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对硒的生物学特性,硒对奶牛健康的影响以及奶牛对硒的需要量作了比较全面的综述,为在奶牛饲养过程中提供科学的参考依据。 相似文献
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本实验对奶牛血清硒及组织硒进行了测定,结果为青年牛(12～22月龄)的血清硒含量为40.2±4.8(ng/g),成年牛为51.8±5.2(ng/g)。组织硒含量以肾最高,其次为胰、心肌、肺、肝、肠、脾、肌腱,神经最少。通过对硒代谢的测定,可以知道补一次硒(皮下注射)其可在奶牛体内维持40d左右,此结论可为防治奶牛硒缺乏症或者硒缺乏有关的反应症提供重要的科学依据。 相似文献
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通过阐述硒能增强奶牛抗氧化功能,改善奶牛的繁殖机能,降低奶牛乳房炎的发生率和改善奶质,减少奶牛胎衣不下的发生率,提高犊牛存活率以及拮抗氟中毒的作用,综合介绍了硒对奶牛饲养上的保健增产作用。 相似文献
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奶牛乳腺炎在临产和泌乳期奶牛中发病率较高,严重影响乳腺健康和牛奶生产,对世界范围内的奶牛业造成重大经济损失。微量元素硒可降低奶牛乳腺炎的发病率和严重程度。本文从硒与奶牛乳腺炎的关系、硒在炎症中对先天性免疫和获得性免疫的调节作用以及硒对炎症相关信号转导机制的调控等几个方面进行了综述,为通过饲粮补硒以改善奶牛乳腺健康提供理论支持。 相似文献
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硒弹及其向奶牛瘤胃投放的操作方法○黑龙江省勃利种畜场奶牛分场（１５４６３１）杨焕辰徐元春孙先哲用硒弹给动物补硒是最新科技成果。使用硒弹要从动物口腔投入胃内。因动物抗拒，投入难度较大。我们在给奶牛使用硒弹过程中，探索出只需简单地保定奶牛，不用开口器或其... 相似文献
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奶牛日粮中添加富硒酵母对乳硒和血清硒含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
通过日粮添加富硒酵母研究有机硒对泌乳奶牛乳硒含量和血清硒含量的影响。试验选择24头胎次相同,泌乳日龄、产奶量和体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,对照组和处理组均饲喂相同的TMR基础日粮,TMR基础日粮硒含量为0.33 mg/kg,处理组另补充富硒酵母,源于富硒酵母的硒为0.78 mg/kg DM,整个试验期56 d。试验结果表明,添加富硒酵母后对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳常规和乳常规产量没有显著影响,但显著提高了血清和牛奶中硒含量,分别为123.1和97.7 μg/L,与对照组相比,血清硒含量和牛奶硒含量分别提高了60.5%和194.3%。同时,在整个试验期内,血清硒含量呈上升趋势,而牛奶硒很快达到了稳定状态。 相似文献
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不同水平酵母硒对奶牛血液抗氧化能力的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本研究旨在通过在奶牛日粮中添加酵母硒,探讨其对奶牛血液抗氧化能力和泌乳性能的影响,为酵母硒在奶牛养殖业中的应用提供参考依据。试验选取40头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,分为4组,对照组添加亚硒酸钠,添加后硒水平为0.3 mg/kg日粮,3个处理组在日粮基础上添加酵母硒,添加后日粮硒水平分别为:0.3、0.4 5和0.6 mg/kg。对试验牛群乳样和血样分析表明:与亚硒酸钠相比,添加酵母硒可以极显著降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.0 1),-提高全血硒含量及血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活力(P<0.0 1);在0.3 mg/kg硒水平下,与亚硒酸钠相比饲喂酵母硒奶牛血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.0 5),综合考虑,日粮硒水平为0.4 5 mg/kg的酵母硒添加组效果较好。 相似文献
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选用35头处于干奶期40d、泌乳期相近和上胎平均日产奶量20kg的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为7组,即:对照组、亚硒酸钠(7.5mgSe·d-1、15mgSe·d-1和22.5mgSe·d-1)组和包被硒(7.5mgSe·d-1、15mgSe·d-1和22.5mgSe·d-1)组,研究包被硒和亚硒酸钠对奶牛泌乳性能和乳硒含量的影响。结果表明,在相同硒水平下,泌乳期30d～90d包被硒较亚硒酸钠显著提高奶牛产奶量、乳蛋白质和乳干物质含量(P<0.05),有提高乳脂和乳糖含量的趋势。试验前各组乳硒差异不显著,试验期包被硒组较亚硒酸钠组显著提高乳硒含量。由此推断,日粮添加包被硒能有效提高泌乳性能和乳硒含量。 相似文献
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硒在奶山羊体内药代动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究了硒在6只成年健康奶山羊体内的药动学。按0.3mg/kg体重肌肉注射,在给药后40天内不同时间采血。结果表明,血药浓度一时间曲线符合二室开放模型。 相似文献
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《New Zealand veterinary journal》2012,60(1):13-22
ABSTRACTIn New Zealand, the recommended intake of Se for dairy cattle (0.03?mg/kg dry matter (DM)) is lower than in the United Kingdom and Australia (0.1 and 0.04?mg/kg DM, respectively), and much lower than in the United States of America (0.3?mg/kg DM). Advisors in New Zealand often suggest that New Zealand intake recommendations are far too low and that recommendations from the United States of America should be used. This has created confusion as farmers are given very different advice depending on which recommendations their advisor uses. In this review, we assess whether the published evidence supports the existing dietary requirements and associated Se status thresholds, or if change is required. We focus particularly on the evidence-base in cattle fed a primarily pasture-based diet, as it is critical that dietary recommendations are derived from data created using cows fed similar diets. Accordingly, we also consider whether the increased use of fodder crops, especially during the dry period, is likely to have altered the Se requirements of dairy cows in New Zealand. We report that the science behind the dietary requirements for Se is robust, being supported by factorial models validated using New Zealand data, and on-farm experimental studies. Published nutritional data suggest that the increased use of fodder crops is unlikely to have altered the dietary balance of pro- and antioxidant factors in New Zealand dairy cows in a way that would meaningfully affect Se requirements. However, the lack of specific data on the vitamin E and fatty acid content of the crops being fed in New Zealand means that more information is needed to confirm this conclusion. In general, the existing New Zealand recommendations for Se-status thresholds are supported, although studies are still lacking to properly characterise the upper threshold of the marginal range. Nevertheless many studies in New Zealand, of herds with marginal or low adequate Se status (using New Zealand recommendations), have failed to show an effect of Se supplementation on milk production, intramammary infection or reproductive performance, so it is highly unlikely that the upper threshold of the range is much higher than the current recommendation. Proponents of the hypothesis that Se intakes in New Zealand dairy cattle should be increased by at least 10 times the current recommendations are therefore not using the evidence base correctly. 相似文献
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《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(4):1087-1094
The effects of selenium (Se) yeast supplementation on performance, blood biochemical and antioxidant parameters, and milk Se content and speciation were evaluated. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control (basal diet containing Se at 0.11 mg/kg DM), 2) basal diet + 0.5 mg supplemental Se/kg DM (SY-0.5), and 3) basal diet + 5 mg supplemental Se/kg DM (SY-5). Selenium was supplemented as Se yeast. The trial consisted of a 1-week pretrial period and an 8-week experimental period. Milk somatic cell score decreased with SY-5 supplementation (P < 0.05), but other performance parameters were not affected (P > 0.05). The serum Se concentration increased with the increasing levels of Se yeast supplementation (P < 0.05), however, blood biochemical parameters showed few treatment effects. The antioxidant capacity of dairy cows was improved with Se yeast supplementation reflected in increased serum glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.08), and decreased malondialdehyde concentration (P < 0.05). Milk total Se concentration increased with Se dose (P < 0.05). Also, the selenomethionine concentration increased with Se dose from 13.0 ± 0.7 μg/kg in control to 33.1 ± 2.1 μg/kg in SY-0.5 and 530.4 ± 17.5 μg/kg in SY-5 cows (P < 0.05). Similarly, selenocystine concentration increased from 15.6 ± 0.9 μg/kg in control and 18.9 ± 1.1 μg/kg in SY-0.5 to 22.2 ± 1.5 μg/kg in SY-5 cows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Se yeast is a good organic Se source to produce Se-enriched cow milk with increased Se species including selenomethionine and selenocystine. The results can provide useful information on milk Se species when a high dose Se yeast was supplemented in the cow diet. 相似文献
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The relationship between endogenous cortisol, blood micronutrients, and neutrophil function in postparturient Holstein cows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Cebra CK Heidel JR Crisman RO Stang BV 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):902-907
Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micronutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin E, and cortisol concentrations; and normal copper concentrations. Blood selenium (P = .03) and zinc (P = .027) concentrations were both significant predictors of neutrophil adhesion, and selenium (P < .001) was a significant predictor of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction (superoxide production). Fourteen of 20 (70%) cattle with blood selenium concentrations > 300 ng/mL had neutrophil adhesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had cytochrome C reduction above the mean value for this group. There was also a significant correlation (r = 0.331; P = .037) between cytochrome C reduction and estimated milk production. These findings suggest that neutrophils from postparturient dairy cows with higher blood concentrations of selenium have greater potential to kill microbes, and that cattle with greater superoxide production may have higher milk production. 相似文献
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Effects of selenium yeast on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in lactating dairy cows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
C. Wang Q. Liu W.Z. Yang Q. Dong X.M. Yang D.C. He P. Zhang K.H. Dong Y.X. Huang 《Livestock Science》2009,126(1-3):239-244
The objective was to evaluate the effects of selenium-yeast (SY) supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in dairy cows. Twenty-eight multiparous (2.5 ± 0.3 parity) Holstein dairy cows, averaging 625 ± 18.2 kg of BW, 63 ± 3.0 days in milk and average daily milk production of 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/cow were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were: control, LSY, MSY and HSY with 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg selenium yeast (Sel-Plex®, 1 g/kg selenium, produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) per kg of diet dry matter (DM), respectively. Experimental periods were 45 days with 30 days of adaptation and 15 days of sampling. Ruminal pH was lower for MSY than for control and was linearly (P = 0.03) decreased, whereas total VFA concentration was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased with increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and HSY, and the highest for MSY. Ratio of acetate to propionate was lower for LSY, MSY and HSY than for control, and was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) decreased as SY supplementation increased due to an increase in molar proportion of propionate. Ruminal ammonia N content was lower (P ≤ 0.01) for MSY and HSY than for control and was linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing SY supplementation. Dry matter intake, proportions and yields of milk fat, protein and lactose were not affected (P > 0.05). Milk yields and 4% FCM were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for LSY and MSY than for HSY and control. Milk selenium content was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased as increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and MSY, and the highest for HSY. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), aNDF and ADF in the total tract were higher (P < 0.01) for LSY and MSY than for control and HSY. The results indicate that supplementation of diet with SY improved rumen fermentation, milk yields, milk selenium, and feed digestion. It was suggested that the SY stimulated the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of this trial, the optimum selenium-yeast dose was about 300 mg per kg diet DM. 相似文献
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C.N. Brozos E. Kiossis M.P. Georgiadis S. Piperelis C. Boscos 《Livestock Science》2009,124(1-3):210-215
We assessed the effect of an anionic salt and supplementary administration of vitamin E and Se throughout the dry period, on the risk of retained fetal membranes (RFM), milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Data were collected from 456 dairy cows in three commercial farms. Each animal entering the dry period was assigned to one of two groups (treated and control group). All animals were then fed the same ration, which included 80 IU/kg vitamin E acetate and 0.2 ppm Se, but animals of the treated group also received an additional blend containing ammonium chloride (60 g), vitamin E [1000 IU (dl-α-tocopheryl acetate)] and Se (0.05 ppm). Calving ease was evaluated and no manual removal of placenta was attempted. Cows that retained their fetal membranes for more than 12 h after calving were considered to suffer from RFM. All animals experienced a 50-day voluntary waiting period before the first artificial insemination (AI). Treatment resulted in a decrease in the estimated average risk of RFM (10.6% vs 17.8%). Stratifying on farm the Mantel–Haenszel Relative Risk (MH-RR) estimate of RFM in treated animals relative to controls was 1.68 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.05 to 2.68) and the Mantel–Haenszel test P-value was 0.028. Among cows that had not required assistance during delivery the average risk of RFM was greater for those without treatment (risk estimate: 10/208 or 9.7%) as compared to those with treatment (risk estimate: 20/207 or 4.8%). The MH-RR estimate of RFM in treated vs. control animals was 2.95 the respective 95% CI: (0.96 to 4.17) and the MH test of association P-value was 0.058). Conversely, among cows that did require assistance during calving, the average risk of RFM estimates were 77.8% (14/18) and 91.3% (21/23) in treated and non-treated animals, respectively (MH-relative risk estimate of RFM = 1.21, 95%CI: 0.91 to 1.60). Using analysis of variance with farm as a random effect, treatment did not appear to have an effect on milk production of cows without RFM either at 30 or 60 days postpartum (P > 0.10). Time intervals (in days) between parturition and first oestrus expression (POI), parturition and first AI (PFAI) and parturition and conception (PCI) were recorded for each animal. For each time-to-event variable, survivor functions were estimated for treated and control groups using the Kaplan–Meier methodology and survival curves of treated and control groups were compared using the log-rank test, separately for the animals that did or did not experience RFM in each farm. There were significant differences in the time-to-event survival curves in only one of the three farms. Median time between parturition and first oestrus expression among animals without RFM was 67 days in treated animals and 75 in control animals, and the survival curves were statistically significantly different (P = 0.021). Similarly, in the same farm, among animals that did not experience RFM the median time between parturition and conception was 114 in treated animals and 145 in controls, and the survival curves were statistically significantly different (P = 0.002). In conclusion, daily administration of a blend containing ammonium chloride, vitamin E and Se throughout the dry period seems to be safe and resulted in a decrease of RFM occurrence, without any effect on milk yield. 相似文献
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[目的]分析我国地方培育奶山羊品种与国外引进品种的遗传进化关系。[方法]以4个国内奶山羊品种（文登奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、雅安奶山羊）和3个新西兰引进奶山羊品种（阿尔卑斯奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、萨能奶山羊）为研究对象,采集33只个体的外周血样本,提取血液基因组DNA,利用PCR法扩增线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）D-loop区全长序列,对测序获得的序列进行生物信息学分析,探究不同奶山羊品种的遗传多样性及进化关系。[结果]7个品种奶山羊的mtDNA D-loop区中A、T碱基含量高于G、C碱基含量。共检测到82个多态位点,25个单一多态位点,55个简约信息位点。各品种单倍型多样度（Hd）范围为0.905~1.000,核苷酸多样度（Pi）范围为0.001 51~0.013 32;共存在26种单倍型,文登奶山羊和萨能奶山羊各有5个单倍型,阿尔卑斯奶山羊有4个单倍型,崂山奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、关中奶山羊、雅安奶山羊各有3个单倍型;各品种核苷酸平均差异数（KXY）范围为6.400 00~38.450 00,核苷酸歧异度（DXY）范围为0.005 79~0.034 76,遗传分化系数（GST）范围为0.000 00~0.186 05,遗传分化指数（FST）范围为0.231 56~0.971 52。品种间系统发育树表明,文登奶山羊和崂山奶山羊聚为一支;关中奶山羊与3种新西兰奶山羊遗传距离较近,从遗传学角度证实了关中奶山羊由国外奶山羊与地方品种经杂交选育而成;雅安奶山羊与其他品种遗传距离最远。[结论]中国奶山羊存在2个支系起源且未发现群体扩张;中国培育奶山羊品种含有较多的国外奶山羊血统;文登奶山羊与崂山奶山羊亲缘关系较近,雅安奶山羊在遗传进化中可能存在地域隔离。 相似文献
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在全民健康的背景下,人们的健康意识普遍提高,对乳制品的功能性、多样性也有更高的要求.随着乳品加工业的快速发展,功能性乳制品显示出强大的市场吸引力.本文对牛初乳制品、益生菌乳制品、添加维生素和矿物质乳制品、添加酶制剂乳制品、益生元乳制品等功能性乳制品的研究现状进行概述,对我国功能性乳制品研发存在的问题进行反思,对其发展前... 相似文献