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1.
Rumen microorganisms produce various fibrolytic enzymes and degrade lignocellulosic materials into nutrient sources for ruminants; therefore, the characterization of fibrolytic enzymes contributing to the polysaccharide degradation in the rumen microbiota is important for efficient animal production. This study characterized the fibrolytic isozyme activities of a rumen microbiota from four groups of housed cattle (1, breeding Japanese Black; 2, feedlot Japanese Black; 3, lactating Holstein Friesian; 4, dry Holstein Friesian). Rumen fluids in all cattle groups showed similar concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and reducing sugars, whereas acetic acid contents and pH were different among them. Predominant genera were commonly detected in all cattle, although the bacterial compositions were different among cattle groups. Zymograms of whole proteins in rumen fluids showed endoglucanase activities at 55 and 57 kDa and xylanase activity at 44 kDa in all cattle. Meanwhile, several fibrolytic isozyme activities differed among cattle groups and individuals. Treponema, Succinivibrio, Anaeroplasma, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcus, and Butyrivibrio showed positive correlations with fibrolytic isozyme activities. Further, endoglucanase activity at 68 kDa was positively correlated with pH. This study suggests the characteristics of fibrolytic isozyme activities and their correlations with the rumen microbiota.  相似文献   

2.
We investigated changes in the predicted functions of the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle during fattening. Nine cattle were fed a high-concentrate diet during the early, middle, and late fattening stages consecutively (10–14, 15–22, and 23–30 months of age, respectively). The rumen fluid and solid samples collected at each stage were subjected to sequencing analyses. The sequencing results were clustered and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Representative sequences and a raw counting table for each OTU were submitted to the Piphillin website. The predicted functions were revealed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database as the ratio of the total sequence. In the early stage, “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than in the solid fraction. “Two-component system” in the middle stage was significantly lower and “Purine metabolism” in the late stage was significantly higher in the fluid fraction than those in the solid fraction. The fluid fraction was significantly correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, and bacterial metabolism, such as “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites” and “Sugar metabolism.” Moreover, the solid fraction was correlated with “Purine metabolism” and “Biosynthesis of secondary metabolism”. These results suggest that the rumen bacterial community in Japanese Black beef cattle adapts to changes in rumen conditions by altering their functions in response to a long-term high-grain diet.  相似文献   

3.
We aimed to assess the effect of feeding Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on the growth and rumen microbiota in the preweaned calves. Twelve newborn Japanese Black calves were randomly allocated to either the control (n = 6) or the treatment (n = 6) groups in the present study. Calves in the treatment group were offered B. subtilis C-3102 supplemented milk replacer throughout the preweaning period. Rumen fermentation during the first 21 days of life seemed to be slightly suppressed by feeding B. subtilis C-3102. This fermentation shift was probably attributed to the lower abundance of the core members of rumen microbiota until 21 days of age in the calves fed B. subtilis C-3102. However, feeding B. subtilis C-3102 did not influence the abundance of the core members of rumen microbiota at 90 days of age. Distribution of Sharpea spp. and Megasphaera spp., which potentially contribute to low methane production and are regarded as beneficial rumen bacteria, was higher in the rumen of calves fed B. subtilis C-3102 at 90 days of age. These results suggest that B. subtilis C-3102 supplementation in milk replacer could potentially contribute to the improvement of feed efficiency after weaning via the establishment of beneficial rumen bacteria.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of a higher concentrate feed during the raising period on the growth and carcass of Japanese Black cattle being fattened at a younger age were investigated using three pairs of artificially bred identical twins and three pairs of full‐sibs. The animals were fed the concentrate at 2.4%/day (2.4% group) and 1.2%/day (1.2% group) comparative bodyweight (BW) during the raising period. The BW and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured every month using ultrasonic equipment. The animals were slaughtered at the age of 24 months. The BW of the 2.4% group from the age of 6–10 months appeared to be higher than that of the 1.2% group (P < 0.1). The subcutaneous fat of the 2.4% group from the age of 7–11 months was thicker than that of the 1.2% group (P < 0.1). After those ages, the BW and subcutaneous fat of the two groups did not differ and there was no difference in the carcass characteristics between the two groups. Using a higher concentrate feed during the raising period for younger fattening of Japanese Black cattle influenced growth from the late half of the raising period to the early part of the fattening period.  相似文献   

5.
Beef marbling is an important trait of meat quality and beef marbling influences the tenderness and flavor of beef, which contributes directly to the value of beef especially in the Japanese market. The lipid content of beef depends on the strain, sex, diet and fattening period of the animal. Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) are well‐known for their ability to produce marbling beef and this is a popular strain in Japan. The development of beef marbling was closely associated with an increase in the number of adipocytes, that is, adipocyte differentiation in the skeletal muscle. This review article describes our experiment and related reports on micronutrients, especially vitamins and minerals, affecting adipogenesis in beef cattle. We pursue the possibility that manipulating the level of dietary micronutrients may become a new technique to promote beef marbling.  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在探究不同蛋白源日粮条件下添加乳酸链球菌素（nisin）对育肥湖羊瘤胃发酵及微生物菌群结构的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,两因子分别为蛋白源[豆粕（SBM）、干玉米酒精糟及其可溶物（DDGS）]和nisin （添加水平为0或30.5 mg·kg-1 DM）,两两组合,配制4种等氮等能日粮。选取32只体重（23±2） kg的断奶湖羊公羔,按照随机区组设计,根据体重分为2个区组（低体重组,16只;高体重组,16只）,每个区组的湖羊随机分配到4个组并分别饲喂对应日粮,单栏饲喂。试验预饲期1周,正式期9周,试验期结束时每组从高、低体重区组中各随机选取3只湖羊（共24只）进行屠宰,采集瘤胃内容物,提取微生物基因组DNA,利用Illumina MiSeq测序和Real-time qPCR方法分析瘤胃微生物菌群结构。研究结果表明,除Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group和Unclassified Bacteroidetes相对丰度外,日粮蛋白源与nisin对其他所有测定指标（瘤胃发酵参数、瘤胃菌群数量、瘤胃细菌多样性及相对丰度等）均不存在交互作用（P>0.05）。日粮添加nisin对所有测定指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。与饲喂豆粕湖羊相比,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃乙酸、氨态氮浓度及总支链脂肪酸（BCVFA）浓度显著降低（P<0.05）。qPCR结果显示,饲喂不同蛋白源日粮湖羊瘤胃总菌、真菌及甲烷菌数量均无显著差异（P≥0.053）,但相对于饲喂豆粕湖羊而言,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃内原虫和嗜氨梭菌（C.aminophilum）数量显著降低（P<0.05）。Illumina-MiSeq测序结果表明,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃内细菌Chao1指数和ACE指数显著升高（P<0.05）。不同日粮处理组在门水平上的优势菌门均为Bacteroidetes及Firmicutes;在属水平各处理组的主要优势菌属为Prevotella 1、Christensenellaceae R-7 group和Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group。饲喂不同蛋白源湖羊瘤胃细菌在门水平上并未产生显著影响（P≥0.14）;在属水平上,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃Pseudobutyrivibrio和Roseburia丰度均显著高于饲喂豆粕湖羊（P<0.05）,而Butyrivibrio 2以及Ruminococcaceae UCG-005的相对丰度显著低于饲喂豆粕湖羊（P<0.05）。综上所述,使用DDGS作为日粮蛋白源改变了湖羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群结构,原虫和C.aminophilum数量的降低可能是导致瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著降低的主要原因;日粮添加30.5 mg·kg-1 DM的nisin对育肥期湖羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群结构均无显著影响。  相似文献   

7.
The objective of the current study is to evaluate the association between fatty acid composition and fatty acid synthase gene polymorphisms as responsible mutations. For this purpose, we selected seven previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FASN gene, including one within promoter region (g.841G>C) and six non‐synonymous SNPs (g.8805C>T, g.13126C>T, g.15532A>C, g.16024A>G, g.16039C>T, g.17924A>G), and genotyped them in Japanese Black cattle. Genotyping results revealed that g.8805 C>T and g.17924 A>G were monomorphic loci. Genome‐wide association analysis including the other five SNPs revealed that only g.841G>C showed significant associations with the percentages of C14:0, C14:1, C16:1 and C18:1 at 5% genome‐wide significance level. In order to further evaluate the effect, we genotyped g.841G>C using additional three populations, including two Japanese Black populations and a Holstein cattle population. g.16024A>G was also genotyped and included in the analysis because it has been reported to be associated with fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. In the result of analysis of variance, g.841G>C showed stronger effects on fatty acid percentage than those of g.16024A>G in all populations. These results suggested that g.841G>C would be a responsible mutation for fatty acid composition and contribute to production of high‐grade beef as a selection marker in beef cattle.  相似文献   

8.
Fatty acid composition of beef adipose tissue is one of its important traits because a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid is related to favorable beef flavor and tenderness. In this study, we searched polymorphisms in full length coding DNA sequence of urotensin 2 recepter and investigated the effects on fatty acid composition (C14:0, C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, monounsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid). Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified by sequence comparison among eight animals, including five Japanese Black and three Holstein cattle. One of these SNP (c.866C>T) was predicted to cause amino acid substitutions (P289L) and the other seven synonymous SNP, including c.267C>T, were presumed to be in linkage disequilibrium. Therefore we selected two SNP (c.267C>T and c.866C>T) for further analysis. We investigated associations between these genotypes and fatty acid composition in three Japanese Black populations (n = 560, 245 and 287) and a Holstein population (n = 202). Tukey‐Kramer's honestly significant difference test revealed that CC genotype in c.267C>T indicated lower C14:0 and higher C18:1 than the other genotypes in Japanese Black cattle and CC genotype in c.866C>T showed lower C16:1 than CT genotype in Holstein cattle (P < 0.05). These results suggested that these genotypes would contribute to production of high‐grade meat as selection markers in beef cattle.  相似文献   

9.
Japanese Black cattle are at risk for genetic homogeneity due to intensive use of a few sires. Therefore, assessment of the actual genetic diversity of this breed is important for future breeding plans. In the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity within and among eight subpopulations of Japanese Black cattle using 52 microsatellite markers. The parameters for genetic diversity of Japanese Black cattle were comparable to those of other cattle breeds, suggesting that the relatively high genetic diversity of the breed. However, upon comparison among the eight subpopulations, the Hyogo subpopulation showed markedly low genetic diversity. The results of the pairwise FST values, phylogenetic network and structure analysis indicated that the Hyogo population has remarkably high level of genetic differentiation from other populations, while Yamagata, Niigata, Hiroshima and Kagawa populations have low levels of genetic differentiation. Furthermore, multidimensional scaling plots indicated that individuals in some subpopulations were separated from individuals in the other subpopulations. We conclude that while the overall genetic diversity of Japanese Black cattle is still maintained at a relatively high level, that of a particular subpopulation is significantly reduced, and therefore the effective population size of the breed needs to be controlled by correct mating strategies.  相似文献   

10.
This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding kraft pulp (KP) on the growth performance, feed digestibility, and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black fattening steers. Ten Japanese Black fattening steers (aged 26 months) were randomly divided into control and KP groups. The control group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed without KP, and the KP group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed containing 10% KP. Both the groups were provided rice straw as roughage. The experiment was conducted over a period of 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, and nutrient digestibility between both groups. No difference was observed in the ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids among the groups. At weeks 8 and 12 after the onset of the experiment, the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The average daily pH of ruminal fluid and activity of ruminal lipopolysaccharide did not differ between the groups. Our results suggested that the growth performance and feed digestibility in the Japanese Black fattening steers were not influenced by replacing concentrate feed with KP.  相似文献   

11.
郏县红牛是中国八大地方良种黄牛品种之一。为解决保种困境,充分发挥郏县红牛种质资源优势,经不断探索发现,郏县红牛经科学育肥至28月龄左右,其肌间脂肪沉积优秀,能形成可媲美日本和牛肉的大理石花纹,具有生产高档牛肉的潜力。本文就郏县红牛生产高档牛肉的育肥原理、育肥牛选择、育肥阶段及营养标准、日粮原料调制和管理等几个方面进行了论述。  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between marbling and serum leptin concentrations. First, we compared serum leptin concentrations between Japanese Black cattle and Holstein calves, and found that the mean serum concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Japanese Black cattle (2.67 ± 0.41 ng/mL, n = 13) than in Holstein calves (1.79 ± 0.43 ng/mL, n = 5). We then examined the effects of roughage intake or vitamin A on the serum leptin concentrations in Japanese Black cattle. Although the leptin concentrations for the high roughage group were significantly higher than those for the low roughage group at 4, 7 and 20 months old, there was no significant difference in the carcass characteristics of the two groups. In addition, although there was a significant difference in the marbling score between the high vitamin A group and low vitamin A group, there was no significant difference in serum leptin concentrations between the groups. These results suggest that although serum leptin concentrations were not significantly correlated to the marbling scores they may be related to the genetic advantage for marbling in Japanese Black cattle.  相似文献   

13.
Pineapple stem starch (PS) was evaluated for its suitability as a new starch source in concentrate for fattening cattle, based on the growth performance, blood profile, and rumen parameters of 36 steers in a 206‐day feeding study. PS was formulated as a 40% concentrate and fed with forage in comparison with ground corn (GC) and ground cassava (CA) formulated at the same level. PS feeding improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio without affecting feed intake. PS did not obviously influence blood lipid profiles throughout the experiment. Ruminal concentration of total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased with PS without affecting SCFA composition throughout the feeding study. Rumen amylolytic group, especially Ruminococcus bromii, was dominant in the rumen microbial community, and showed increased abundance by PS feeding throughout the experiment. These results clearly indicate the potential of PS as a useful starch source for fattening cattle in terms of rumen fermentation and growth performance.  相似文献   

14.
试验旨在探索鲁西黄牛与不同优良肉牛品种的杂交效果，提高鲁西黄牛的生产性能。选取111头健康公牛分为4组：A组为29头利木赞牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（利鲁牛）；B组为26头西门塔尔牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（西鲁牛）；C组为27头和牛×鲁西牛杂交牛（和鲁牛）；D组为29头纯种鲁西牛。在相同饲养管理条件下进行育肥及屠宰试验，并对育肥效果进行综合分析。结果显示，利木赞牛、西门塔尔牛、和牛对鲁西牛均有较好的杂交改良效果；平均日增重以西鲁牛最高，极显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.01）；宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率均以西鲁牛最高，显著高于其他3组牛（P<0.05）；和鲁牛大理石花纹沉积能力最强；日平均采食量和日平均饲料成本在各组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析，从产肉量来讲，西鲁牛最佳；从大理石花纹沉积能力来讲，和鲁牛最佳。  相似文献   

15.
We investigated the effects of wood kraft pulp (KP) feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black (JB) steer in the middle fattening stage. The feeding experiment was carried out a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design using six JB steers (16.2 ± 0.8 months of age). Steers were fed rice straw and three concentrated feeds: commercial formula feed (control), formula feed containing 7.5% KP on a dry matter (DM) basis (7.5% KP), and formula feed containing 15% KP on a DM basis (15% KP). Feed digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded for 3 days during the measurement period, after an adaptation phase of 11 days. There was no significant difference in DM intake per day among diets. A slightly higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was observed in steers fed 15% KP, compared with those fed other diets (P = 0.059). The butyric acid ratio in rumen fluid was higher in steers fed KP diets than in steers fed control (P = 0.083). The average ruminal pH was unaffected by KP diets. This study suggests that replacing 15% of concentrated feed with KP has little effect on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation in JB fattening steer.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity and fluctuation in the ciliate protozoan population in the rumen of cattle. DNA was extracted from the rumen of three ruminally cannulated, crossbred cattle and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐derived clone library was constructed, using a specific primer set targeting 18S ribosomal RNA genes of ciliate protozoa. DNA fragments of seven selected clones were validated for standard DNA of the protozoa‐specific real‐time PCR assay. Furthermore, population fluctuation of ciliate protozoa and methanogens in the cattle rumen was determined by real‐time PCR. A total of 60 clones were sequenced, phylogenetically analyzed, and classified into 24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on a 99% similarity criterion. More than 80% sequences were phylogenetically placed in the genus Entodinium. The rest of the sequences were placed in the genus Diploplastron (5%), Dasytricha (8.3%) and Isotricha (3.3%). The results suggest that Entodinium was the dominant group in the rumen of cattle used in this study. The ciliate protozoan population showed no significant change in numbers during the monitoring period and reached a peak at 3 h after feeding. Changes in the protozoa population were lower than those of the methanogens.  相似文献   

17.
根据肉牛不同发育阶段的生理特点和补偿代谢机制,采用分阶段低精料日粮设计方案,育肥前期以粗饲料为主,适当补充蛋白饲料,育肥后期以高能量饲料为主,粗饲料作为调节适量饲喂。通过与持续精料日粮方案对比可知,低精料日粮方案育肥牛平均日增重1．57kg,较持续精料日增重相对提高了15．9％;低精料日粮方案节约精饲料用量、降低育肥成本,饲养成本较持续精料日粮方案降低了22．7％。试验结果表明,分阶段低精料日粮设计方案可减轻持续饲喂精料对育肥牛瘤胃造成的伤害,进而保证了育肥牛的健康生长。  相似文献   

18.
The effect of the presence of ruminal protozoa on the composition of fecal microbiota in cattle was investigated. Six castrated Holstein cattle (mean bodyweight 137 kg) were divided into two groups: three faunated and three unfaunated. The fecal bacterial composition of the faunated and unfaunated cattle was compared using a culture method and by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. Approximately 0.4 to 2.3% of the bacterial cells detected by microscopy formed colonies on medium 10. The major terminal restriction fragments were detected in the T‐RFLP profiles generated by Hha I and Msp I digestion in both the faunated and unfaunated cattle. In particular, the Bacteroides group, the Clostridium coccoides group and the Clostridium leptum subgroup might be the known bacterial groups that protozoa influence by Msp I digestion. From the dendrogram analysis by T‐RFLP patterns, the faunated and unfaunated cattle were divided into two clusters, I and II, respectively. These results suggest that absence of protozoa in the rumen changes the composition of fecal bacteria.  相似文献   

19.
Marbling in beef, measured by Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) number, is an economically important trait for beef cattle breeding and markets in Japan. We previously detected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMS number of Japanese Black in Oita prefecture: c.*188G>A in AKIRIN2, g.1471620G>T in EDG1 and g.3109537C>T in RPL27A. Here, we carried out single and multiple marker association analyses for the three SNPs in a different commercial Japanese Black population of 892 genotyped animals. The single marker analyses with the model including a single SNP showed significant associations of all SNPs with BMS number. The multiple marker analysis with the model including the main effects of the three SNPs and their interactions detected only significant main effects of g.1471620G>T and g.3109537C>T and a significant interaction between c.*188G>A and g.1471620G>T. These findings suggest the presence of inter‐allelic interactions among genes affecting the development of beef marbling. For effective marker‐assisted selection for BMS number, interactions among these markers need to be considered.  相似文献   

20.
The growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene is responsible for growth and carcass traits, and polymorphisms associated with the variation of meat production are thought to occur in the liver‐specific promoter of the GHR gene in cattle. The aim of this study was to analyse the structure of the liver‐specific promoter of GHR in Japanese Black cattle, as the relationship between GHR polymorphism and meat production is poorly understood in this breed. Typically in European cattle, the LINE‐1 element, a family of retrotransposons, is inserted in the liver‐specific promoter. However, a short GHR promoter without the LINE‐1 sequence was found in the Japanese Black breed as in Bos indicus cattle. The frequency of the short allele was approximately 60%. In addition, 24 of 29 Holstein/Japanese Black crosses carried the short allele from their sire. The present result suggests that the short allele for GHR may be a candidate marker for improving meat production of Japanese Black cattle.  相似文献   

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