共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
新疆野苹果和秦冠的抗黑星病特性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
透射电镜观察表明, 苹果叶片上表皮角质层厚度在品种间存在显著差异, 新疆野苹果和秦冠叶片的角质层厚度显著高于富士和嘎啦的;同一品种不同龄期叶片的角质层厚度随着叶龄增长而增厚, 且黑星病严重度与叶片上表皮角质层厚度间存在显著的负相关关系。苹果品种抗病性组分分析结果表明, 新疆野苹果的病害严重度最低, 约为嘎啦的1/22, 潜育期最长, 为嘎啦的2.0倍, 无(或少有)病斑出现, 不产孢。秦冠的严重度约为嘎啦的1/14, 潜育期约为嘎啦的1.5倍, 产孢量约为嘎啦的1/26。黑星病菌在新疆野苹果和秦冠叶片上的侵染概率及病斑扩展速率均显著低于富士和嘎啦。因此, 新疆野苹果和秦冠对黑星病的抗病性表现在抗侵入和抗扩展两个方面。 相似文献
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梨黑星病菌分生孢子侵染及产孢研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
梨黑星病(Venturia nashicola Tanaka et Yamamoto)是我国梨树的重要病害。为了深入了解该病在生长季节的发病流行规律,本研究采用水合三氯乙醛饱和水溶液或乳酚油透明液透明接种鸭梨叶片,研究了梨黑星病菌分生抱子侵入及产抱过程。 相似文献
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莱阳地区梨锈病防治适期研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在山东莱阳地区,梨锈病菌冬孢子角自梨花现蕾期开始陆续成熟,成熟的冬孢子角遇1.5 mm/d以上的降雨,萌发产生担孢子。经2～3次降雨后,冬孢全部萌发,以后不再产生担孢子。梨树初花后35 d内对锈病最敏感,即为防治期。若该期内降雨量大于1.5 mm/次、叶面结露时间长于7 h/次,担孢子即可侵染。其侵染量与梨园周围越冬菌原的数量、降雨持续时间和品种抗病性等因子有关。田间试验表明:担孢子侵染后至病斑显症前(约7 d)是内吸性杀菌剂防治的有效时期。病斑显症后只有少数杀菌剂能抑制病斑扩展,20.67%氟硅唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂3种药剂在病原菌侵入前喷施能有效地抑制担孢子侵染,持效期约7 d;担孢子侵染后喷药能有效抑制病斑显症,因此,要特别关注梨树初花时第1次降雨后梨锈病的防治。 相似文献
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梨黑星病菌寄生部位及致病作用研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
组织透明及扫描电镜研究结果表明:梨黑星病菌在叶片上主要寄生于表皮细胞和叶脉薄壁组织细胞的表面,沿细胞表面扩展。病原菌并非只在角质层与表皮细胞间生长,而且在表皮细胞和叶脉薄壁组织细胞的细胞间寄生。在大量的观察中,没有发现侵入到细胞内菌丝或菌丝变态结构。梨黑星病菌不寄生叶肉细胞,但能导致叶肉细胞病变。由于黑星病菌的寄生性既不同于专性寄生,也不同于杀生寄生,才使梨黑星病的潜育期和产孢期都长于这两类真菌病害。这是认识和研究梨黑星病发病特点和流行规律的基础。 相似文献
5.
施氮量对水稻叶瘟菌侵染循环中主要组分的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在人工气候室内进行了施氮量对稻瘟侵染过程主要环节影响的定量试验。结果表明,施氮量对稻瘟菌侵染、病斑扩展及产孢均有不同程度的影响,其中,侵染几率所受影响最大,其次为病斑扩展及产孢,潜育期基本上不受影响。试验还发现,稻瘟侵染、产孢和病斑扩展各组分对氮量均有最适要求,当施氮量超出它们的最适范围后,将不再有利于各组分的发展。以上结果均用数学模型进行了描述,揭示了侵染循环各组分与施氮量间关系及警戒氮量在稻瘟流行学上的意义。 相似文献
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大蒜叶枯病俗称"火风".由半知菌亚门、枯叶格孢腔菌侵染发病.主要危害叶和花梗,病株多从下部叶片叶尖开始发病扩展,病斑多为花白色小圆点,扩大后呈椭圆形或不规则灰白色或灰褐色病斑,后期病叶上生出黑色霉状物,严重时叶片枯死,花梗受害后易从病部折断,最后病部散生许多黑色小颗粒. 相似文献
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小麦白粉病菌对温度不同敏感性菌株的寄生适合度研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用离体叶片接种法,将12个对温度不同敏感性的小麦白粉病菌株分别在18℃和22℃条件下的流行组分（潜育期、侵染几率、单病斑累积产孢量和病斑日扩展面积）和寄生适合度进行了测定。结果表明,对温度不同敏感性菌株的流行组分在18℃和22℃条件下均存在显著性差异,且单病斑累积产孢量与病斑日扩展面积的相关性最高。各供试菌株在22℃条件下的寄生适合度均低于18℃条件下的寄生适合度。在两温度条件下,对温度低敏感性菌株平均寄生适合度高于对温度高敏感性菌株,特别是在较高温度下这种趋势更为明显。 相似文献
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Effects of temperature and leaf wetness on Pyrenophora teres growing on barley cv. Sonja 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
M. W. SHAW 《Plant pathology》1986,35(3):294-309
Conidia of Pyrenophora teres germinated only in the presence of liquid water and at temperatures above 2°C. The speed with which germination occurred was inversely proportional to temperature measured from a base of 2°C, up to the maximum temperature tested of 21°C. Once conidia on leaves had been wetted, about 40% of all infections that would eventually occur were established within 100°C-hours. Subsequent lesion extension was rapid, with area doubling times of about 1 day between 10 and 20°C.
If conidia germinated, up to 80% formed successful infections on young, susceptible leaves. On older leaves fewer spores germinated and the proportion that then infected was smaller.
The latent period, defined as the time before which sporulation did not occur under any wetness conditions, ranged from about 25 days at 5°C to 11 days at 20°C under dry conditions. Under continuously wet conditions it was about 20% shorter at all temperatures. Its inverse had a curvilinear relation to temperature.
Spores were produced after one to several days of humidity above 95%. The precise period decreased with increasing temperature, but at 25°C spores never appeared. The drier a dead leaf was, the longer the pathogen in it look to produce spores. 相似文献
If conidia germinated, up to 80% formed successful infections on young, susceptible leaves. On older leaves fewer spores germinated and the proportion that then infected was smaller.
The latent period, defined as the time before which sporulation did not occur under any wetness conditions, ranged from about 25 days at 5°C to 11 days at 20°C under dry conditions. Under continuously wet conditions it was about 20% shorter at all temperatures. Its inverse had a curvilinear relation to temperature.
Spores were produced after one to several days of humidity above 95%. The precise period decreased with increasing temperature, but at 25°C spores never appeared. The drier a dead leaf was, the longer the pathogen in it look to produce spores. 相似文献
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Ultrastructural study on acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced scab resistance in epidermal pectin layers of Japanese pear leaves 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The infection behavior of Japanese pear scab pathogen Venturia nashicola race 1 was studied ultrastructurally in acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM)-pretreated susceptible Japanese pear (cv. Kousui) leaves to determine the mechanism of ASM-induced scab resistance. On ASM-pretreated leaf surfaces, the infection behavior (conidial germination and appressorial formation) was similar to that on distilled water (DW)-pretreated leaves prior to cuticle penetration by the pathogen. However, after penetration, differentiated behavior was found in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of the ASM-pretreated leaves. Subcuticular hyphae in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of ASM-pretreated pear leaves were observed at lower frequency than in DW-treated leaves. The results indicated that fungal growth was suppressed in ASM-pretreated pear leaves. In the pectin layers of ASM- and DW-pretreated leaves, some hyphae showed morphological modifications, which were used as criteria to judge collapse of hyphal cells, including plasmolysis, necrotic cytoplasm, and cell wall destruction. More hyphae had collapsed in ASM-pretreated leaves than in DW-treated ones. In addition, the cell walls of collapsed hyphae broke into numerous fibrous and amorphous pieces, suggesting that ASM-induced scab resistance might be associated with cell-wall-degrading enzymes from pear plants. In addition, results from morphometrical analysis suggested that the activity or production of pectin-degrading enzyme from hyphae were inhibited by ASM application when compared with DW treatment. 相似文献
14.
B. -H. Li J. -R. Yang X. -L. Dong B. -D. Li X. -M. Xu 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(3):227-238
A dynamic model, called VenInf, was developed to forecast infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola. By simulating conidial infection processes following a rain event, the model estimates % conidia that successfully infected
leaves at the end of an infection period. The model is mainly derived from logistic models developed from recent laboratory
and glasshouse experimental results on infection of pear seedlings to estimate the rates of infection and mortality. It simulates
the conidial infection process at 5 min intervals using temperature, relative humidity (RH), surface wetness and rainfall
as input. The model was evaluated against pear scab in four unsprayed orchards in China over a 4-year period. In all orchards,
all significant disease increases were associated with infection periods predicted by the model. In one orchard, in 2004 the
incidence of leaf infection remained very low (<3%) during the entire season despite the model forecasting several severe
infection periods. Results of orchard evaluation suggest that the model is able to identify all important potential infection
periods. Thus, further field studies should be carried out to determine whether and how the model can be used in practice
to assist farmers in making decisions on fungicide applications. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT Venturia pirina (the pear scab pathogen) and V. inaequalis (the apple scab pathogen) were detected as ascospores discharged from apple leaf litter in New Zealand (spring 1998). Pseudothecia of both species were located on dead apple leaves; however, only those of V. inaequalis were associated with scab lesions. V. pirina was identified by rDNA sequence analyses, because morphological characters could not distinguish this fungus from V. asperata (a rare saprophyte on apple) and other Venturia spp. pathogenic on rosaceous fruit trees. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers designed to the 18S end of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region differentiated Venturia fruit tree pathogens reliably. V. pirina field isolates were pathogenic on pear, but only weak saprophytes on apple. In rare instances, when appressoria of V. pirina appeared to penetrate the cuticle of apple leaves, epidermal cells responded with a localized hypersensitive response (HR). To our knowledge, this is the first report of induction of HR-like events by V. pirina on its nonhost, apple, and also the first record of sexual reproduction of V. pirina on apple. It is assumed that V. pirina pseudothecia formed from saprophytic lesions in senescing apple leaves when active defense mechanisms such as HR were no longer induced. 相似文献
16.
Effects of host resistance, temperature, leaf wetness, and leaf age on infection and lesion development of pecan scab 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT The effects of partial host resistance, temperature, leaf wetness duration, and leaf age on infection and lesion development of pecan scab were evaluated. Trees of cultivars Wichita (susceptible) and Sumner (resistant) were inoculated with conidia of Cladosporium caryigenum and placed in mist chambers set at 15, 25, or 35 degrees C. The trees were removed from the chambers after 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h of leaf wetness and placed in a greenhouse to allow disease development. After 8 to 16 days, disease began to develop on both 'Wichita' and 'Sumner'. Logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of a leaf becoming infected was greatest for 'Wichita' it decreased with increasing leaf age and temperature and increased with increasing leaf wetness. Leaves on 'Wichita ' were susceptible to infection between 2 and 23 days after budbreak, while leaves on 'Sumner' were susceptible to infection from 2 to 18 days after budbreak. Infection frequency, lesion size, and conidia production decreased proportionately with increasing leaf age. The magnitude of this effect was greatest on 'Sumner'. Conidia production was positively correlated with lesion size, and both were positively correlated with infection frequency on both cultivars. 相似文献
17.
Proliferation and collapse of subcuticular hyphae of Venturia nashicola race 1 were studied ultrastructurally, after inoculation of susceptible Japanese pear cv. Kousui, resistant Japanese pear
cv. Kinchaku, resistant Asian pear strain Mamenashi 12 and nonhost European pear cv. Flemish Beauty leaves, to understand
the nature of the resistance mechanism. After cuticle penetration by the pathogen, the hyphae were observed at lower frequency
in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of leaves of the three resistant plants than in those of susceptible ones.
This result suggested that fungal growth was suppressed in the incompatible interaction between pear and V. nashicola race 1. In the pectin layers of all inoculated plants, some hyphae had modifications such as breaks in the plasmalemma with
plasmolysis, necrotic cytoplasm and degraded cell walls. More hyphae had collapsed in the leaves of the three resistant plants
than in those of the susceptible cv. Kousui. In collapsed hyphae, the polymerized cell walls broke into numerous fibrous and
amorphous pieces, showing that the scab resistance might be associated with cell wall-degrading enzymes from pear plants. 相似文献
18.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and duration of wetness period on in vitro germination of conidia and infection of detached pear leaves by Venturia nashicola , the causal agent of pear scab. Conidia germinated only in near-saturation humidity (RH > 97%). The final percentage germination (24 h after inoculation) at 100% RH without free water was less than half that in free water. Conidia germinated over the range of temperatures tested (5–30°C); the optimum temperature for germination was ≈21°C. Changes in percentage germination of conidia over time were fitted by logistic models at each individual temperature. Polynomial models satisfactorily described the relationships between two (rate and time to 50% of maximum germination) of the three logistic model parameters and temperature. The minimum length of the wetness period for successful infection of detached pear leaves by conidia was observed at several temperatures. The shortest length of wetness period required for infection was 7 h at 22°C. Two polynomial models fitted well the relationship between the minimum wetness duration required for infection, and temperature. 相似文献
19.
渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的初侵染来源 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
苹果黑星病是世界各苹果产区的重要病害之一,也是我国渭北旱塬苹果产区的新病害。近5年调查研究证明,渭北旱塬苹果落叶上分生孢子数量随时间推移呈急剧下降趋势,在春季苹果芽鳞萌动之前,分生孢子呈无色透明薄片状,均已失去存活力,芽鳞内外检测到分生孢子的数量很少,且均已丧失萌发力。果园中孢子捕捉结果表明,子囊孢子出现在先,分生孢子在后,两者出现时间相差15d以上,且捕捉到分生孢子的日期是在黑星病发病以后。对洛川县、白水县、长武县、永寿县、泾川县和平凉市等地苹果黑星病普查中未发现发病枝条,以菌丝体在枝条上越冬的可能性极小。综合以上试验结果,初步确定子囊孢子是渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的初侵来染,分生孢子不能越冬。 相似文献