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利用初乳喂新生犊牛可提高成活率嫩江农场自１９８５年引进奶牛，几年来由于饲养户不但对新生犊牛的管理和饲喂方法，从１９８５年至１９９０年新生犊牛成活率徘徊在６０％～７０％左右，为提高犊牛的成活率，我们自１９９０年合理利用初乳饲喂新生犊牛，成活率得到了明显... 相似文献
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奶牛犊牛的饲喂与管理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小牛从初生到６月龄，是奶牛的产奶持续高产的基础，这时期犊牛的生理机能处在急剧变化阶段，组织器官尚未充分发育，机体抗病力差，对外界环境条件适应力不强，饲养的好坏直接影响成年时的体型结构和终生的生产性能。如果饲养管理不当，生长发育不良，往往感染疾病，甚至死亡，所以应加强犊牛的饲喂与管理。１消毒首先应在犊牛产下后，立即用碘溶液消毒其脐眼，２４小时后再进行一次消毒。２及时喂足初乳新生犊牛出生后半小时内就应喂给初乳。初乳是指奶牛分娩后最初７天所分泌的乳汁，其营养物质丰富，并含有免疫物质，可提高犊牛对疾病的… 相似文献
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初乳是指奶牛生产后7天内所分泌的乳汁，其成分和lO天以后母牛分泌的常乳存在着很大差别，尤其是产犊第一天的初乳最为重要，其中富含大量免疫球蛋白，它对初生牛犊的正常生长发育和从中获得抗体、增强抵抗力十分重要，是其他食物所无法代替的。初生犊牛食量小，而奶牛产后初乳丰富。农户在饲喂犊牛时缺乏合理的初乳饲喂计划．不重视对初乳的储存，大量初乳被废弃掉．或用于饲喂其他大犊牛，而所产犊牛只能得到7天的初乳，7天后母牛转为常奶生产期，小犊牛也只能用常奶饲喂了。有的奶农用初乳饲喂犊牛，喂量时多时少，奶温时高时低。易造成犊牛消化不良．引起腹泻．导致体况柔弱。 相似文献
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《畜牧兽医科技信息》2015,(4)
<正>奶牛的生产试验证明,奶牛60%~70%的死亡率发生在哺乳期,所以哺乳期是奶牛的生产管理的重要阶段,这一阶段管理要求非常高,并且技术难度相当大。如果出现管理不当或者是技术失误,会给奶牛经营者带来巨大经济损失。1初乳对新生犊牛的重要意义1.1初乳喂养初乳是指母牛生产后0~5d内分泌的乳汁,与常奶相比较,含有丰富的免疫球蛋白和溶菌酶,胡萝卜素和VA,不仅为犊牛提供营养来源,促进消化,保护胃肠功能, 相似文献
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奶牛生产要想获得高效益,加强不同生长时期和不同月份饲养管理是非常必要的。1奶牛不同生长期的饲养管理要点1.1犊牛喂好初乳,犊牛出生后30～60min(最迟不超过2h)一定要喂第一次初乳。喂量要次多量少,每天喂5～6次,每次喂量为犊牛体重的3%左右(尽量让犊牛吃足而又不剩)。初乳饲喂时间为3～7d。饲养方法:犊牛自1周龄改为喂常乳,并开始训练吃精料;2周龄时训练犊牛吃粗饲料。常乳哺乳期一般为100～150d,总喂奶量300～400kg。喂常乳的方法:每天喂2～3次,奶中可掺25%～30%的温水,每头犊牛的喂量按其体重的8%计算。奶温冬季为30～38℃,夏季为34～3… 相似文献
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A longitudinal observational study on calf morbidity and mortality was conducted in smallholder dairy farms in Ada’a Liben
district of Oromia, Ethiopia. A total of 185 calves from 112 market oriented smallholder dairy farms were selected randomly
and regularly monitored for clinical health problems up to six months of age. Information on potential risk factors was collected
by personal observation during the regular visit to farms and from questionnaire survey conducted during the study period.
The overall incidences of crude morbidity and crude mortality were 62 % and 22%, respectively. The most frequent disease syndrome
was calf diarrhea with the incidence of 39% followed by joint ill 6%. The other disease conditions/syndromes diagnosed include
navel ill, pneumonia, septicemic conditions, congenital problems and miscellaneous cases. Age of the calves, age at first
colostrum ingestion and cleanness of the calf barns significantly influenced morbidity. Older calves (greater than three months
of age) were at lower risk of crude morbidity than younger calves (less than three months of age) (HR = 0.42, P = 0.001).
Higher risk of crude morbidity was observed in calves that ingested their first colostrum meal later than 6 hours of age compared
to those that ingested colostrum earlier (HR = 2.24, P = 0.001). Similarly, calves housed in unclean barns were at higher
risk of morbidity than calves housed in clean barns (HR = 1.75, P = 0.024). Of the 20 potential risk factors investigated,
age was the only factor that was found significantly associated with mortality (HR = 0.04, P = 0.001). Calves older than three
months of age were at lower risk of mortality than younger calves. 相似文献
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Lexie M. Reed David L. Renaud Trevor J. DeVries 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2022,63(2):187
Male dairy calf welfare is a key issue in the Canadian cattle industry. The welfare of male dairy calves can be explored through the aspects of health and biological functioning, affective states, and natural living. Presently, the main welfare issues associated with the production of male dairy calves include morbidity and mortality, colostrum and feeding management, transportation, isolation, castration and disbudding, and euthanasia. Opportunities to improve male dairy calf welfare include improving accepted industry practices, enhancing education and compliance with industry codes of practice, and increasing veterinarian involvement in on-farm animal welfare. The benefits of improving male dairy calf welfare include maintenance of the cattle industry’s social license and improved producer mental health and occupational satisfaction. The main barriers to improving male dairy calf welfare are economics and cultural attitudes within the industry towards male dairy calves. 相似文献
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Neonatal calf diarrhoea remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves worldwide. This complex disease can be triggered by both infectious and non-infectious causes. The four most important enteropathogens leading to neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea are Escherichia coli, rota- and coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Besides treating diarrhoeic neonatal dairy calves, the veterinarian is the most obvious person to advise the dairy farmer on prevention and treatment of this disease. This review deals with prevention and treatment of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea focusing on the importance of a good colostrum management and a correct fluid therapy. 相似文献
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Olsson, S.-O., S. Viring, U. Emanuelson and S.-O. Jacobsson: Calf diseases and mortality in Swedish dairy herds. Acta vet. Scand. 1993,34, 263-269.– A survey of the mortality and morbidity affecting calves during the first 3 months of life was carried out. Results are reported from 131 herds with altogether 5,050 calvings. These herds kept individual calf cards for all calves born. The incidences of abortions and stillborn calves were 0.6% and 3.6%, respectively. During the period 0-90 days the mortality and morbidity were 2.6% and 11.0%, respectively. The frequencies of enteritis and pneumonia in calves were 7.2% and 0.8%. Mortality and morbidity were influenced by breed, season, age of the dam and time of first colostrum. The frequencies of abortions, stillborn calves, mortality and morbidity varied considerably between herds. Herd factors influencing mortality and morbidity during different periods of time were: herd size, yield, zero-grazing, whether the calf was allowed to feed by suckling, the design of the calf pens, and previous incidence of infectious enteritis in the herd. On average, both mortality and morbidity in calves were low, though in certain herds, temporarily high frequencies were registered. 相似文献
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Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
T E Besser C C Gay L Pritchett 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,198(3):419-422
Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by Holstein calves was studied in 3 herds in which 3 methods of colostrum feeding were used. Failure of passive transfer, as determined by calf serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration less than 10 mg/ml at 48 hours of age, was diagnosed in 61.4% of calves from a dairy in which calves were nursed by their dams, 19.3% of calves from a dairy using nipple-bottle feeding, and 10.8% of calves from a dairy using tube feeding. The management factor determined to have the greatest influence on the probability of failure of passive transfer in the herds using artificial methods of colostrum feeding (bottle feeding or tube feeding) was the volume of colostrum fed as it affected the amount of IgG1 received by the calf. In dairies that used artificial feeding methods, failure of passive transfer was infrequent in calves fed greater than or equal to 100 g IgG1 in the first colostrum feeding. In the dairy that allowed calves to suckle, prevalence of failure of passive transfer was greater than 50% even among calves nursed by cows with above-average colostral IgG1 concentration. Analysis of the effect of other management factors on calf immunoglobulin absorption revealed small negative effects associated with the use of previously frozen colostrum and the use of colostrum from cows with long nonlactating intervals. 相似文献
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Colostrum management for dairy calves. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Colostrum management is the single most important management factor in determining calf health and survival. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other short- and long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. A successful colostrum management program requires producers to consistently provide calves with a sufficient volume of clean, high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life. This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and discusses important components of colostrum. The key components of delivering and monitoring a successful colostrum management program are discussed. 相似文献
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Sheila M McGuirk Michael Collins 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2004,20(3):593-603
Provision of an adequate immunoglobulin mass to dairy calves is an essential component for survival, health, and future productivity. To prevent FPT of immunity due to suckling of the dam, newborn dairy calves should be removed from the calving area within 30 minutes of birth. First and later lactation cows are suitable colostrum donors, provided they are healthy, well-vaccinated, have had optimal transition management, and an appropriate dry-period length. Early colostrum collection yields an adequate immunoglobulin mass provided that 3 to 4 L of colostrum is fed to the newborn calf. Regular testing for the adequacy of the dairy's colostrum feeding program is an excellent way to prevent calf health problems and identify potential need for CSs or replacement products. 相似文献
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腹泻是犊牛最常见的临床问题之一,严重影响犊牛健康和养殖业的发展。本文介绍了加强产房接产管理、初乳质量检测、初乳消毒与饲喂的标准化管理以及免疫球蛋白转移对预防犊牛腹泻的详细内容;重点介绍了犊牛三种营养缺乏引起腹泻的临床症状、病理变化与防控要点;全面介绍了轮状病毒性腹泻、大肠杆菌病腹泻、沙门菌病腹泻、小球隐孢子虫病腹泻和球虫病性腹泻的症状、诊断与防控要点;为规模化牧场兽医全面掌握犊牛腹泻的防控提供理论依据与技术支持。 相似文献
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N. J. Sivula T. R. Ames W. E. Marsh R. E. Werdin 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1996,27(3-4):155-171
A prospective study was carried out on 845 heifer calves born during 1991 on 30 Holstein dairy farms in southeast Minnesota. The objectives of the study were to describe the epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves from birth to 16 weeks of age (with an emphasis on respiratory disease), to examine individual calf and herd management practices as risk factors for calf morbidity and mortality, and to validate producer diagnosis of mortality. Incidence rates for all morbidity, enteritis, and pneumonia were 0.20, 0.15, and 0.10 cases per 100 calf-days at risk for the period of the study. Risk of enteritis was highest in the first 3 weeks of life, with pneumonia risk highest at 10 weeks of age. Case fatality rates averaged 11.8%, 17.9%, and 9.4% for all diagnoses, enteritis, and pneumonia, respectively. Average daily rates of gain from birth to 16 weeks of age differed between farms that had inadequate calf housing (0.8 kg day−1) versus those with adequate calf housing (1.0 kg day−1). Approximately half of the calves in the cohort (418) had blood samples taken monthly from birth until 16 weeks of age. Of the calves sampled, only 19 calves showed a four-fold rise in serum titers to respiratory viruses. Sixteen calves seroconverted to BVDV, two calves to IBRV, and one calf to PI3 virus. Of 98 calves less than 10 days of age tested for adequacy of passive transfer, 35 (35.7%) had serum immunoglobulin levels of less than 800 mg dl−1. There were no significant differences in mortality or morbidity between calves that had adequate passive transfer and those that did not. The incidence of mortality was 0.08 deaths per 100 calf-days at risk; 64 calves died during the 16 months of the study. The risk of death was highest at 2 weeks of age. Enteritis was the most common cause of death (28 deaths, 44% of all deaths) followed by pneumonia (19 deaths, 30% of all deaths). Comparing producer diagnosis of mortality with necropsy results yielded sensitivities of 58.3% and 56% and specificities of 93% and 100% for producer diagnoses of enteritis and pneumonia, respectively. The kappa statistic comparing producer diagnosis with necropsy result was 0.47. The most common pathogens isolated from calves that died of enteritis were rotavirus (five calves), and Escherichia coli (four calves). Pathogens isolated from pneumonic lungs included Pasteurella multocida (three calves), Haemophilus somnus (three calves), and Pasteurella haemolytica (one calf). 相似文献