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1.
燕山北部山地典型植物群落水源涵养能力研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
对燕山北部山地常见的几种植物群落类型的水源涵养能力进行了比较研究。结果表明,凋落物截留量在地上植被层总截留量中占有最大比例,地上植被的截留量由高到低的顺序为:人工落叶松林(4.39mm)>天然次生杨桦林(3.81mm)>榛子灌丛(1.70mm)>绣线菊灌丛(0.18mm);土壤最大持水量及总孔隙度都以榛子灌丛为最大,其次分别为天然次生杨桦林、人工落叶松林和绣线菊灌丛。土壤渗透速率以天然次生杨桦林为最大,榛子灌丛与人工落叶松林相近,绣线菊灌丛最低;群落水源涵养总量由高到低的顺序为:榛子灌丛(272.52mm)>天然次生白桦林(239.61mm)>人工落叶松林(221.53mm)>绣线菊灌丛(194.85mm)。地上植被层截留量在水源涵养总量中所占比例较小,但截留量不能完全说明其对水源涵养功能的影响。说明在燕山北部山地,天然次生杨桦林和榛子灌丛具有良好的水源涵养能力,绣线菊灌丛水源涵养能力较差,需采取合理措施对该地区大面积分布的绣线菊灌丛进行改造,以提高其水源涵养能力。 相似文献
2.
闽粤栲群落凋落物持水量及其与群落结构的相关性研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
吴起明 《中国生态农业学报》2004,12(1):152-154
研究不同封育期闽粤栲群落优势度、物种数及凋落物持水量特征等结果表明 ,闽粤栲群落乔木层和草本层优势度近熟期均大于幼龄期 ,而灌木层则相反 ,其差异均达显著水平 ;每公顷凋落物干物质量和持水量近熟期均大于幼龄期 ,其差异均达显著水平 ;每公顷凋落物持水量和干物质量与乔木层优势度呈极显著正相关关系 ,而与灌木层优势度呈极显著负相关关系 ,在 90 %可靠性下每公顷凋落物持水量与草本层优势度、每吨干物质持水量和乔木层物种数均呈显著正相关关系 ;灌木层优势度与乔木层优势度呈极显著负相关关系 ,草本层优势度与乔木层优势度、每公顷凋落物持水量与每公顷凋落物干物质量均呈极显著正相关关系。 相似文献
3.
2010年,采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对甘肃兴隆山青杄林、青杄—白桦林林下苔藓和凋落物的累积量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)青杄—白桦林和青杄林下苔藓及凋落物层总厚度7.10~8.30cm,总重量24.66~30.69t/hm2,青杄—白桦林均高于青杄林;(2)苔藓层最大持水率明显高于凋落物层,但凋落物层最大持水量是苔藓层的11.15倍;(3)苔藓层和凋落物层持水率在开始浸水时增加较快,0.5h后增幅逐渐减慢,浸水10h后基本趋于某一稳定值;(4)凋落物层最大拦蓄量、有效拦蓄量分别是苔藓层的10.41和10.27倍;凋落物层在对降水二次分配及在吸持降水过程中发挥着重要作用,并且位于主导地位。 相似文献
4.
滨海沙地不同人工林凋落物现存量及其持水特性 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了研究滨海沙地沿海防护林凋落物水源涵养功能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡相结合,对滨海沙地4种典型人工林(木麻黄林、湿地松林、尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林)不同分解阶段的凋落物现存量、持水率、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:相同林龄的4种人工林凋落物现存量表现为木麻黄林(19.12 t/hm~2)湿地松林(17.51 t/hm~2)尾巨桉林(10.90 t/hm~2)纹荚相思林(10.13 t/hm~2),半分解层凋落物储量占比高于未分解层;4种人工林最大持水率在140.55%～206.47%,为尾巨桉林纹荚相思林木麻黄林湿地松林,最大持水量在20.75～30.85 t/hm~2,为木麻黄林湿地松林尾巨桉林纹荚相思林,4种人工林凋落物最大持水率和最大持水量均为半分解层大于未分解层,不同分解阶段凋落物持水率和持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系;4种人工林不同分解阶段凋落物平均吸水速率在前0.25 h内差异较大,未分解层中尾巨桉林最大为2.05 mm/h,半分解层中湿地松林最大为4.32 mm/h,不同分解阶段凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间均存在幂函数关系;凋落物有效拦蓄深为木麻黄林(2.45 mm)湿地松林(2.04 mm)尾巨桉林(1.87 mm)纹荚相思林(1.72 mm)。综合来看,木麻黄林凋落物的持水能力最强,湿地松林次之,之后是尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林,说明从凋落物水源涵养能力来看,木麻黄林和湿地松林更利于滨海沙地的水源涵养。 相似文献
5.
白龙江上游5种典型灌木林枯落物蓄积量及持水特性 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对白龙江上游5种典型灌木林(荚蒾、甘肃柳、中华柳、箭竹、绣线菊)林地枯落物的蓄积量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:5种典型灌木林林地枯落物蓄积量大小依次为箭竹林甘肃柳林荚蒾林中华柳林绣线菊林。5种灌丛类型枯落物半分解层的持水量均高于未分解层,中华柳未分解层持水量最高,箭竹半分解层持水量最高,绣线菊未分解层和半分解层持水量都是最小,整个枯落层最大持水量大小为中华柳箭竹荚蒾甘肃柳绣线菊;5种典型灌丛林不同分解程度枯落物的持水量与浸水时间存在对数关系,其吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
6.
珠江流域中游主要森林类型凋落物持水特性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用野外实地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对珠江流域中游苍梧县的5种森林类型的凋落物累积量和持水量、持水率、吸水速率等持水特性进行了研究。结果表明:不同森林类型凋落物总储量为湿地松(Pinus elliottii)+荷木(Schima superba)混交林(40.18t/hm~2)桉树(Eucalyptus)林(11.77t/hm~2)马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(10.97t/hm~2)红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)林(8.75t/hm~2)大叶栎(Quercus griffithii)林(7.71t/hm~2),且半分解层累积量所占比例均大于未分解层,马尾松林则相反;5种森林类型不同分解程度的凋落物持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系;凋落物最大持水量为13.12~77.09t/hm~2,湿地松+荷木混交林最大,红锥林最小;最大持水率为150.8~187.9%,大叶栎林最大,红锥林最小;有效拦蓄量为8.26~49.31t/hm~2,大小顺序为湿地松+荷木混交林大叶栎林红锥林桉树林马尾松林。综合考虑,研究区5种森林类型中湿地松+荷木针阔混交林持水能力最强,且优势明显,因此,水源涵养林宜优先选择针阔混交林模式。 相似文献
7.
川西亚高山针阔混交林与针叶纯林苔藓凋落物层持水性能研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用野外实地观测和室内浸水法对川西亚高山地区针阔混交林与针叶纯林林下苔藓凋落物的持水能力进行了对比研究.结果表明:(1)混交林林下苔藓凋落物层储量为10.02 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为54.96 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为839.70%;苔藓储量为2.43 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为11.47 t/hm~2,最犬平均持水率为472.23%,吸水速率经过24 h从7 683.2 g/(kg·h)下降为256.5 g/(kg·h);凋落物储量为7.59 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为24.07t/hm~2.最大平均持水率为317.22%.吸水速率经过24 h从8 530.1 g/(kg·h)下降为321.4 g/(kg·h).(2)针叶纯林林下苔藓凋落物层储量为9.37t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为45.70 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为766.05%;苔藓储量为2.13 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为9.68 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为454.85%.吸水速率经过24 h从6 444.4 g/(kg·h)下降为231.4 g/(kg·h);凋落物储量为7.24 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为21.20 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为292.68%,吸水速率经过24 h从7 004.9 g/(kg·h)下降为251.4 g/(kg·h).因此,无论是持水量、持水率,还是吸水速率,混交林都强于针叶纯林.两种林分下,苔藓、凋落物持水率随浸泡时间的增加而增加,持水率与浸泡时间呈对数关系;苔藓、凋落物的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增加而降低,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系. 相似文献
8.
重庆市几种常见经济林凋落物持水性能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2017年7—9月采用野外观测与室内浸提法相结合的方法,对重庆市5种常见经济林凋落物的蓄积量、自然含水率、最大持水率、吸水速率及有效拦蓄水量进行了研究。结果表明:不同经济林的凋落物蓄积量有一定差异,总体表现为柑橘林>花椒林>核桃林>脆红李林>雷竹林;柑橘林、核桃林、花椒林、脆红李林、雷竹林的凋落物最大持水量分别为14.56、7.56、7.84、1.93、5.26 t/hm2,最大持水率分别为325.98%、286.88%、240.01%、242.86%、170.06%; 5种经济林凋落物的持水量和持水率均随着浸泡时间的延长而呈对数函数增加,吸水速率则呈幂函数下降,所有凋落物的吸水过程均经历快速(0～1 h)、缓慢(1～10 h)、停滞(24 h) 3个阶段; 5种经济林按凋落物对降雨的有效拦蓄量排序为柑橘林>花椒林>核桃林>脆红李林>雷竹林,相关性分析表明凋落物对降雨的有效拦蓄量与凋落物蓄积量和最大持水率成显著正相关关系,而与自然含水率相关性不显著。 相似文献
9.
为揭示森林生态系统养分循环和水分循环对氮沉降的响应机制,以滇中高原华山松(Pinus armandii)和云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)为研究对象,开展野外氮添加下凋落叶、枝原位分解研究试验,设置对照、低氮、中氮和高氮共4个处理,利用尼龙网袋法和室内浸泡法,探究凋落叶、枝养分元素残留率、持水量和持水率及吸水速率对氮添加的响应。结果表明:(1)随着分解时间的持续,2种林分凋落叶、枝碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分别呈释放、富集—释放、富集过程,凋落叶C、N、P残留率显著小于凋落枝(p＜0.05);(2)凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率显著大于凋落枝(p＜0.05),分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶N残留率降低1.98%~7.27%,10.79%,HN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落枝N,华山松凋落枝P残留率则增加4.26%~9.08%,11.94%~44.51%,42.42%;(3)分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN、MN和HN处理华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率分别降低11.44%~25.24%,5.81%~32.23%,云南松凋落枝则增加15.48%~24.26%,17.97%~23.74%。 (4)2种林分凋落叶、枝持水量随浸泡时间延长而增加,而吸水速率则为降低,持水量与浸泡时间的关系均呈对数函数关系(m=a+bln t),吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系呈幂函数关系(v=at-b)。(5)C与云南松凋落枝持水性呈正相关关系(p＜0.05),N与华山松凋落枝、P与华山松和云南松凋落叶持水性呈负相关关系(p＜0.05)。综上,氮添加通过改变凋落物分解过程中C、N、P养分元素残留特征进而影响其持水性。 相似文献
10.
龙门山断裂带主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其持水特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
采用野外实地调查与室内控制浸提相结合的方法,对龙门山断裂带常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、常绿针叶林4种森林类型的凋落物储量、持水量、吸水速率进行了研究。结果发现,不同森林类型凋落物总储量大小顺序为:常绿针叶林(8.26t/hm2)落叶阔叶林(6.80t/hm2)针阔混交林(5.52t/hm2)常绿阔叶林(4.61t/hm2),且未分解层累积量所占比例均小于半分解层。不同森林类型不同分解程度凋落物的持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,其吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。研究区4种森林类型半分解层凋落物的持水能力均强于分解层,而落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林持水能力较强,其次是常绿针叶林,常绿阔叶林最低。研究表明,在该区森林植被恢复和重建过程中,应充分考虑半分解层凋落物对水土保持的作用,且宜优选落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林模式进行森林植被恢复。 相似文献
11.
M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
12.
Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
13.
红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
15.
Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
17.
Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
18.
19.
Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
20.
北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题. 相似文献