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1.
Epidemiological evidence is presented in order to answer two questions. The first question is: “Does high milk production put a cow at increased risk of disease?” The answer to this question seems to be “maybe” for milk fever, but “no” for most other common diseases (veterinary-assisted dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovary, ketosis, left displaced abomasum, and mastitis). The second question is: “Is low milk production a consequence of disease?” For most diseases the answer is a cautious “yes”.  相似文献   

2.
Screening of subclinical mastitis under field conditions is done using the California mastitis test (CMT). CMT score of ≥1 corresponding to ≥500,000 somatic cells ml−1 is commonly used as threshold of subclinical mastitis in temperate countries. However, given the innately high physiological level of somatic cells in low yielding dairy cows, this threshold may not apply to low yielding dairy cows. The current study was undertaken to investigate the clinical utility of CMT for screening of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in low yielding smallholder dairy cows in Tanzania. A total of 1151 of quarter-milk samples were CMT tested, of these 914-originated from cows with a lactation period of 14–305 days. All samples were screened for subclinical mastitis by the CMT as well as microbiological culture of single, duplicate (two consecutive) and triplicate (three consecutive) samples as a gold standard. For the duplicate and triplicate quarter-samples, cows were considered positive for S. aureus subclinical mastitis if results of microbiologic culture for S. aureus were positive for two of two, and for at least two of the first three consecutive quarter-milk samples collected from that cow, respectively. Using a CMT score of ≥1 would classify 78.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. Eighty-two percent of the samples in which S. aureus was isolated had CMT scores ≥2; this would classify 51.6% of the 940 quarter-samples as positive. For the single sample, this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio for S. aureus of 0.87, 0.83 and 4.24, respectively. For the duplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of 0.94, 0.86, and 5.19. While, for the triplicate quarter-milk samples this cut-off had sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 0.97, 0.92 and 7.47, respectively. Based on these results and practical considerations, it is concluded that CMT score of ≥2 corresponding to ≥800,000 somatic cells Ml−1 is the best cut-off to correctly identify S. aureus intramammary infections in low yielding dairy cows in Tanzania.  相似文献   

3.
Two analytical approaches were used to investigate the relationship between somatic cell concentrations in monthly quarter milk samples and subsequent, naturally occurring clinical mastitis in three dairy herds. Firstly, cows with clinical mastitis were selected and a conventional matched analysis was used to compare affected and unaffected quarters of the same cow. The second analysis included all cows, and in order to overcome potential bias associated with the correlation structure, a hierarchical Bayesian generalised linear mixed model was specified. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, that is Gibbs sampling, was used to estimate parameters.

The results of both the matched analysis and the hierarchical modelling suggested that quarters with a somatic cell count (SCC) in the range 41,000–100,000 cells/ml had a lower risk of clinical mastitis during the next month than quarters <41,000 cell/ml. Quarters with an SCC >200,000 cells/ml were at the greatest risk of clinical mastitis in the next month. There was a reduced risk of clinical mastitis between 1 and 2 months later in quarters with an SCC of 81,000–150,000 cells/ml compared with quarters below this level. The hierarchical modelling analysis identified a further reduced risk of clinical mastitis between 2 and 3 months later in quarters with an SCC 61,000–150,000 cells/ml, compared to other quarters.

We conclude that low concentrations of somatic cells in milk are associated with increased risk of clinical mastitis, and that high concentrations are indicative of pre-existing immunological mobilisation against infection. The variation in risk between quarters of affected cows suggests that local quarter immunological events, rather than solely whole cow factors, have an important influence on the risk of clinical mastitis. MCMC proved a useful tool for estimating parameters in a hierarchical Bernoulli model. Model construction and an approach to assessing goodness of model fit are described.  相似文献   


4.
A study was performed in 1997 to estimate the prevalence and to investigate the etiology of subclinical mastitis in Swiss dairy herds managed under guidelines of controlled organic farming. It was planned as a longitudinal study over a period of 1 year and included a stratified random sample of 152 certified organic farms and 1907 cows. Two farm visits (the first from June to October when cows were on pasture, the second from January to March when cows were confined to barns) were performed on each farm. At each visit, farm management and individual-cow data (with emphasis on milking procedures and udder sanitation) were recorded. California mastitis tests (CMTs) were performed on each udder quarter of all cows in lactation. Milk samples with CMT >1+ were submitted for somatic cell counting (SCC), bacteriological examination and to test for antibiotic susceptibility. The SCC and germ-cell counts of monthly bulk-tank milk samples were available through Dairy Inspection and Advisory Services and milk production data of 567 herd-book cows were available from breeding associations. Possible individual and environmental predictors of subclinical mastitis were identified using logistic models adjusted for clustering of the data at herd and cow levels. Data were analyzed separately for cows from 7 to 100 and from 101 to 305 days post partum. Prevalences of subclinical mastitis at the quarter level were 21.2% for lactation period 7–100 days and 34.5% for 101–305 days post partum. The geometric mean SCC in bulk-tank milk samples was 85.6×103 cells/ml. Samples at 7–100 and 101–305 days post partum were positive for Staphylococcus aureus in 16.0 and 7.4%, for coagulase-negative Staphylococci in 51.5 and 50.6%, for Streptococcus agalactiae in 0.0 and 0.8%, for other Streptococci in 19.4 and 15.6%, for E. coli in 1.0 and 0.4%, and for Corynebacterium bovis in 25.7 and 45.1%, respectively. Risks of subclinical mastitis increased significantly with increasing days post partum and advancing age of cow. Cows that were sampled when staying in alpine dairies had considerably higher risks of subclinical mastitis than cows staying in home barns. Significantly lower risks of subclinical mastitis were observed in farms where CMT was performed regularly as a control measure. Bacteria in milk from cows with mastitis exhibited antibiotic resistance at a comparable frequency as found previously in conventional farms.  相似文献   

5.
In addition to the classic form of parturient paresis characterized by hypocalcemia and somnolence, which responds rapidly to calcium therapy, it is not unusual to encounter other forms of this disease. The most common aberration would seem to be that in which the animals do not rise after calcium treatment. Many of these cows show little or no drowsiness, their appetite is often good, and the results of a clinical examination often negative. Some authors, Blood & Henderson (1960) for instance, consider that this “downer cow syndrome” is an indépendant disease not connected wiht milk fever.Although the downer cow syndrome is a common disease and is of considerable significance, remarkably little has been written about it. Garm in 1950 noted that the frequency of downers had increased as compared with the numbers registered a few years earlier. He had also noticed that in many of these cows hypocalcemia was present on the first day of illness but not on subsequent days, despite the fact that they had marked signs of milk fever. Osinga, in an investigation in 1963, compared two types of milk fever: a typical form in which the cow is drowsy, lies on her side, and has partial anorexia, and an atypical form in which the animal is alert and has normal or only slight loss of appetite. Osinga remarked that the atypical cases had in-creased in number and suggested as an explanation the fact that the amount of protein in the fodder has increased, with the result that auto-intoxication and damage to parenchymatous organs may occur.The object of the present investigation was to study the difference between cows that recover after treatment (“uncomplicated milk fever”) and those that have not risen 24 hrs. after the first treatment (“downers”). We also wanted to ascertain whether any changes occurred in the downers between the first and second, and second and third days. In addition, the difference between cows with blood-calcium levels equivalent to or over 8.0 mg/100 ml serum and those with corresponding values under 8.0 mg at the first examination was also studied.  相似文献   

6.
海滨雀稗具有耐盐、对灌溉水质要求不高的特性。 用它建植的草坪可以降低淡水资源的消耗和浪费,但目前我国还没有自己育成的海滨雀稗品种,只能通过国外引进。本实验以海滨雀稗4个品种Sea Isle 2000、Platinum、Supreme、Salam为材料,利用60Co-γ射线以0.12 Gy/min 的强度在0,40,45,50,55 Gy 5个剂量下分别照射种茎,从辐照群体中寻找突变材料,对突变材料从叶宽、叶长、株高、匍匐茎节间长度和直径以及密度等坪用性状进行观测分析,研究其植株形态变异的诱变效应,并从中选育性状优良的突变材料。结果表明,材料经辐射后,不同海滨雀稗品种对60Co-γ辐射的敏感性不同。经过3个阶段的扩繁、筛选,Sea Isle 2000选出3个突变体,Platinum选出3个突变体,Supreme选出1个突变体,Salam选出2个突变体,初步共选育出9个突变材料。所有突变材料的植株叶宽、叶长、株高、匍匐茎节间长度和直径以及密度等指标均不同程度地优于各自对照。综合来看,突变材料“SI-50-1”、“PL-40-2”、“SLM-45-1”叶片短细、节间缩短、株高矮化、成坪密度高,辐射诱变效果最明显,为新品种选育提供了优异的育种新材料。  相似文献   

7.
遮阴对大豆幼苗光合和荧光特性的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
李瑞  文涛  唐艳萍  孙歆  夏超 《草业学报》2014,23(6):198-206
为了探寻不同遮阴条件下大豆幼苗叶片的光合响应机理及寻求适度的遮阴比例,本试验模拟田间玉/豆套作,以强耐阴“南豆12号”和弱耐阴“桂夏3号”2个大豆品种为材料,在不遮阴、半侧遮阴(30%,50%,70%)和全遮阴(50%)5个不同遮阴方式下,测定了不同生育期遮阴和复光后大豆幼苗叶片色素含量、光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,随着遮阴程度增加,大豆幼苗叶片的色素含量和初始荧光强度(F0)增加,叶绿素a/b值变小;光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)呈先升后降趋势,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则呈先降后升的趋势。遮阴胁迫对2个大豆品种幼苗第四复叶期的影响最为显著。2个品种间比较,“南豆12号”和“桂夏3号”在弱遮阴下都能通过改变色素组分比例、促进光合电子传递等途径提高光能潜力的利用来适应弱光环境。在强遮阴胁迫下,“南豆12号”的PSⅡ反应中心抗胁迫能力更强,“桂夏3号”则不能及时耗散过剩光能,导致光合机构受到破坏。  相似文献   

8.
干旱适应能力不仅包括干旱胁迫期间的抗旱能力,也包括水分胁迫解除之后的恢复能力。以8个高粱品种为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法对高粱幼苗进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定生物量、相对含水量、水势、渗透势、光合参数等生理指标的变化分析不同品种高粱抗旱能力和旱后复水恢复能力的大小及其与干旱适应性的关系,并筛选出能有效指示干旱适应能力的生理指标。结果显示,干旱胁迫条件下,“辽杂21”生物量与对照相比无显著差异,抗旱能力较强;“甘蔗籽”和“Moench.cv.Gadambalia”高粱生物量分别下降38%、34%,抗旱能力较差。各品种高粱的相对含水量、水势、渗透势、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等均有所下降,复水后,这些生理指标恢复到对照水平,各品种开始恢复生长。由各生理指标与抗旱能力、旱后复水恢复能力和干旱适应能力之间的相关分析结果表明,高粱的干旱适应性与复水恢复性呈显著正相关(r=0.85),与抗旱性的相关系数是0.46,复水恢复能力在高粱干旱适应性中起着更重要的作用。高粱的抗旱性和旱后复水恢复性具有不同的生理基础,在干旱胁迫期间维持较高的净光合速率、较低的蒸腾速率有助于提高抗旱性,维持较高叶片相对含水量有助于提高旱后复水的恢复能力,叶片相对含水量、净光合速率可以作为筛选高粱干旱适应性的生理指标。  相似文献   

9.
Objectives To identify risk factors and indicators at quarter‐milking and other levels for clinical mastitis during lactation in pasture‐fed cows managed in an automatic milking system. Design A retrospective nested case–control study using data collected over a 31‐month period. A total of 803,948 quarter‐milkings from 249 cows were available for analysis, of which 245 were selected as clinical mastitis quarter‐milking cases and 2450 unaffected quarter‐milkings were selected as controls. Most of the diagnoses of clinical mastitis had been made after clinical assessments of quarters following automated alerts by the milking system. Potential risk factors and indicators were assessed using univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic models. Results Quarters that are milked infrequently and have low yield, fast peak milk flow rates, blood in the milk and/or elevated milk conductivity are at increased risk of clinical mastitis. Quarters were also at increased risk between days 10 and 29 of lactation, and during higher parity lactations. Milk fat and protein concentrations and the fat : protein ratio were not significantly associated with the development of clinical mastitis. Neither quarter position (fore or rear) nor side (left or right) was associated with clinical mastitis occurrence. Quarters that had been clinically affected more than 30 days previous in the current lactation were not at increased risk of redeveloping clinical mastitis. Conclusions Under the study conditions, the risk of clinical mastitis increased for quarter‐milkings in quarters that were milked less frequently in the previous 7 days, were low‐yielding, had fast peak milk flow rates and had more milkings in which blood was detected in milk and/or the milk conductivity was elevated. Risk was also increased in days 10–29 of lactation and in higher parity lactations.  相似文献   

10.
在黄土高原雨养农业区,以光敏型高丹草品种“大卡BMR”和“海牛”为材料,采用8.33、12.50和16.67万穴·hm-2 3个低、中、高密度全膜平铺穴播种植,在植株不同生长阶段,测定了粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、总可消化养分(TDN)和糖锤度(BX)含量,以研究光敏型高丹草在当地的最佳种植密度和收获时期。结果表明:生长发育进程在植株营养形成过程中占主导地位。在品种间,两品种生长前期CP含量差异较大(P<0.05);“大卡BMR”的NDF、ADF和BX整体低于“海牛”,TDN含量高于“海牛”。密度对营养成分有影响,CP含量随密度的增大有所降低;密度对BX含量前期影响较大(P<0.05),中后期影响不明显(P>0.05);在全生长期内NDF和ADF含量整体上高密度处理明显低于(P<0.05)低密度处理;密度对TDN含量影响明显(P<0.05),生长后期(出苗后126~140 d)依次均为高密度>中密度>低密度。营养成分和产量的动态变化表现为,两品种随生长发育进程的延长,CP含量均呈逐渐下降的变化趋势,BX均呈逐渐上升的变化趋势,NDF和ADF含量均呈“升—降—升”的变化趋势,TDN含量均呈“降—升—降”的变化趋势;在出苗后126~140 d,干物质产量仍在上升,CP和TDN产量平稳,TDN的含量处于下降趋势。这种动态变化为北方不抽穗或能抽穗不能成熟的光敏型高丹草最佳刈割期的决策提供了重要依据。从饲草生产角度考虑,在春播一茬青贮收割模式下,当地以“大卡BMR”品种较好,种植密度以每公顷12.50万穴较好,两品种均在出苗后126~140 d(9月上中旬,大卡BMR处于抽穗期、海牛处于开花期)刈割最佳。  相似文献   

11.
Combined parenteral and intramammary treatment of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was compared to parenteral treatment only. Cows with clinical mastitis (166 mastitic quarters) caused by S. aureus treated by veterinarians of the Ambulatory Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine during routine farm calls were included. Treatment was based on in vitro susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolate. Procaine penicillin G (86 cases due to beta-lactamase negative strains) or amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (24 cases due to beta-lactamase positive strains) was administered parenterally and intramammarily for 5 days. Efficacy of treatments was assessed 2 and 4 weeks later by physical examination, bacteriological culture, determination of CMT, somatic cell count and NAGase activity in milk. Quarters with growth of S. aureus in at least one post-treatment sample were classified as non-cured. As controls we used 41 clinical mastitis cases caused by penicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates treated with procaine penicillin G parenterally for 5 days and 15 cases due to penicillin-resistant isolates treated with spiramycin parenterally for 5 days from the same practice area. Bacteriological cure rate after the combination treatment was 75.6% for quarters infected with penicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates, and 29.2% for quarters infected with penicillin-resistant isolates. Cure rate for quarters treated only parenterally with procaine penicillin G was 56.1% and that for quarters treated with spiramycin 33.3%. The difference in cure rates between mastitis due to penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant S. aureus was highly significant. Combined treatment was superior over systemic treatment only in the beta-lactamase negative group.  相似文献   

12.
Bisection of bovine post-compaction embryos has become a useful tool for improving embryo transfer results. Compared to pre-compaction division, the technique is simpler but is does involve some cellular damage and rarely provides two completely identical “halves”. Monozygotic pairs can therefore be divided into “good” and “poor” half embryos. By 4–6 h of culture in vitro, “good” halves remained significantly more viable than their poorer counterparts. Gytological evaluation after 24 h culture shows that the morphologically better halves contain more cells (an average of 45.9 vs 23.0) and have a higher mitotic index (6.1 % vs 3.1 %) than the poorer halves. The single transfer of 26 half-embryos resulted in 15 pregnancies (55.6 %) but no difference could be demonstrated between the results obtained with halves of different sizes. Nevertheless, the in vitro results support the contention that bigger halves give better results and also demonstrate that one half-embryo cannot be used as a control for the other in viability studies.  相似文献   

13.
在陇东旱作区,采用全膜双垄沟、全膜平铺、半膜平铺和露地(传统种植)4种栽培方式,种植了具有代表性的两个光敏型高丹草品种“海牛”和“大卡BMR”,测定并分析了两个品种不同发育阶段干物质积累、主要营养成分含量和产量及其这些特征的动态变化规律,以期确定该类牧草的最佳栽培和饲用技术。结果表明,在旱作4种栽培方式下,随生长发育进程的延长,两品种的粗蛋白(CP)含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量整体呈“升-降-升”的变化趋势,总可消化养分(TDN)含量整体呈“降-升-降”的变化趋势,糖锤度(BX)含量整体呈逐渐上升的变化趋势。在植株生长后期(出苗后126和140 d),品种对CP和NDF含量影响不显著(P>0.05),对ADF、TDN和BX含量影响显著(P<0.05),其中褐色中脉型(BMR)品种“大卡”的ADF含量较低,平均分别为33.13%和40.39%,TDN含量相应较高,平均分别为58.14%和52.24%,非BMR型品种海牛的BX含量较高,平均分别为12.41%和14.59%。栽培方式对各营养成分含量影响均不显著(P>0.05),其中在不覆膜和半覆膜处理下ADF含量较低,在出苗后126 d平均分别为34.39%和34.01%,在出苗后140 d平均分别为39.98%和40.60%;而TDN含量相应较高,在出苗后126 d平均分别为57.42%和57.34%,在出苗后140 d平均分别为52.66%和52.20%。CP和TDN产量受品种及栽培方式的影响显著(P<0.05),且与干物质产量表现一致,可消化营养物质含量和干物质产量相对平衡点在126 d前后。因此,从饲草生产角度考虑,作青贮饲料利用时,选择BMR型品种“大卡”在全膜双垄沟或全膜平铺的栽培方式下种植,并于出苗后120~140 d收获为最佳栽培饲用模式。  相似文献   

14.
Milk samples (n=160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. The samples were assessed by the Californian mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the main organisms found.Infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the SCC (p<0.01) and CMT (p<0.001) than non-infected quarters. All 7 camels were infected with CNS but only 4 with S. aureus. CMT values for S. aureus-infected camels were significantly higher than for those only infected with CNS. The values for SCC and CMT were significantly influenced by the stage of lactation (p<0.05). No significant difference was found from the effect of the quarters. Both SCC and CMT were of value in predicting the infection status of the udder.Abbreviations CMT California mastitis test - SCC somatic cell count - CNS coagulase-negative staphylococci  相似文献   

15.
LINDHOLM, A., H.-E. JOHANSSON & P. KJÆRSGAARD: Acute rhabdomyolysis (“tying-up”) in standardbred horses. A morphological and biochemical study. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 325–339. — Morphological, biochemical and histochemical changes were studied in muscle needle biopsy specimens (gluteus medius) from 59 standardbred trotters with acute clinical symptoms of the “tying-up” disease. All horses had increased levels of serum enzymes SGOT and SCPK. The biopsy specimens were taken at various intervals after onset of clinical symptoms (1–4 hrs., 18–24 hrs. and 2–20 days). Ry light microscopy it was shown that the muscular alterations had a focal distribution and were of the hyalin degeneration type with insignificant inflammatory reaction and slight calcification. The ultrastructural changes apparently commenced with myofibrillar waving, mitochondrial and sarcotubular alterations and terminated with myofibrillar degeneration and necrosis with invasion of inflammatory cells. The inflammatory cells were ultrastructurally similar to monocytes and macrophages. The degenerative changes mainly comprised fast twitch (FT and FTH) fibres as histochemically evidenced by myofibrillar ATPase and alkaline phosphatase staining.Riopsies from diseased muscle 1–4 hrs. after the onset of “tyingup” contained a low muscle concentration of glycogen, ATP and CP and a high concentration of lactate and glucose. Hence it is suggested that the described muscular alterations may be caused by a deranged carbohydrate metabolism caused by a local hypoxia.It was found that the “tying-up” disease resembled idiopathic rhabdomyolysis in man and was thus designated “equine rhabdomyolysis”.histochemistry; horse; rhabdomyolysis; skeletal muscle; “tying-up”; ultrastructure.  相似文献   

16.
以2种不同耐旱性的鸭茅基因型(敏感型“01998”和耐旱型“宝兴”) 为研究对象,研究干旱胁迫下鸭茅根、叶膜质过氧化作用,渗透调节和保护酶活性的生理变化,探讨鸭茅耐旱机制。结果表明, 随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,2种基因型鸭茅根系及叶片电导率,丙二醛含量逐渐增加,渗透调节物质可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸不断积累,而可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势。其中,叶片脂膜过氧化产物MDA累积和膜透性增幅较大,说明在持续的干旱胁迫下叶片所受伤害重于根系。而渗透物质积累方面,叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量高于根系,而根系中的游离氨基酸的相对增加量则大于叶片,这可能与叶片是糖的主要产生部位,而根系则可以合成氨基酸有关。研究还表明,干旱胁迫第24天,耐旱型品种“宝兴”根系及叶片APX、POD活性显著高于“01998” 表明重度干旱胁迫并没有降低APX和POD酶清除H2O2和单态氧的能力,说明“宝兴”鸭茅在干旱条件下抗氧化清除系统响应更积极、更持久。  相似文献   

17.
A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2011 on 35 smallholder dairy farms in Chiang Mai, Thailand, to identify the quarter, cow, and farm factors that relate to intramammary infections (IMI) from major specified pathogens, compared to infections from minor pathogens. Data on general farm management, milking management, and dry cow management were recorded for each herd. Quarter milk samples were collected from either clinical or subclinical mastitis quarters. Dependent variables were binary data defining the specified major pathogens, including Streptococcus agalactiae (7.1 %), Streptococcus uberis (9.4 %), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (4.0 %), and other streptococci (16.7 %), as a case, and all minor pathogens as a control, in each dependent variable. The occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI was lower in first-parity cows and cows with short milking time. Cows with body condition score (BCS) <2.5 had higher occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI. The occurrence of S. uberis IMI was higher in quarters with California mastitis test (CMT) score 2, score 3, and having clinical mastitis and in farms with increasing age of vacuum system. Quarters with CMT score 3, having clinical mastitis, cow with manual milking after detaching milking cluster, and farms with high bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC >500,000 cells/ml) had higher occurrence of S. dysgalactiae IMI. For other streptococci, quarters having clinical mastitis, BCS <2.5, and pulling down of milking cluster while milking increased occurrence of other streptococci IMI relative to minor pathogen IMI. These results highlight the importance of individual cow factors, milking characteristics, and BMSCC in determining the risk of IMI from major pathogens.  相似文献   

18.
The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Kenya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
California mastitis test (CMT), direct leukocytes counts and bacteriological examination were performed on 630 milk samples from apparently healthy mammary glands of dairy goats comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen and Galla crosses to find the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 9.8% according to CMT, 9.7% according to direct leukocyte counts and 28.7% by bacterial isolation during a 3-month period. The proportion of the bacteriologically positive milk samples was significantly (P <0.01) higher than that positive for CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was a significant (P < 0.01) correlation between CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was no significant direct relationship between bacterial isolation and CMT Bacterial organisms were isolated in 22.5% of the 568 CMT-negative milk samples. The results suggest that bacterial organisms isolated from the CMT-negative milksamples were either latent infections or did not stimulate any significant increase in somatic cell counts that could be detected by either the CMT or direct leukocyte counts. The observations of this study indicate that the mere presence of bacteria in goat's milk does not mean that the udder is infected and so does not warrant antibiotic therapy.  相似文献   

19.
Levels of the immunoglobulins IgG and IgG(T) in serum in Norwegian horses of the breeds “Døle” and “Fjord” were determined by the quantitative radial immunodiffusion test.No significant differences were apparent between the 2 Norwegian breeds. The immunoglobulin levels were approximately in the same range as previously reported for Shetland ponies.Immunoglobulins could not be detected in the newborn foal. As early as 24 hrs. after birth the mean immunoglobulin level was within the adult range. After a drop during the first month of life, the immunoglobulins increased. IgG(T) rose more rapidly and to a higher level than IgG.In 2 year old horses, IgG(T) was significantly higher than in adults, while IgG was significantly lower. IgG(T) seems to be a very important immunoglobulin in foals and young horses.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and the factors influencing its incidence. A total of 740 quarter milk samples were collected from 47 camel herds belonging to Majahim, Maghatir, Shu’l, and Sufer breeds. California mastitis test (CMT) was used as a screening test for subclinical mastitis. Samples giving negative or trace CMT scores (0) were assigned to healthy quarters, while those giving positive scores of 1+ to 3+ were assigned to subclinically affected quarters. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of breed, parity, and stage of lactation with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Milk fat, protein, lactose, solid nonfat percentages and Na, Ca, and K concentrations were compared in CMT-positive versus healthy quarters. One third (33%) of tested quarters had subclinical mastitis based on CMT. The estimated probability of subclinical mastitis with the combined effects of breed, parity, and stage of lactation ranged from 15.8% to 54.6%. The risk of subclinical mastitis increased significantly with parity and with the early stage of lactation. The Shu’l breed had significantly higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis than other breeds. Significant decreases in protein, lactose, and solid nonfat, Ca and K concentrations and increase in Na concentrations were associated with subclinical mastitis. In conclusion, subclinical mastitis is prevalent in Saudi camels, and its incidence is influenced by breed, parity, and stage of lactation.  相似文献   

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