首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
西安市雨水花园蓄渗雨水径流的试验研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
雨水花园是结合城市景观,以滞留和净化雨水径流为主要功能的生物滞留处理系统,能够在一定程度上减轻城市化进程对城市水文和水质的负面影响。根据在西安市雨水花园蓄渗屋面雨水径流的现场试验,确定在各种暴雨条件下,花园设计及土壤入渗能力不同时,雨水花园拦蓄雨水径流的能力以及花园溢流的时间和溢流量。结果显示,黄土具有良好的入渗能力,达到2.346m/d;在较为湿润的2011年基本没有发生溢流,汇集的雨水径流全部入渗补给了地下水。对于某一重现期的暴雨,雨水花园溢流总量受到降雨强度和历时二者叠加效果的影响。  相似文献   

2.
为了应对城市化对区域水环境的不利影响,我国各地都在积极倡导城市低影响开发(LID),鼓励建设海绵城市。城市雨水花园是目前国际上广泛推崇的一项措施,通过对雨洪的拦蓄,增加入渗,削减污染物的输出。为了研究填充介质以及降雨特征对雨水花园效果的影响,以砂、土分层以及均质黄土2种不同填料雨水花园2a的监测数据,研究了花园对雨水径流总量和洪峰的削减效果,并分析了雨水花园在海绵城市建设中的积极作用。结果表明:在2a监测期内,分层填料雨水花园对14场降雨的水量的削减范围为12.0%~85.9%,平均为44.3%;对径流峰值削减范围为11.2%~93.3%,平均为55.8%;均质黄土填料的花园水量削减范围为9.8%~79.8%,平均39.2%;峰值削减范围为20.3%~89.8%,平均50.5%,分层填料雨水花园对峰值和水量削减均都高于均质黄土填料雨水花园。2个雨水花园的水量削减均与降雨量呈负相关关系,对中小型降雨的水量削减效果更为显著。西安市年内降雨多以中、小型降雨为主,两者之和占总降雨量的69.8%。如果以目前研究区海绵城市建设目标中年径流总量消减80%为控制目标,分层雨水花园和均质雨水花园对小雨的海绵城市完成率分别为98.5%和92.5%;对于中雨,分层和均质填料雨水花园的海绵城市完成率分别为69.0%和62.3%。研究还发现,雨水花园对雨水径流的削减能力与降雨前期的干旱天数呈正相关关系;鉴于研究区——西安雨热同期,雨水花园内土壤水分疏干较快,且降雨间隔天数平均4.25d,此类气候特点有利于雨水花园在该地区高效运行。  相似文献   

3.
雨水花园对实际降雨径流的调控效果研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
基于海绵城市倡导的雨水自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化理念,根据西安地区降雨特征,设计建造了入渗型和防渗型两套雨水花园。2015~2017年对33场次降雨事件径流调控效果进行了监测分析。结果表明:(1)以原状土为填料的防渗型雨水花园设施水量削减率为11.2%~100%(中位数=69.14%);(2)污染物浓度超越概率分析结果显示,径流雨水经过雨水花园系统后,总氮、氨氮、总磷和化学需氧量出流浓度超过地表水环境质量标准Ⅳ类限制的概率,与入流浓度超过地表Ⅳ限制的概率相比,分别降低了58.57%,2.71%,20.57%和29.71%;(3)雨水花园设施场次径流水量削减率与污染物负荷削减率的相关关系在0.857以上;(4)通过监测的场次降雨量及系统进水和出水水质水量,估算的雨水花园系统年径流污染物浓度去除率为11.93%~60.97%,径流污染物年负荷削减率基本在70%以上。  相似文献   

4.
灌木式屋顶绿化设计及对屋面初期雨水的净化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]探讨灌木式屋顶绿化屋面承载力及对屋面初期雨水径流污染物的净化效果,为屋顶绿化设计及雨水资源化利用提供一定的理论指导。[方法]根据屋面所能承受承载力大小及屋面雨水径流的特点设计灌木式屋顶绿化结构,采用蛭石、珍珠岩作为吸水剂,与红壤土、腐殖土按一定比例复配为屋顶灌木绿化的种植基质。通过将收集到的屋面雨水模拟降雨,淋洒屋顶灌木,对其干、湿重荷载和对雨水去除效果进行研究。[结果]1m3复配的人工土壤的饱和吸水量为0.65m^3,种植基质湿容重为1 190kg/m^3,灌木式屋顶绿化的干、湿重荷载分别为261,529kg/m^2。对屋面初期雨水中的SS,COD,TN,TP的削减量分别在60.1%~71.3%,50.0%~61.8%,49.2%~53.2%和55.6%~67.7%之间。[结论]灌木式屋顶绿化能满足一般建筑物屋顶的荷载要求,同时对初期雨水径流具有较好的净化效果。  相似文献   

5.
雨水径流对受纳水体的污染特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以前湖校区为研究对象,以润溪湖为受纳水体,通过对路面雨水径流及湖水在雨前、雨中、雨后的水样进行pH、浊度、SS,COD,TP和氨氮指标测试,探究各项污染物浓度在三个阶段的变化规律,对水体水质作了综合评价,进行受纳水体污染物浓度增加值与雨水径流水质相关性分析。结果表明:雨水径流的汇入,使受纳水体的pH有所降低、其余5项指标浓度均有所增加,水质类别从Ⅳ类水增加到Ⅴ类水,相关性分析结果显著,说明雨水径流的汇入是造成水体污染物增加的主要原因,显著性相关回归方程可用于推算该区域内受纳水体污染物的增加量,预测水体污染程度。并提出了相应的建议,为解决由城市雨水径流所引起的非点源污染问题提供理论参考依据。  相似文献   

6.
[目的]为了分析不同基质层厚度的绿化屋面对雨水的调蓄作用。[方法]通过搭建绿化屋面装置,采用人工降雨模拟器开展试验,在不同基质层厚度和降雨条件下,对绿化屋面的降雨—径流过程、持蓄雨水和减滞洪峰能力进行了研究。[结果]基质层厚度在一定的范围内时,绿化屋面出水的洪峰过程具有很高的相似性;绿化屋面基质层厚度与降雨持蓄率呈指数函数的关系;洪峰削减率与降雨强度无明显关系,主要由基质层厚度决定。[结论]绿化屋面能在一定程度上降低雨水的径流峰值,减少总的径流量,延缓产流时间,且随着基质层厚度的增加,绿化屋面对雨水的调蓄能力越好。  相似文献   

7.
城市化土地利用对降雨径流的影响与调控   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
运用水文模型DRAINMOD模拟了1988-2007年西安市城市土地利用变化对降雨径流产生的影响,通过DRAINMOD模型探讨了降低城市地表径流、增加雨水入渗的调控措施。结果表明:西安地区透水地面的年径流系数为0～0.414,不透水地面的年径流系数在0.677～0.844之间变化;土地利用类型、土壤入渗能力以及降雨强度是影响城区降雨-径流关系的重要因素;当透水与不透水地面比例接近1∶1时,城区综合径流系数达到0.8以上。分析结果显示,通过增加透水地面下凹深度的建设形式来蓄渗雨水可有效增加雨水入渗量,削减地表径流水量,但此类滞留系统对24h最大暴雨的作用有限。  相似文献   

8.
为了对海绵城市的建设措施运行效果进行评估,以济南市兴隆试点区域为主要研究对象,利用SWMM雨洪管理模型,分析了研究区域海绵城市建设前后雨水径流的变化情况。研究发现:海绵城市的建设能够控制雨水径流量、改善地表径流水质;海绵城市建设后,重现期为1～10 a的2 h短历时降雨事件中,研究区域场径流总量控制率提升了41.7～44.5百分点,排放口出流量峰值降低了5.4%～87.9%,峰值时刻延后了3～20 min;与周边未进行海绵城市建设的区域相比,经过建设的区域排放口出流中总悬浮固体、氨氮、总氮、总磷平均浓度值分别削减了89.18%、60.32%、58.21%和42.96%,进一步研究发现,建设海绵城市措施中的生物滞留单元和雨水花园能够减少氨氮、总氮和总磷污染,而透水路面对雨水径流中固体悬浮污染物的滞留吸附有着显著效果。  相似文献   

9.
[目的] 针对已建成的城市雨水花园项目,从生物多样性的角度进行多指标调查评价,分析雨水花园植物的适应性及景观应用效果,旨在为北京地区雨水花园植物群落优化配置提供科学参考。[方法] 通过实地调研,分析和掌握雨水花园植物群落的多样性特征,在定量分析的基础上构建雨水花园植物群落景观评价模型对15个典型雨水花园植物群落进行分级和评价。[结果] ①北京市海绵城市试点建成区雨水花园草本植物共20科,43属,45种,优势科主要集中于菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、百合科(Liliaceae)、景天科(Crassulaceae)等。试点区各样地指数数值差异较小,各调查样地草本植物丰富度相似,植物物种集中性较一致。②试点区雨水花园植物群落景观综合评价总体处于较高水平,各样地中小区类雨水花园植物群落评价明显高于道路类雨水花园植物群落景观。受所在区域地表径流污染程度的影响,不同样地植物生长情况、群落构成有所差别。[结论] 未来还需加强对建成雨水花园植物的定期监测、评估,重视开发本土植物,筛选出优势物种,总结出结构稳定的植物群落配置模式与维护管理手段,为北京市雨水花园植物选择与配置提供科学参考。  相似文献   

10.
基于层次分析法的豫北地区雨水花园植物综合评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]研究豫北地区雨水花园植物的筛选,为雨水花园和海绵城市的建设提供理论支撑。[方法]对国家级海绵城市鹤壁市和河南省省级海绵城市安阳市境内的典型雨水花园植物进行研究,采用AHP层次分析法对29种雨水花园植物进行综合评价,从3个准则层和9个指标层构建植物评价体系。[结果]指标层中的抗旱性、抗湿性、绿化美化特性、去污降污能力4个指标对于雨水花园植物的选择具有重要影响。千屈菜、红蓼、东方狼尾草、鸢尾、细叶芒、花叶芒6种植物综合评价等级为1级;再力花、常夏石竹、八宝景天、美人蕉、金鸡菊、马鞭草、大丽花7种植物综合评价等级为4级;香彩雀、紫叶狼尾草、蜀葵等16种植物综合评价等级为2—3级。[结论]综合评价值为1级的植物是豫北地区建设雨水花园的首选植物;综合评价等级为4级的植物是雨水花园慎重选择的植物材料;综合评价等级为2—3级的植物,选择合适的区域如蓄水区、缓冲区、边缘区进行雨水花园植物的种植。  相似文献   

11.
Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.  相似文献   

12.
  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.  相似文献   

15.
A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.  相似文献   

16.
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.  相似文献   

17.
Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log10. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.  相似文献   

19.
Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.  相似文献   

20.
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号