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1.
Drought stress may affect sucrose accumulation of sugar beet by restricting leaf development and storage root growth. The objective of this study was to identify changes occurring in the storage root of Beta beets in growth characteristics and ions and compatible solutes accumulation under drought with regard to sucrose accumulation. Two pot experiments were conducted: (1) sugar beet well supplied with water (100 % water capacity), under continuous moderate (50 %) and severe drought stress (30 %), (2) sugar beet and fodder beet well supplied with water (100 %) and under continuous severe drought stress (30 %). Under drought stress, the ratio of storage root to leaf dry matter of sugar beet decreased indicating a different partitioning of the assimilates. The sucrose concentration of the storage root was reduced. In the root, the number of cambium rings was only slightly affected, although drought stress was implemented already 6 weeks after sowing. In contrast, the distance between adjacent rings and the cell size was considerably restricted, which points to a reduced expansion of existing sink tissues. The daily rate of sucrose accumulation in the root showed a maximum between 16 and 20 weeks after sowing in well‐watered plants, but it was considerably reduced under drought stress. The concentration of compatible solutes (K, Na, amino acids, glycine betaine, glucose and fructose) decreased during growth, while it was enhanced because of drought. However, when sucrose concentration was added, a constant sum of all examined solutes was found throughout the vegetation period. It was similar in sugar beet and in fodder beet despite different concentrations of single solutes, and the total sum was not affected by water supply. A close negative relationship between the concentration of compatible solutes and sucrose occurred. It is therefore concluded that the accumulation of compatible solutes in the storage root of Beta beets under drought might be a physiological constraint limiting sucrose accumulation.  相似文献   

2.
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3.
尹希龙  石杨  李王胜  兴旺 《作物杂志》2022,38(6):152-40
干旱胁迫是抑制甜菜生长发育和影响产量的重要非生物因素。以耐旱型甜菜种质依安一号（V1）和干旱敏感型种质92011/1-6/1（V2）为试验材料,探讨不同耐旱品种甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应。研究了干旱胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长发育、总叶绿素含量和表观光合指标的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下2种甜菜幼苗的茎粗、根长、株高、叶鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重和根干重均呈下降趋势,V1下降幅度不明显且各指标降低幅度均小于V2;干旱胁迫降低了2种甜菜幼苗的叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量在第7天降到最低,且V1的含量明显高于V2;干旱胁迫使甜菜幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度显著下降,V1受到的影响比V2要小。不同耐旱性甜菜品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制存在一定差异,可以进一步分析其抗旱能力,为甜菜的育种、抗逆栽培和稳产提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
Summary Sugar beet-besides fodder beet, red beet, and chard-belongs to Beta vulgaris L. After it had been confirmed that the sugar of Beta beet is chemically identical with cane sugar, ACHARD started experiments on the production of sugar from fodder beet. He noticed that conical white beets seemed to have the highest sugar content. This first sugar beet, the Weiße Schlesische Rübe, is considered the ancestor of all sugar beets of today. It has been, and continues to be supposed that it had originated from crossings between typical fodder beet and chard. Hints in the literature about possibilities to resynthesize sugar beet by crossing fodder beet with chard were confirmed in the author's own trials; the F2 from the crossing fodder beet Rote Walze x chard Lukullus segregated forms and colour variants largely corresponding to sugar beet. Such new sugar beets are not only important from a theoretical point of view; breeders are interested in new types, too. The synthesis of sugar beet is interpreted from a genetic point of view.  相似文献   

5.
探讨不同程度干旱胁迫对甜菜苗期生长状况的影响,旨在为耐旱甜菜种质选育与抗逆性研究提供理论依据。本研究以两种耐旱型BGRC16137(V1)、依安一号(V2)和两种干旱敏感型92011/1-6/1(V3)、7412/823-3(V4)的甜菜种质为材料,采用PEG模拟干旱,以差异显著性检验和逐步回归分析的方法来衡量干旱胁迫对甜菜的影响。随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,4个甜菜种质的幼苗地上部指标、地下部指标与叶片相对含水量都有显著的降低,根冠比逐渐升高。在各种浓度的干旱胁迫下,耐旱型V1、V2种质的叶鲜重、叶干重、叶饱和鲜重、根长和根鲜重的下降程度都低于旱敏感型V3、V4种质。重度干旱胁迫下,旱敏感型V3、V4种质的叶片相对含水量分别比对照组下降37.33%、43.90%,而耐旱型V1、V2种质仅下降14.94%、20.45%。结果表明耐旱型甜菜种质通过增加叶鲜重、叶干重、叶饱和鲜重、根长、根鲜重和叶片相对含水量来适应干旱胁迫。  相似文献   

6.
滴灌甜菜对块根膨大期水分亏缺的补偿性响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
李阳阳  费聪  崔静  王开勇  马富裕  樊华 《作物学报》2016,42(11):1727-1732
为探讨滴灌甜菜块根膨大期干旱胁迫及复水的生长补偿效应,设置70%(T1)、50%(T2)和30%(T3)田间持水量,调查块根膨大期缺水对滴灌甜菜产量、农艺性状以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,当土壤为30%田间持水量时,甜菜产量比70%和50%田间持水量分别提高51.7%和17.6%,产糖量分别提高48.7%和7.7%。与70%田间持水量相比,50%和30%田间持水量条件下,块根膨大期甜菜电导率、脯氨酸以及过氧化物酶活性均在复水1 d时显著增加。主成分分析表明,细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质以及农艺特性共同调控块根膨大期甜菜抵御干旱胁迫,其中块根可溶性糖含量不能作为甜菜抗旱性鉴定的指标。因此,滴灌甜菜块根膨大期,当土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时及时补充灌溉,不但不影响甜菜生长,还有利于增加块根含糖量。  相似文献   

7.
The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of C3 crops. However, little information exists about the effect of elevated [CO2] on biomass production of sugar beet, and data from field experiments are lacking. In this study, sugar beet was grown within a crop rotation over two rotation cycles (2001, 2004) at present and elevated [CO2] (375 μl l?1 and 550 μl l?1) in a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system and at two levels of nitrogen supply [high (N2), and 50% of high (N1)], in Braunschweig, Germany. The objective of the present study was to determine the CO2 effect on seasonal changes of leaf growth and on final biomass and sugar yield. Shading treatment was included to test whether sugar beet growth is sink limited under elevated [CO2]. CO2 elevation did not affect leaf number but increased individual leaf size in early summer resulting in a faster row closure under both N levels. In late summer CO2 enrichment increased the fraction of senescent leaves under high but not low N supply, which contributed to a negative CO2 effect on leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll content under high N at final harvest. Petioles contained up to 40% water-soluble carbohydrates, which were hardly affected by CO2 but increased by N supply. More N increased biomass production by 21% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, while beet and sugar yield was not influenced. Concentration of α-amino N in the beet fresh weight was increased under low N and decreased under high N by CO2 enrichment. The CO2 response of total biomass, beet yield and white sugar yield was unaffected by N supply. Averaged over both N levels elevated [CO2] increased total biomass by 7% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, and white sugar yield by 12% and 13%. The shading treatment in 2004 prevented the decrease in leaf area index under elevated [CO2] and high N in September. Moreover, the CO2 effect on total biomass (24%) and white sugar yield (28%) was doubled as compared to the unshaded conditions. It is concluded that the growth of the storage root of sugar beet is not source but sink limited under elevated [CO2], which minimizes the potential CO2 effect on photosynthesis and beet yield.  相似文献   

8.
Improvements in drought tolerance of crop plants require research focused on physiological processes. In 2002 and 2003 pot experiments with sugar beet were conducted in a greenhouse. Two (2002) or three (2003) different genotypes were subjected to three watering regimes (100, 50 and 20% of water holding capacity). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and water-use efficiency (WUE) as parameters of possible relevance for drought stress tolerance in sugar beet were investigated. It was studied whether 13C discrimination (Δ) is suitable as an indirect measure for WUE of sugar beet.DM yield, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing severity of drought stress. In contrast, internal CO2 partial pressure remained relatively stable and effective quantum yield of photosynthesis was reduced only under severe drought, which points at non-stomatal inhibition of photosynthesis. Different sugar beet genotypes showed significant differences in DM yield, but interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur, indicating that genotypic differences in drought tolerance did not exist. In accordance with that, drought-sensitivity of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was the same in different genotypes. Δ was higher in the leaves than in the taproot. Reductions in Δ in drought-stressed plants corresponded to about 24% higher WUE. Differentiating between plant organs, only leaf Δ was negatively correlated with WUEL whereas taproot Δ and WUET were unrelated. Δ was therefore proven to be a sensitive indicator for water availability during the growing period. However, similar as other parameters relevant for drought stress tolerance it requires investigations in broader genetic material of sugar beet to detect genotypic differences.  相似文献   

9.
Depending on genotype, sugar beet can differ considerably in yield and quality characteristics. These are additionally modified by environmental conditions with drought stress recently gaining in importance, restricting growth and altering the chemical composition of the beet. The occurrence and development of these genotypic differences during the vegetation period and their possible interaction with environmental conditions were investigated. In 2002 and 2003, four sugar beet genotypes differing in yield and quality and putative different with regard to drought tolerance were tested in field trials, partly under irrigated conditions, in a total of 10 environments with consecutive harvests starting in early summer. In 2 years of stress and non-stress conditions they exhibited significant differences for taproot and leaf dry matter and the concentration of sucrose, K, Na and α-amino nitrogen in the taproot. These differences existed already in mid-June and virtually did not change any more from this time on. Accordingly, interactions between genotype and harvest date did not occur. For sugar beet, genotype by environment interactions generally do not exist. Water supply, as an important single determinant of the effect of the environment, was studied separately analysing data from selected locations. Under drought conditions, withholding irrigation reduced leaf and taproot growth and root-to-leaf ratio, decreased the percentage of sucrose in dry matter and resulted in an accumulation of α-amino N. Interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur for any of the parameters under study. A genotype-specific high α-amino N content, which might be of advantage for osmoregulation, did not improve the adaptation to drought. Differences in leaf maintenance or taproot-to-leaf ratio during drought also did not affect yield response. Due to the lack of interaction between genotype and harvest date as well as between genotype and irrigation it is concluded that harvest date or climatic factors of the growing region do not have to be taken into consideration when choosing a variety.  相似文献   

10.
Morpho-physiological and molecular analysis were conducted to identify useful root indexes of sugar beet nutrient uptake capacity and productivity. Root architectural parameters, root elongation rate, sulfate uptake rate and glucose and fructose content in the root apex, traits involved in the plant response to sulfate stress, were evaluated in 18 sugar beet genotypes characterized by different root yield. Morpho-physiological traits, determined on 11-day-old seedlings grown in hydroponics under sulfate deprivation, showed variations from 59 to 197% and were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with root yield. Under field conditions, the highest root yield genotype (L18), which has the highest root phenotypic values following sulfate shortage, also showed the greatest root length density and leaf relative water content, with respect to the lowest root yield genotype (L01). Bulk segregant analysis based on AFLP analysis, done on a segregating progeny obtained from the cross between the two lines L01 × L18, allowed the identification of two AFLP markers associated to the root elongation rate parameter that showed the highest variation among all the analyzed root traits. The genetic diversity of root adaptive traits and the use of marker-assisted selection aimed at increasing sugar yield under water and nutrient stress in sugar beet breeding programmes are discussed.  相似文献   

11.
To study the effects of different levels of drought stress on root yield and some morpho-physiological traits of sugar beet genotypes, a study was conducted in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, Iran in 2013 as strip-split plot experiments based on randomized complete block design. Different levels of drought stress were considered as vertical factor in three levels including normal irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress. Horizontal factor was assigned to five varieties of sugar beet. Drought stress had a significant effect on root dry weight, total dry weight, root yield, and leaf temperature at 1% probability level and on leaf dry weight, crown dry weight, and harvest index at 5% probability level. Drought stress had an adverse effect on root yield of investigated genotypes of sugar beet. Under normal conditions, the mean of root yield was higher than middle and severe drought stress. Different investigated genotypes of sugar beet responded to drought stress based on their yield potential. The highest positive correlation of root yield was observed with root dry weight (r=0.977**). Stepwise regression analysis and path coefficient analysis showed that root dry weight and petiole dry weight are the most important traits that can affect root yield of sugar beet under drought stress and can used as selection criteria in investigated cultivars of sugar beet. Finally, 7221 genotypes can be considered as tolerant genotypes in the next studies. In comparison, Jolgeh cultivar (as susceptible control) yielded well in areas with normal irrigation, but under moderate and severely stresses its root yield was reduced.  相似文献   

12.
膜下滴灌条件下高产甜菜灌溉的生理指标   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
甜菜是我国重要的糖料作物,其生物产量高,需水量大,合理灌溉是节约用水、提高产量的有效措施之一。本试验连续两年研究了内蒙古半干旱地区膜下滴灌条件下,不同灌水量甜菜块根产量与叶面积指数、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势、土壤含水量和耗水量之间的关系,以及不同灌水量对甜菜产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,高产甜菜的叶面积指数在叶丛快速生长期大于7.37,在块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期分别为6.08~6.51和4.19~5.57,在叶丛快速生长期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期叶水势分别为–0.09~–0.22、–0.18~–0.39和–0.26~–0.48 MPa,净光合速率分别为21.28~28.23、21.90~28.75和22.06~26.58μmol m–2 s–1,蒸腾速率在叶丛快速生长期和块根糖分增长期分别为9.36~10.21 mmol m–2 s–1和6.37~7.73 mmol m–2 s–1,在糖分积累期大于4.69 mmol m–2 s–1,耗水量分别为140.15~312.78、44.93~200.45和56.32~113.06 mm。甜菜产量、产糖量、水分利用效率均高的合理灌溉量,在丰雨年份(生育期降雨量500 mm)为1350 m3 hm–2,在少雨年份(生育期降雨量300 mm)为1800 m3 hm–2,为甜菜节水灌溉提供了理论依据和生理指标。  相似文献   

13.
对336份甜菜种质资源苗期的15个表型和生理生化指标进行测定，并通过隶属函数、主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析方法对甜菜种质资源耐旱性进行综合评价。结果表明，干旱胁迫后叶干重、株高、根长、叶鲜重、根鲜重、根干重、叶片饱和鲜重和叶片相对含水量等指标均显著降低，根冠比、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量等4个指标均显著高于对照。主成分分析将15个单一指标转化为6个综合指标，可代表原始数据信息的75.95%。聚类分析将336份甜菜种质资源分为5个类群，其中耐旱性强种质16份，耐旱性较强种质49份，耐旱性中等种质109份，耐旱性较弱种质79份，耐旱性弱种质83份。相关性分析结果显示，胚轴直径、株高、根长、叶鲜重、根鲜重、根干重、叶干重、叶片饱和鲜重、叶片相对含水量和根冠比与D值呈显著相关性。  相似文献   

14.
Autumn sown sugar beets (winter beets) are expected to yield markedly higher than spring sown beets. This requires a continuous growth during an extended growing period. So far, bolting‐resistant sugar beet varieties are not available to test winter beets under field conditions in Central Europe. The objective of this study was therefore to analyse yield formation and sugar storage of sugar beet plants during an extended growing period to estimate whether sugar beet has the potential to generate the theoretically expected yield increase. From 2008 to 2012, pot experiments were carried out in the glasshouse with 11 sowing dates spread over the years with sequential harvests. The oldest plants were grown for 859 days (14 242 °Cd). Root fresh matter yield continuously increased till the latest harvest. In contrast, the sugar concentration reached an optimum value between 3400 and 5000 °Cd and then decreased with time. Despite longer growing periods, the number of cambium rings, which are regarded as essential for sugar storage, did not change. This points to an early and genetically fixed determination of the formation of cambium rings. Additionally, the rate of photosynthesis decreased concomitantly with the sugar concentration. In conclusion, there is some evidence that the sugar concentration of the storage root is limited by the sink capacity, which in turn controls the source activity by a feedback regulation of photosynthesis and leaf formation. The dry matter composition of the storage root changed towards lower sugar concentration and concurrent higher concentration of cell wall compounds (marc). The sugar yield still increased beyond a thermal time at which winter beets will probably be harvested in practice. Hence, the theoretical yield increase in autumn sown sugar beets can be realized, provided that the plants show sufficient winter hardiness and bolting resistance.  相似文献   

15.
A. González  L. Ayerbe 《Euphytica》2010,172(3):341-349
The effect of drought on barley leaf epicuticular wax load (EWL), residual transpiration rates (RTR) and grain yield was examined by subjecting 12 barley genotypes to controlled irrigation and terminal water stress conditions. The mean leaf epicuticular wax load was found to be 9% greater in the plants subjected to terminal water stress than in those provided irrigation, while the mean residual transpiration rate of the irrigated plants was 20% higher than in those subjected to water stress. Under these stress conditions, the correlation between grain yield and the epicuticular wax load was positive (P < 0.01), while that between the grain yield and the residual transpiration rate was negative (P < 0.05). Under the water stress conditions, the breeding lines studied showed a greater mean epicuticular wax load than the commercial varieties, while the residual transpiration rate was greater in these varieties than in the breeding lines. The greater epicuticular wax load of the breeding lines favoured their tolerance of drought, improving their yields over those of the commercial varieties.  相似文献   

16.
北京地区引种菊苣在不同水分条件下光合与蒸腾特性初探   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
根据北京地区的气候特点设置水分充足、中度干旱和干旱3个处理,考查生理生态特性的规律和3个生育时期(莲坐叶丛期、抽薹初期、现蕾期)间的变化规律。研究结果表明,菊苣叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都有双峰型日变化规律;土壤水分不足能明显降低菊苣叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率,加剧或提前菊苣“光午休,,现象的发生。菊苣在抽薹初期对水分缺失反应较敏感。叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率存在弱的二次线性相关关系。  相似文献   

17.
Drought stress is a major limiting factor for crop production in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Here, we screened eighty barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes collected from different geographical locations contrasting in drought stress tolerance and quantified a range of physiological and agronomical indices in glasshouse trails. The experiment was conducted in large soil tanks subjected to drought treatment of eighty barley genotypes at three‐leaf stage and gradually brought to severe drought by withholding irrigation for 30 days under glasshouse conditions. Also, root length of the same genotypes was measured from stress‐affected plants growing hydroponically. Drought tolerance was scored 30 days after the drought stress commenced based on the degree of the leaf wilting, fresh and dry biomass and relative water content. These characteristics were related to stomatal conductance, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Na, K, Cl contents measured in control (irrigated) plants. Responses to drought stress differed significantly among the genotypes. The overall drought tolerance was significantly correlated with relative water content, stomatal conductance and leaf Na+ and K+ contents. No significant correlations between drought tolerance and root length of 6‐day‐old seedling, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Cl? content were found. Taking together, these results suggest that drought‐tolerant genotypes have lower stomatal conductance, and lower water content, Na+, K+ and Cl? contents in their tissue under control conditions than the drought‐sensitive ones. These traits make them more resilient to the forthcoming drought stress.  相似文献   

18.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production is negatively affected by drought stress. This is particularly true for alfalfa grown on non‐irrigated rangelands. Thus, the development of drought‐tolerant alfalfa cultivars is of great significance. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate 11 alfalfa accessions including several that are adapted to rangeland conditions and two commercial accessions, for their performance under drought condition. Water supply was adjusted based on the transpiration rate of individual plants to compensate for 100, 75, 50 or 25 % of transpirational water loss. We found that RS, a naturalized alfalfa collected from the Grand River National Grassland in South Dakota, showed the best resistance to drought condition. It showed the smallest reduction in stem elongation (36 %), relative growth rate (14 %), and shoot dry mass (40 %) production under the severest drought tested in this study relative to the non‐drought treatment. While RS showed less biomass production under well‐watered conditions, it produced similar or more shoot biomass under drought conditions compared to other accessions. Associated with the drought resistance or less sensitivity to drought, RS showed greater capability to maintain root growth, shoot relative water content, and leaf chlorophyll content compared to other accessions. Different from other accessions, RS showed increasing water use efficiency (WUE) as water deficit became severe, reaching the greatest WUE among 11 accessions. Our results suggest that RS is a valuable genetic resource that can be used to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine drought resistance in alfalfa and to develop alfalfa with improved WUE.  相似文献   

19.
Two field trials were carried out in two years in heavy soils of NE Italy, with the aim of studying the effects of water and nitrogen management on fibrous root distribution and dynamics in sugar beet (cv. Dorotea). In conditions of moderate water deficit (year 2002, Conselice, Ravenna, clay soil), two water regimes (irrigation to 100% of potential evapotranspiration, and rainfed) were factorially combined with three rates of nitrogen application (180, 90, 0 kg ha−1). Irrigation increased volumetric root length density (RLDv) without N application and at the medium N rate – a common amount in beet cultivation – but reduced it at the maximum N dose. The medium N rate increased RLDv and shifted root distribution towards shallow layers, regardless of water regime.In the conditions of marked drought of 2003 (Legnaro, Padova, silty-loam soil), at a single rate of N supply (90 kg ha−1) irrigation increased total production (length) of fibrous roots throughout the soil profile (1.8 m), except in the 0.5–1 m interval, and improved the length of standing living roots during the season. Although the maximum root depth at the end of the season was similar in the two water regimes (about 1.9 m), irrigated roots reached the saturated soil layers 10 days earlier than in rainfed plants. The main result was reduced root turnover in deep soil layers (>1 m) and an increase at the surface in the rainfed treatments in conditions of drought, a probable mechanism of adaptation to a more marked gradient of soil moisture compared with irrigation.  相似文献   

20.
Remote sensing and vegetation indices can be used to characterize the canopy of crops with a non‐destructive method on a large scale. Leaf area formation of sugar beet in early summer is the most important variable for crop growth models. This study aimed at estimating whether differences in leaf area development of sugar beet resulting from different agronomic practices can be determined with remote sensing. The relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI) during the season and yield of the storage root in autumn was studied in six field trials in 2001 and nine field trials in 2002. The vegetation index NDVI gave a good impression of differences in leaf development of sugar beet in early summer. LAI increased with increasing NDVI up to an NDVI of 0.65. Above that the NDVI did not respond as distinctly to treatments as the LAI. An exponential function was developed to calculate sugar beet LAI from NDVI, so that remote sensing data can be used as input variable for crop growth models. The yield of the storage root in autumn did not show any relationship to LAI or NDVI during the season, regardless of whether it was measured in June or September. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to combine NDVI data with crop growth models to forecast a potential sugar beet yield in autumn. For this purpose the formula presented is a valuable tool.  相似文献   

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