in Japan. There are market demands for cultivars with deep‐yellow flowers, but they have never been bred successfully. By investigating the carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expressions, this study attempted to explore the reasons that block the formation of deep‐yellow colour in Eustoma. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the carotenoid compositions in petals were similar to those in leaves, accumulating mainly lutein, violaxanthin and β‐carotene. The total carotenoid contents decreased as the petals matured in all the cultivars tested. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of PSY, LCYB, ZDS and LCYE showed significant differences between white and pale‐yellow petals or between petals and leaves, indicating that these enzymes may play a key role in the carotenoid biosynthesis in E. grandiflorum. The expression levels of CCD4 were high in both pale‐yellow and white petals during development, suggesting that carotenoid degradation activity is high in the petals. We then conclude that the total carotenoid accumulation level could be determined by the balance between carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation activities. 相似文献
5.
Summary Inheritance models for flower colour and extra petals in Potentilla fruticosa L. were developed by conducting controlled crosses between different cultivars and advanced selections. Parents were crossed in all combinations and floral character segregation of progenies were recorded. Preliminary models for flower colour include two whitening genes (W1 and W2) and two yellowing genes (Y1 and Y2) with the action of a bleaching gene also implicated. The cyanic flower colour model developed involves background petal colour, cyanic pigments and distribution and temperature sensitivity genes. The extra petals model involves a two gene switch, D1 and D2 to turn on the production of up to five extra petals and a modifier gene, Dm that accounts for an additional one to five extra petals. Either D1 or D2 must be recessive to initiate extra petal production. Dm must also be recessive to enable production of an additional 1–5 petals. 相似文献
6.
Summary In Brassicoraphanus (amphidiploids between Brassica japonica
Sieb. and Raphanus sativus L.), yellow-flowered plants that occurred among originally white-flowered plants showed an increased seed fertility. It is assumed that the gene Y (yellow-flower gene) from Brassica and the gene W (white-flower gene) from Raphanus are located at corresponding loci of only partially homologous chromosomes. W is dominant (epistatic) over Y. The normal white-flowered plants have the genotype YYWW. A YYYW-plant was found, which is assumed to have arisen through crossing-over following multivalent formation. In the progeny of this plant, yellow-flowered plants (YYYY) as well as white-flowered plants (YYWW, YYYW) appeared. The gene for flower colour is closely linked to a gene which controls the development of embryos (or endosperm). This gene promotes the development of embryos in homozygous condition. Therefore, the embryo having only the yellow-flower gene can develop more easily into viable seed than the embryo having the white-flower gene. It is also possible that the sterility of white-flowered plants is caused by a discordance between the cytoplasm of Brassica and W (or genes linked to W) of Raphanus. 相似文献
7.
R. N. Kulkarni 《Plant Breeding》1999,118(6):561-564
Two experiments were conducted with periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, to determine the extent of natural outcrossing. Three white-flowered, fully self-fertile, monogenic recessive mutants, namely, dwarf, wavy leaf margin and curved leaf were used, together with their parental white-flowered variety, ‘Nirmal’, and a normal pink-flowered variety, PS-1. The extent of total outcrossing ranged from 43.4 to 79.3% among mutants. Outcrossing between white × white-flowered plants ranged from 28.3 to 65.3% and was two to four times greater than that between white × pink-flowered plants in the three mutants. The extent of out-crossing between white × pink-flowered plants was similar “02.2-15.0%” in all mutants and also similar to that in the normal white-flowered variety,‘Nirmal’(00.4%), where white × white flower out-crossing could not be estimated. There were no large differences in the number of seeds per fruit, percentage fruit set and germination percentage of seeds obtained from self, white × white and white × pink flower crosses made in the glasshouse. There were also no significant differences in the number of flowers produced by the genotypes used in the study. The observed higher frequency of white × white flower matings compared with white × pink flower matings appeared to be due to the constancy of flower colour exhibited by the butterfly pollinators Pachliopta hector and Catopsilia pyranthae during their flower visits. Observations made on the occurrence of natural self-pollination revealed that automatic self-pollination did not occur in periwinkle. 相似文献
8.
Summary A couple of near-isogenic lines, JR and JW from Portulaca sp. Jewel has red and white petals respectively. The difference in petal color in the two lines is caused by an alteration of single genetic locus which is involved in the biosynthesis of betalain pigmentation. In order to detect this genetic difference at the polypeptide level, we have now attempted the comparative analysis of petal proteins between JR and JW. The protein profiles of SDS-polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis from three different stages of the developing petals, and the autoradiographic protein profiles of in vivo labeled petals howed that a 27 KD fragment strongly appeared as a characteristic of JR petal fraction. Thus, this fragment can be considered as a candidate for certain polypeptides which is associated with the betalain synthesis pathway functioning in the pigmented petals.Abbreviations SDS
sodium-dodecyl sulfate
- KD
kilo-dalton
- DOPA
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 相似文献
9.
The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal size was studied in Brassica. Two accessions of Brassica rapa (2n = 20, AA) were reciprocally crossed with three accessions of Brassica oleracea (2n =18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n = 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n = 29, AAC or CAA). Petal size was measured and compared among diploids (AA and CC), sesquidiploids (AAC and CAA) and amphidiploids(AACC and CCAA). The results showed that petal size is a genome‐dependent and highly heritable character. The heritability of petal length is as high as 96.3%. The addition of each C‐genome to the AA genomic background increased the petal length by 4‐5 mm. Cytoplasm of B. oleracea showed a positive effect on petal length by about 1.3 mm over that of B. rapa. Petal width was positively correlated with petal length at a highly significant level (r= 0.806, df = 81). Resynthesized B. napus (AACC) showed significantly larger flower petals than natural rapeseed cultivars (AACC). 相似文献
10.
MADS-box基因家族作为一类重要的转录因子,主要参与植物花器官的生长发育。GhMADS7/98具有保守的MADS-box及K结构域,属于AG亚家族MIKC~C型MADS-box基因。通过同源序列比对发现,GhMADS7/98与拟南芥AtAG (AT4G18960)基因的蛋白序列具有64%的同源性。组织表达分析表明, GhMADS7基因在花瓣、花药、柱头和胚珠等花器官组织中均有表达。为进一步研究该基因的功能,构建了该基因的RNAi干涉载体并转化棉花,获得了表达量明显下调的转基因株系。表型观察发现,在干涉植株长度为5~6 mm和7~8 mm的花蕾中出现花瓣发育延缓的表型;通过对干涉系转基因植株花瓣进行石蜡切片观察发现,相较于野生型植株,干涉系植株花瓣中的维管束存在明显的收缩现象;通过qRT-PCR检测发现,转基因株系中控制花瓣发育的A、B类基因的表达量出现异常。因此推测GhMADS7在棉花花瓣发育过程中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
11.
12.
Summary Several types of outcrossing mechanisms in cowpeas are observed in breeding plots at IITA. Two of these have been studied. One is genetic male sterility controlled by the simple recessive conditions of a gene designated as ms
2
ms
2. The other is mechanical male sterility involving petals constricted in such a way as to provide an opening for stigma and style to emerge at an early, pre-receptive stage of development; while simultaneously restricting stamen development. It is also inherited as a recessive character with the gene symbol designation of Cp-as normal and cp cp as constricted petal. The flower structure is unique and is easily recognized in large populations. Because fruit set is extremely poor it appears less promising than the genetic male sterility at present. 相似文献
13.
利用花粉管通道法将查尔酮合酶基因导入仙客来 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase—A,CHSA)是花色素合成途径中的一个关键酶,它在植物中表达的量可能影响花的颜色。本项目从矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)特定发育阶段的花瓣的cDNA中,克隆到查尔酮合酶基因CHSA,插入到含有花椰菜花叶病毒CaMV35S启动子的植物中间表达载体pBI12l和pWM101中,首次通过原位生殖系统导入法(具体采用花粉管通道法)转化仙客来,成功地得到4400余粒仙客来转化种子,8株白花植株的个别花瓣出现了黄斑或略显黄色,甚至个别花瓣变成了黄色花瓣：3株白花植株的个别花瓣一半变成了桃红色(二乔),甚至整个花朵完全变成了桃红色。转基因仙客来经PCR检测呈阳性。 相似文献
14.
Takashi?Nakatsuka Misa?Saito Yuka?Sato-Ushiku Eri?Yamada Takashi?Nakasato Nobue?Hoshi Kazumichi?Fujiwara Takashi?Hikage Masahiro?Nishihara
We developed molecular markers for discrimination of white and blue flower color in Japanese gentian plants. White-flowered
gentians can be classified into two types, based on genetic and physiological features. One type includes four allelic variations
(gtmyb3-1, gtmyb3-2, gtmyb3-3, and gtmyb3-4) of an anthocyanin biosynthetic regulator gene (GtMYB3), distinguished by three PCR-based molecular markers. The other type contains a newly identified inactive allele (ans1) of the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene with a premature stop codon generated from a 4-bp deletion in the second exon. The ans1 allele was distinguished from the active ANS allele by a cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (CAPS) marker. The genotypes of 12 white-flowered gentian cultivars/lines
could be identified and classified as either ans1 or gtmyb3 using these four molecular markers. No white-flowered gentians contained ans1 and gtmyb3 alleles simultaneously. The mutated ANS gene co-segregated with white flower color in an F2 population, demonstrating that the CAPS marker is useful to discriminate between white and blue flowers in gentian. Markers
to discriminate flower color in Japanese gentian will be useful for early selection of progeny and for breeding management. 相似文献
15.
Tarek M. A. Soliman Suhui Lv Huifang Yang Bo Hong Nan Ma Liangjun Zhao 《Euphytica》2014,199(3):317-324
We investigated the effect of radiation damage on in vitro mutation induction in chrysanthemum. White petals of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Youka) were selected to induce mutation by gamma radiation. Calli produced were irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 10, 15 and 20 Gy. We found that the plants from the irradiated calli were different from control plants in number of leaves, leaf length & width, number of flowers, flower diameter, petiole diameter and petiole length after transplanting into the greenhouse for almost 70 days. Three mutants in flower color and shape were found in 15 Gy-treated plants. First type of mutant (M.1) has tubular petals. The second (M.2) and third (M.3) ones both have yellow flowers, while one of them has spooned shaped ray florets similar to the original cultivar and the other one has flat shaped florets. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that most of carotenoid-biosynthesis related genes, except for violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) and lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE), showed similar expression patterns in petals of the original ‘Youka’ and its mutants (M2 & M3). VDE and LCYE results showed high expression levels in M3 and M2 & M3 respectively, comparing with the control. On the other hand, expression patterns for VDE were similar in control and M2. These yellow mutants were maintained vegetatively and proved to be true-to-type in one successive generation. It can be concluded that gamma radiation with 15 Gy dose can be used for in vitro induction of flower color and shape mutations of chrysanthemum cv. Youka. 相似文献
16.
Six cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems, viz. moricandia, ogura, oxyrrhina, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were characterized for agronomic and floral characteristics. Introgression of alien cytoplasm caused alterations in different floral traits in ogura, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma CMS systems. Varied response to different genetic backgrounds of CMS lines indicated the presence of cytoplasmic–nuclear interaction in alteration of floral traits. On the basis of floral characteristics, CMS systems could be grouped into distinct classes. Siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma CMS lines had narrow petals, while moricandia, ogura and oxyrrhina had wider petals, which were distinguishable on the basis of visual observations. The ratio between length and width of petals were >2.0 in wide petal group but <2.0 in narrow petal group. Further, the relative position of anther and stigma, which was estimated as the ratio between stamen and style length could differentiate the CMS systems. Stamens were longer than styles in oxyrrhina, equal in moricandia and shorter in ogura, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma male sterile lines. Non‐viable pollen grains were present in moricandia and oxyrrhina systems, but absent in other systems. In tournefortii and trachystoma, few flowers showed petaloid corolla. All male sterile lines, except trachystoma, which showed crooked siliqua formation were at par with their respective maintainers for flower initiation, plant height, primary branches, seeds per siliqua, seed yield, harvest index, oil and protein content. In general, flower senescence and maturity occurred earlier in male sterile lines than in their respective maintainer lines. 相似文献
17.
Summary Sterile interspecific hybrids and colchicine-induced amphiploids of Zinnia elegans
Jacq. and Z. angustifolia HBK were examined to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum DC ex Merat. Fertility was restored through colchicine treatment of two sterile hybrids of species reciprocal parentage which differed in ray petal response to the pathogen. Derived amphiploids were subsequently intercrossed to overcome the lack of segregation for this trait due to genetic control of pairing upon chromosome doubling. Resistance to E. cichoracearum appears to be complexly inherited in both leaves and ray florets of sterile hybrids and induced amphiploids. Two major dominant genes have been implicated in conferring resistance in ray petal tissue of derived amphiploids. Data obtained from the F1 hybrid progeny of the intercrossed amphiploids indicate that this trait is not cytoplasmically inherited. It is speculated that the genes conferring resistance in the ray florets are acting independently from those controlling leaf resistance and that most, if not all, of the resistance genes are inherited from Z. angustifolia.Scientific Article No. A-3825, Contribution No. 6804 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
18.
The basis of the novel cream/yellow flower color found in two Sandersonia aurantiaca lines was examined as part of a project to develop new colors for this cut flower crop in New Zealand. The original color,
bright orange, is due to the accumulation of the carotenoid pigments zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The cream/yellow lines
have much lower levels of total carotenoid pigments (17% and 21%) in their tepal tissue compared to the wild type progenitor.
Microscopic analysis of epidermal cells showed alteration in the pigment cluster bodies of tepal tissue of the cream/yellow
lines compared to the orange wild type. HPLC analysis of the pigments showed that one cream/yellow line (Y-H) produced the
same pigment profile as the wild type (zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). In comparison, the other cream/yellow line (Y-S) produced
the carotenoid profile normally found in green vegetative tissue (β-carotene and lutein). Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic
gene expression in Sandersonia indicated that the cream/yellow Y-H line showed expression patterns similar to the wild type, and gene expression in the
Y-S line is decreased relative to the wild type and the Y-H line.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Yoshihito Takahata 《Euphytica》1990,46(3):259-264
Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Moricandia arvensis (a C3-C4 intermediate species) and Brassica oleracea (a C3 species) were obtained through ovary culture. Many hybrid embryos (2.71 per pollination) were produced in the M. arvensis × B. oleracea cross, but none were produced from the reciprocal cross. Though most embryos failed to develop into plantlets directly, plants were obtained by inducing shoots from hypocotyl explants. The hybrid plants were morphologically intermediate between the parents except for the petal color. Cytogenetic observations indicated that partial homology existed between the two genomes. Ovary culture is an efficient technique for gene transfer from M. arvensis to B. oleracea. 相似文献
20.
D. R. Knott 《Euphytica》1990,50(2):155-158
Summary Eight stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks. and Henn.) resistant lines (designated TICENA lines) that had been selected by Veiga et al. (1981) following gamma radiation of BH-1146 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied. Six of the lines were resistant to race 15B-1 of stem rust and susceptible to race 56, and proved to carry the gene Sr7a. TICENA 4 carries two unidentified genes, each giving resistance to one of the two races. TICENA 10 carries Sr6, Sr7a and an unidentified gene giving resistance to race 56 but not 15B-1. The results raise doubts about the supposed origin of the lines as mutants. 相似文献