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1.
Summary Potato, wheat and sugar beet were grown in a growth chamber in tanks with flowing solutions containing K-concentrations of 1.5, 5, 15, 50 and 200 μM to find reasons for different K contents of solution needed to reach 90% maximum dry matter accumulation (external K requirement). All species showed variation in dry matter accumulation with varying K levels. To reach 90% maximum dry matter accumulation potato needed 40 μM K, whereas wheat and sugar beet needed 6.4 and 4.4 μM K respectively. These differences in external K requirement could not be explained by differences in their internal K requirement since the internal requirement of potato (7.7% K) was about one and a half times of that of sugar beet (5.4%) but its external requirement was nine times of that of sugar beet. At low K supply potato plants showed a lower influx and a reduced root growth as compared with wheat and sugar beet.  相似文献   

2.
Summary Foliar sprays of calonyctin, a natural plant growth regulator extracted from the leaves ofCalonyction aculeatum (L.) House, at a concentration 0.05 activity units, increased the tuber yield of six potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars by 7–19% (mean 15%) during 1993 and 1994. Physiological differences between calonyctin-treated and untreated potato plants were usually detected 30–40 days after spraying them with calonyctin. The chlorophyll content of treated potato leaves increased, and the chlorophyll a:b ratio decreased. By 40 days after treatment the root oxidizability and soluble protein contents of different parts of the plants also increased. Their subsequent decline as the plants aged was inhibited by calonyctin. It is concluded that calonyctin delayed the senescence of potato plants and increased tuber growth at later stages of development.  相似文献   

3.
Six potato clones (Kennebec, Norchip, Norland, Red Pontiac, Russet Burbank, and M6664) were grown in a split-plot designed experiment to study the relationship of tuber yield and the mineral element content of petioles, both measured at 14 day intervals during the growing season. Seasonal trends in the N, P, K, and Mg content in petioles were highly intercorrelated. Concentrations of N, P, and K decreased with time, while Mg increased. Clones differed in the rate of change in these elements during growth. Trends in N, P, K and Mg content in petioles were highly correlated with tuber bulking. Change in N, P, K, and Mg concentrations are hypothesized to be a function of the sink strength of developing tubers. For another set of potato clones grown in a replicated yield trial, the change in petiolar K content with time was the “best” variable associated with final tuber yields. A regression model [Model II: Y(cwt/A)=200.6223-1887.0150 (bk)] is given for predicting the yield potential of 18 clones. Given the slope of the petiolar K concentration (bk) during growth, this model identified 9 of the 10 top yielding clones. Factors affecting the reliability of the model are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Summary Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) was used to screen six potato cultivars (Alpha, Bintje, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Russet Burbank, and Shepody) and two wild species(S. microdontum andS. kurtzianum) for ability to take up the tracer45Ca2+ from treatment solutions containing high (15 mM) or low (5 mM) Ca2+ levels. In vitro potato micropropagation, microtuberization, and tissue calcium content, determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), were compared for the six cultivars when Murashige-Skoog basal medium Ca2+ level was increased from 3, to 5 or 15 mM. All aspects of growth were improved when medium Ca2+ level was 15 mM. Microtuber induction occurred earlier, leading to improved yield (19–31%), and microtuber tissue Ca2+ concentration was greater (38–226%). Cv. Bintje was the most efficient genotype at accumulating Ca2+ from treatment solutions or growth media containing high or low Ca2+ levels. It could be identified as a calcium-packer using either LSC or FAAS screening.  相似文献   

5.
Viral diseases constitute a major constraint to high yield and high quality production of potato. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) are among the most damaging potato viruses and are prevalent in most potato growing areas. In the present study, attempts were made to eliminate PLRV and PVY by three cryogenic protocols, i.e., encapsulation-dehydration, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet. Results showed that both PLRV and PVY could be efficiently eliminated by cryogenic treatments with 83–86% and 91–95% of frequencies of virus-free plantlets obtained for the former and latter, respectively. Frequencies of virus-free plantlets produced by cryogenic treatments were higher than those by meristem culture (56% for PLRV and 62% for PVY) and thermotherapy (50% for PLRV and 65% for PVY), and similar to those by thermotherapy followed by meristem culture (90% for PLRV and 93% for PVY). Survival (75–85%) and regrowth (83–89%) from cryo-treated shoot tips were higher than those from meristem culture (50–55%) and thermotherapy followed by meristem culture (40–50%), but similar to those from thermotherapy (80–87%). The morphology of the plantlets regenerated from cryo-treated shoot tips was similar to that of non-treated plantlets. Thus, cryotherapy would provide an alternative method for efficient elimination of potato viruses, and can be simultaneously used for long-term storage of potato germplasm and for production of virus-free plants.  相似文献   

6.
Summary Starch and pulp were isolated from three cultivars of potato tubers grown in four localities. The starch content in the pulp was determined by an enzymatic method which is shown to be more accurate than a polarimetric method. On an average, 94% of the starch was isolated and 5% remained in the pulp. The change in low-molecular weight carbohydrates in the potato tubers during storage for 2, 4, 7 and 11 weeks at 9 C was studied. Generally there was an increase of sucrose, glucose, fructose andmyo-inositol during the first 2–4 weeks of storage, followed by a diminishing decrease.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Single-stemmed potato plants, cv. Bintje, were grown on a nutrient solution under controlled conditions. They were exposed to a short drought stress, or remained untreated. Long-term measurements of tuber volume were carried out with a non-destructive volume-meter. Specific leaf weight was monitored with a β-gauge. Tubers from the same plant varied in rate and duration of growth. The relative growth of stressed tubers was 43–54% less than that of the control tubers. The hierarchy of tubers from one stem changed over time in plants that were exposed to the stress. Specific leaf weight declined during the stress period but there was a prompt recovery after the relief from drought. This response was similar to the response of the average rate of volume increase of the tuber.  相似文献   

8.
Potato processing in India has shown a tremendous growth in the recent past, creating a proportionate increase in demand for processing quality potatoes. Reliable annual demand estimates of processing quality potato tubers in India were not available; hence, the current study was undertaken to provide such estimates. The study was based on a survey of 442 households in the state Maharashtra in India, which was regarded to be representative for India in the consumption of processed potato products. The annual expenditure on potato products during 2006–2007 in Maharashtra was estimated to be INR 5,254 million (€ 93.82 million), which was equivalent to 28,148 Mg of physical processed potato products and 83,333 Mg of processing quality potato tubers (0.38% of national potato production during 2006–2007, i.e. 22.09 million Mg). When the estimates were generalised to a national level, the requirement of processing-quality potato tubers in 2006–2007 was equal to 4.04% of national potato production. The forecasted annual demand of potato products in Maharashtra during 2011–2012 was 75,375 Mg and the corresponding demand of processing quality potato tubers was 230,760 Mg (0.75% of the estimated national potato production during 2011–2012, i.e. 30.89 million Mg). When generalised at national level, the demand of processing quality potato tubers during 2011–2012 was found to be 8% of the estimated national potato production.  相似文献   

9.
A study was conducted to investigate the influence of genotype, growing environment and storage period on postharvest quality of seven released potato cultivars grown at Adet (2240 masl), Chilga (2270 masl), and Dabat (2620 masl), northwest Ethiopia in 2006. Cured tubers of each cultivar from each location were stored at ambient conditions for 8 weeks in a locally constructed dark room in Adet, the location with the highest temperatures. The quality of the tubers and the crisps prepared from them was evaluated at weekly intervals. Tubers from cvs Jalenie, Guassa, and Zengena had a high specific gravity (1.088–1.094) and dry matter percentage (26.2–27.1%) when grown in Dabat and Chilga, and a lower specific gravity (1.064–1.072) and dry matter percentage (22.3-22.7%) when grown in Adet. These cultivars produced crisps with a taste value of 8 (like very much) when grown in Chilga and Dabat and of almost 7 (like moderately) when grown in Adet. There was a progressive reduction in specific gravity, dry matter percentage, and taste of crisps with increase in storage time. Cultivars with higher dry matter concentration maintained a better quality than cultivars with a lower dry matter concentration. Across growing locations and cultivars, 57% of the crisps samples were white to cream colored, 33.3% light tan and 9.5% dark tan after 1 week of storage, whereas after 6 weeks of storage none of the cultivars produced white cream colored crisps. It is reasonable to conclude that cvs Jalenie, Guassa, and Zengena can produce tubers with a high dry matter percentage under Chilga and Dabat conditions, from which acceptable crisps can be prepared from tubers stored up to 6 weeks under ambient conditions.  相似文献   

10.
Summary A method used for estimating extractable maleic hydrazide (MH) concentrations in fresh potato material, concentration range 5–17 mg kg−1, was found not to be suitable for processed potato products (10–33% recoveries) although, boiling potato pieces enhanced recovery by 20%. Each step of the determination was examined and a modified procedure developed with particular emphasis on the extraction of MH from the dried potato matrix, and the quality of the HPLC column used. Potato slices and model systems based on filter papers plus additives were used. Recoveries from fried potato slices were 74±6%. Based on the effect of glucose in reducing extractable MH recoveries, it is suggested that the remainder of the MH (20–25%) is converted into a conjugated structure on reaction with dehydrated sugar (Diels-Alder reaction).  相似文献   

11.
Summary Excessive fertilizer application in North Carolina, USA results in high residual soil levels of P, K and total soluble salts in potato fields. Our objectives were to determine the salt sensitivity of three common cultivars (Atlantic. Snowden and Superior), and the effects of planting density and fertilization on stand establishment, soilborne disease, and yield. Greenhouse results suggest that potato growth and emergence, but not shoot initation, are reduced by high salinity. On a Portsmouth fine sandy loam, high fertilizer rates did not reduce stands of cv. Atlantic in the field in 1996 or 1997. Excess N resulted in moreRhizoctonia stem canker in 1996, and lower yields at the lower planting density in 1997. Yield compensation for reduced plant density occurred in 1997 at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg N ha−1) and at the high PK rate (49 kg P and 139 kg K ha−1).  相似文献   

12.
Summary A bioassay technique is described for assessing growth-regulatory activities of volatile compounds in the potato. Excised potato shoot-tips (3 mm) were cultured aseptically in an aqueous medium in the dark at 25°C. After 7–12 days in culture, growth rates were measured by the increase in length of the treated shoot-tips. The addition of low concentrations (1 μmol/l) of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin to the culture medium enhanced shoot growth. Known sprout suppressants inhibited growth of shoots in the bioassay. Of those tested 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene was found to be the most potent. The effectiveness of these known suppressants of sprout growth of whole potato tubers in inhibiting growth in the bioassay is presented as evidence of the validity of using this bioassay to detect unknown growth inhibitory volatile compounds evolved by stored potatoes.  相似文献   

13.
马铃薯施肥肥效及养分利用率的研究   总被引：32，自引：4，他引：28  
对6年14项次的马铃薯氮磷钾肥肥效试验,研究了施用氮磷钾化肥对马铃薯的增产效果、肥料利用率和施肥对淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥(N)平均增产21.3%,每千克N增产马铃薯37.9kg;增施磷肥(P2O5)增产18.4%,每千克P2O5增产马铃薯51.8kg;增施钾肥(K2O)平均增产15.3%,每千克K2O增产马铃薯35.9kg。总的增产效果:氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。14项次试验中增施氮肥的肥料利用率(N)为24.3%～45.2%,平均32.9%;增施磷肥的肥料利用率(P2O5)为7.5%～20.9%,平均14.8%。增施钾肥的肥料利用率(K2O)为38.3%～92.6%,平均49.8%。平均生产1t马铃薯吸收N为6.15kg,吸收P2O5为1.36kg,吸收K2O为6.17kg。马铃薯淀粉含量旱地明显大于水浇地。减N处理马铃薯淀粉含量最高,其次是NPK配合处理。  相似文献   

14.
Aminopyralid is used in Alaska to control certain invasive weed species; however it appears to have an extended soil half-life in interior Alaska resulting in carry-over injury in potatoes. Field studies at three experiment stations in Delta Junction, Fairbanks, and Palmer, Alaska were established to determine the dose–response of weeds and above and below ground potato growth to soil-applied aminopyralid (0, 8, 15, 31, 62, and 123 g ae ha?1) . Both prostrate knotweed and narrowleaf hawksbeard were susceptible to aminopyralid. At Delta Junction and Fairbanks, visual injury of potatoes greater than 25 % was observed at 15 g ae ha?1 aminopyralid, whereas at Palmer visual injury was greater than 40 % at 8 g ae ha?1, the lowest rate tested. Potato tuber production was reduced by aminopyralid at rates of 15 g ae ha?1 and above at both Delta Junction and Palmer. Sub-samples of potato tubers from Delta Junction and Palmer were analyzed for aminopyralid content and grown out to determine if aminopyralid in tubers would reduce subsequent growth. The aminopyralid concentration in potato tubers increased with increasing field application rates, with 30 ppb extracted from tubers grown at the highest application rate (123 g ae ha?1). All plants grown from daughter tubers except from control plots in Palmer exhibited injury symptoms. The number of emerged shoots, and shoot height decreased with increasing aminopyralid concentrations in the tuber, with injury rates greater than 70 % at 8 g ae ha?1.  相似文献   

15.
Summary The glycoalkaloid content in 18 potato varieties grown in Oman was measured by HPLC using peel and flesh tissues. The total glycoalkaloid content of the tubers was found to be variety dependent and varied greatly between the 18 varieties. The total glycoalkaloid in the tubers of seven varieties was within the safe limit of ≤200 mg kg− 1 FW recommended for food safety, whereas the remaining 11 varieties exceeded this upper limit. The principal glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and σ-solanine were present in higher concentration in the peel than in the flesh of all varieties with the former being the principal alkaloid in the peel. The flesh of all of the 18 potato varieties contained total glycoalkaloid levels lower than the upper safety limit. The leaves of the 18 potato varieties were also analyzed for glycoalkaloids. The levels of glycoalkaloids in expanding leaves were higher than that of expanded leaves with the exception of six varieties. The principal glycoalkaloid in expanding and expanded leaves was α-chaconine. No correlation was observed between the glycoalkaloids levels of in the leaves and tubers.  相似文献   

16.
Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers >3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.  相似文献   

17.
Summary After three weeks curing at 10°C, potato tubers cv. Record were stored at 4°C under different controlled atmospheres (CA) for six months to study the effect on crisp fry colour, sprout growth and rotting. Combinations of low levels of CO2 (0.7–1.8%) and low levels of O2 (2.1–3.9%) gave a significantly lighter crisp colour, low sprout growth and fewer rotted tubers compared with 0.9% CO2 and 21.0% O2. Tubers stored in these conditions. showed a significantly higher weight loss and shrinkage after reconditioning. High CO2: low O2 combinations during storage completely inhibited sprout growth and caused the darkest crisp colour, but after reconditioning tubers gave the same level of sprouting and crisps as light as the other CA combinations. Furthermore these combinations, especially CO2 at 10 or 15%, increased the onset of rotting. Also our results showed that at low concentrations of CO2 (0.7–1.6%), and low O2 (2–2.4%) there was an increase in tuber rotting.  相似文献   

18.
Growth and Tuberization of Hydroponically Grown Potatoes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Three hydroponic systems (aeroponics, aerohydroponics, and deep-water culture) were compared for the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed tubers. Aerohydroponics was designed to improve the root zone environment of aeroponics by maintaining root contact with nutrient solution in the lower part of the beds, while intermittently spraying roots in the upper part. Root vitality, shoot fresh and dry weight, and total leaf area were significantly highest when cv. Superior, a medium early-maturing cultivar, was grown in the aeroponic system. This better plant growth in the aeroponic system was accompanied by rapid changes of solution pH and EC, and early tuberization. However, with cv. Atlantic, a mid-late maturing cultivar, there were no significant differences in shoot weight and leaf area among the hydroponic systems. The first tuberization was observed in aeroponics on 26–30 and 43–53 days after transplanting for cvs Superior and Atlantic, respectively. Tuberization in aerohydroponics and deep-water culture system occurred about 3–4 and 6–8 days later, respectively. The number of tubers produced was greatest in the deep-water culture system, but the total tuber weight per plant was the least in this system. For cv. Atlantic, the number of tubers <30 g weight was higher in aerohydroponics than in aeroponics, whereas there was no difference in the number of tubers >30 g between aerohydroponics and aeroponics. For cv. Superior, there was no difference in the size distribution of tubers between the two aeroponic systems. It could be concluded that deep-water culture system could be used to produce many small tubers (1–5 g) for plant propagation. However, the reduced number of large tubers above 5 g weight in the deep-water culture system, may favor use of either aeroponics or aerohydroponics. These two systems produced a similar number of tubers in each size group for the medium-early season cv. Superior, whereas aerohydroponics produced more tubers than aeroponics for the mid-late cultivar Atlantic.  相似文献   

19.
Summary It was shown that abscisin II at low concentration (0.5–10−5 M) has a significant growth inhibiting effect on the sprouting of excised potato buds. The growth accelerating effect of GA is partly suppressed by abscisin II. No effect could be observed on the length of the dormant period. GA seems to have a negative influence on the root formation. Combined treatment with GA and abscisin II nearly completely inhibited root formation.  相似文献   

20.
Over time, the relative effect of elevated [CO2] on the photosynthesis and dry matter (DM) production of rice crops is likely to be changed with increasing duration of CO2 exposure, but the resultant [CO2] effects on rice N concentration, uptake, efficiency and allocation remain unclear, especially under different soil N availability. Therefore, we conducted a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment at Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, in 2001–2003. A japonica cultivar with large panicle was grown at ambient or elevated (ca. 200 μmol mol−1 above ambient) [CO2] under three levels of N: low (LN, 15 g N m2), medium (MN, 25 g N m2) and high N (HN, 35 g N m2 (2002, 2003)). The MN level was similar to that recommended to local farmers. Averaged across all N levels and years, shoot N concentration (dry base) was lower under FACE by 1.8%, 6.1%, 12.2%, 14.3%, 12.1%, and 6.9% at early-tillering, mid-tillering, panicle initiation (PI), booting, heading and grain maturity, respectively. Shoot N uptake under FACE was enhanced by 46%, 38%, 6% and 16% on average during the growth periods from transplanting to early-tillering (period 1), early-tillering to mid-tillering (period 2), mid-tillering to PI (period 3) and heading to grain maturity (period 5), respectively, but slightly decreased by 2% in the period from PI to heading (period 4). Seasonal changes in crop response to FACE in ratio of shoot N uptake during a given growth period to that over the whole season followed a similar pattern to that of shoot N uptake, with average responses of 33%, 26%, −3%, −11% and 10% in periods 1–5 of the growth period, respectively. As a result, FACE increased final aboveground N uptake by 9% at maturity. FACE greatly reduced the ratio of leaf to shoot N content over the season, while allocation of N to stems and spikes showed an opposite trend. FACE treatment resulted in the significant increase in N use efficiency for biomass (NUEp) over the season except at early-tillering and in N use efficiency for grain yield (NUEg) at grain maturity. These results indicate that, in order to maximize grain output in a future high [CO2] environment, the recommended rates, proportion and timing across the season of N application should be altered, in order to take full advantage of strong N uptake capacity during the early growth period and facilitate N uptake after that.  相似文献   

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