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The evaluation of species and structural diversity of home gardens strongly depends on the methods used. We distinguish the biosocial and the bionumerical method. The first is widely used and takes data of the whole population of trees of home gardens to calculate diversity. The bionumerical method calculates diversity from data of a fixed number of randomly selected trees. We apply both methods to analyze if structural and species diversity varies with home garden size, a theme of considerable conservation interest, and compare results. We inventoried the tree component of a sample of 61 home gardens from rural areas in Tabasco, Mexico, which we assigned to three size categories: small (≤1,000 m2), medium sized (>1,000 and ≤2,000 m2), and large home gardens (>2,000 m2). Average species richness and Shannon diversity indices determined by the biosocial method were significantly different among home garden size classes. Average species richness determined by the bionumerical method did not differ among size classes. Both methods showed highest total observed and estimated species richness in the large home gardens, which contain many unique species. Both methods showed similar overall species composition among size classes and highest structural diversity in large home gardens. We conclude that it is important for conservation to maintain large home gardens in local mosaics, and that the biosocial and bionumerical methods are complementary. The bionumerical method allows straight comparison of population diversity within and among systems, but lacks attention for rare and unique species. The biosocial method evaluates how much diversity families custody. 相似文献
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Alejandro Alcudia-Aguilar Hans van der Wal Juan Suárez-Sánchez Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi María Mercedes Castillo-Uzcanga 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(5):1329-1339
We studied whether agrobiodiversity in home gardens reflects the cultural landscapes that embed them. We compared floristic composition, biomass and cover of trees in home gardens between the cultural landscapes on mountain slopes (MSL), small hills (SHL), and floodplains (FPL) in a segment of the Grijalva–Usumacinta watershed in the tropical lowlands of Tabasco, Mexico. We characterized the cultural landscapes based on information obtained through questionnaires, identified species and measured tree height and diameter at breast height in random samples of home gardens from two localities in each case. The cultural landscapes showed distinct land use combinations: MSL comprised subsistence agriculture, pasturelands and forests; SHL pasturelands, some secondary vegetation and industrial agriculture fields; and FPL mainly industrial agriculture fields and pasturelands. Total species richness was greater in MSL than in SHL and FPL. Mean species richness was greater in MSL and SHL (22.4 and 15.8 respectively) than in FPL (7.2), as was the mean number of individuals per home garden (98.2, 94.1 and 20.4. Dominant species in home gardens in FPL and SHL included particular secondary species for each landscape, whereas single or double occurrences of mature forest species were distinctive of home gardens in MSL. Mean biomass was greater in MSL than in SHL and FPL (37.1, 28.2 and 23.7 Mg C ha?1), as was tree cover (1.06, 0.95 and 0.76 m2/m2). We conclude that agrobiodiversity varies considerably among cultural landscapes and recommend the design of specific policies to enhance its conservation in each of them. 相似文献
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Mariana Vallejo Alejandro Casas José Blancas Ana I. Moreno-Calles Leonor Solís Selene Rangel-Landa Patricia Dávila Oswaldo Téllez 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(1):125-140
In this study we analysed: (1) the biodiversity conservation capacity of Agroforestry Systems (AFS) in temperate highlands of the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley, Central Mexico, (2) human cultural motives and actions for conserving such diversity and (3) problems endangering that capacity. We evaluated the richness and diversity of perennial plant species maintained in AFS through vegetation sampling of 14 agricultural plots and compared their composition with that of natural forests (14 plots of 500 m2 each). We examined the situations among communities of Náhuatl, Ixcatec and Cuicatec people, documenting through interviews the management practices of plant species and the whole system, reasons why people maintain vegetation cover within AFS, and factors influencing changes in decisions favouring agriculture intensification. In the AFS studied we recorded a total of 79 species of trees and shrubs, 86 % of them being native species and representing 43 % of all species of trees and shrubs recorded in the sampling of the natural forests the AFS derive from. People leave standing on average a total of 40 individual trees and shrubs per agricultural plot. Reasons for leave plant species standing were more frequently associated with their use as fruit trees, firewood, shade, beauty, respect to nature and other environmental benefits. Water availability for irrigation, land tenure, and dependence on agriculture and forest for peasant's subsistence were main decision factors influencing AFS variation in their composition. AFS in temperate zones are important reservoirs of biodiversity and biocultural heritage and should be keystones for conservation policies in the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley. 相似文献
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Heini Vihemäki Jaclyn M. Hall Charles Leonard Moses Mwangoka Victor Mkongewa 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(1):125-143
The role of land uses outside protected areas in conserving tropical biodiversity remains poorly understood and contested. This paper summarizes the results of plant and bird surveys conducted in three rural landscapes in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, covering a gradient from Village forest reserves to tree-based and other agricultural land uses. The species richness and occurrence of conservationally important species across the land uses were analyzed. Twelve plots of 0.2 ha, stratified among land use types, were established to survey the large trees, with sub-plots of 1 × 40 m for tree saplings, shrubs and non-woody plants, and 5 × 40 m plots for small trees. Avian richness was measured in the same sites as the plants through mist netting and timed species counts. The village forests had higher plant species richness and more conservationally important plant species compared to other land uses. Agroforest and fallows supported a relatively high number of plant species, but the species composition was largely different to the adjacent village forests. Bird species of conservation importance were recorded across all land uses. Village forest reserves and some of the tree-based agricultural land uses were found to contribute to biodiversity conservation goals in tropical landscape mosaics. There is a need to better integrate them, and address their multiple functions, in village land-use planning and conservation efforts at the landscape level. 相似文献
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广西古树名木资源现状及保护管理对策 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
按《全国古树名木普查档案技术规定》,广西已知古树名木有60科130属199种12526株。公布了古树名木的区域分布。目前在古树名木的保护管理中存在着基础设施建设影响古树的生存,其他如自然因素、生境破坏、保护意识淡薄、病虫害、资金短缺、管理体制不健全等诸多因素。据此提出了保护管理对策。 相似文献
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This study assessed the ethnobotanical use and knowledge of forest plant diversity among the Ribeirinhos, a traditional population of the Brazilian Amazon living in a protected area (Tapajós National Forest, West of Pará), and compared the importance of forest plants used in their daily activities with the use of cultivated plants (agrobiodiversity) from their home gardens and swidden-fallows. We used two complementary quantitative ethnobotanical methods, based on (i) daily scan observations in 14 families’ homes, and (ii) ethnobotanical inventories of trees, palms and lianas of DBH ≥ 5 cm in 23 plots each of 0.1-ha, set up in three types of forests. Analyses of the ethnobotanical surveys in the plots showed that most forest species (120 out of the 140 inventoried, i.e. 86 %) were acknowledged to be useful by the informants (use value >0) and accounted for 91.2 % of the inventoried individuals measuring DBH ≥ 5 cm. However, daily observations of plant gathering in homes showed that only a few forest species considered ‘useful’ were used daily, whilst species cultivated in gardens and swidden-fallows represented the majority of species used. The Ribeirinhos were also found to know as much about using forest plant diversity, if not more, than other traditional groups from Amazonia or from other tropical regions of South America, including the Amerindians. The article concludes with some recommendations for adapting development practices to local uses of plant diversity in this protected area. 相似文献
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D. C. Lawrence 《Agroforestry Systems》1996,34(1):83-100
The goal of this study was to assess the potential of small-holder rubber cultivation in agroforestry gardens to fulfill simultaneously the goals of conservation and sustainable rural development. I examined the structure and species composition of trees in 11 rubber gardens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a single 0.10 ha plot per garden. Although 41 distinct morphotypes were encountered, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) dominated the sample of 370 trees. Richness within plots varied (3–15 morphotypes), as did the predominance of rubber (24–97% of all basal area, 24–91% of all individuals). The importance of rubber within a garden was significantly negatively correlated with the number of morphotypes present. This result suggests that tree diversity may limit potential productivity of rubber gardens. Thus, small-holders may not be willing to maintain diversity at the scale of a single garden. Although species-accumulation curves indicate that substantial tree diversity may exist across all rubber holdings, diversity is likely to be lost from the system if individual owners reduce species richness in their gardens. Rubber agroforestry as currently practiced in West Kalimantan is not an ideal model for matching rural development needs with the achievement of conservation goals. Other models, such as tengkawang- and durian-based fruit gardens, do exist in Kalimantan and elsewhere, and should be evaluated for incorporation into policy and development strategies. 相似文献
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Plant species richness and diversity in urban and peri-urban gardens of Niamey,Niger 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hannah Bernholt Katja Kehlenbeck Jens Gebauer Andreas Buerkert 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,77(3):159-179
Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) significantly contributes to food and nutritional security of urban dwellers in many
African countries. Economic and demographic pressures often lead to transformation of subsistence-oriented traditional homegardens
into commercial production units. Such transformation is claimed to result in decreasing plant diversity, particularly of
local species. A study was therefore undertaken in 51 gardens of Niamey, Niger, to assess the factors determining plant diversity
and the suitability of UPA for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. In each garden, the number and abundance of
all human-used plant species were determined, and species density, Shannon index and Shannon evenness were calculated. In
the 51 surveyed gardens, a total of 116 plant species were cultivated, most of them for the production of fruits or vegetables.
Annual vegetables dominated, particularly exotic species grown for sale. In the cold season, an average of 14 species were
cultivated per garden, the Shannon index was 0.96 and evenness was 0.39. Commercial gardens had a species richness similar
to that of subsistence gardens, but a lower evenness (P < 0.005), caused by the dominance of a few vegetable species. Gardens of immigrants had a lower Shannon index than those
of members of the local Djerma ethnic group. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed significant influence of various
variables on plant species richness and diversity parameters: garden size (richness and Shannon index), ethnicity of the gardener
(richness and evenness), gender of the gardener and cash-oriented production (evenness), household size (richness) and garden
possession status (Shannon index). Cluster analysis revealed the existence of five garden types. The highest species richness
and diversity, particularly of perennial and local species, was found in large, peri-urban, commercial gardens managed by
relatively wealthy, elderly gardeners with large families and a regular non-agricultural income. 相似文献
10.
Decades of deforestation and over logging have created large expanses of degraded lands in many countries including Vietnam. Reforestation may offer one means of mitigating these processes of degradation while sustaining biodiversity conservation. However a lack of information regarding trees, in particular threatened tree species has been identified as an important limitation in being able to reforest for biodiversity conservation. In the current study, conducted in the Tan Phu “protection forest”, the investigation surrounds the feasibility of biodiversity restoration in a fast-growing plantation after logging. Twelve threatened and native species mainly belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae families have been considered. Seedlings grown in a local nursery have been planted under the canopy of a 50 ha pioneer forest, with a distance of 5 m between plants and between rows. The experimental design consists of blocks, each one with a replication of a 16-tree plot for each species. Four years after plantation, the survival rate of seedlings is high (>70 %), except for Dipterocarpus costatus (<10 %). Growth shows possible inhibitions under a closed canopy but the mean annual increment is generally satisfactory. The early performance of the seedlings is promising to make this plantation a good example of biodiversity restoration. These results could enhance the reforestation efforts of forest managers and encourage them to use native tree species including threatened ones in order to restore a high level of biodiversity in tropical degraded forests. 相似文献
11.
Wenhua Xiang Shaohui Liu Xiangdong Lei Shane C. Frank Dalun Tian Guangjun Wang Xiangwen Deng 《Journal of Forest Research》2013,18(1):111-120
Secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are precious remnants for biodiversity conservation and templates for sustainable management of natural forests in subtropical China. Floristic composition, size structure, and spatial pattern of dominant tree species have been investigated for a subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in the Huitong Yingzuijie National Forest Reserve, Hunan, China. The location of all trees greater than 4 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped within a 0.96-ha plot in which species, DBH, and total tree height were recorded. Ripley’s K(t) function was used to analyze spatial patterns and associations. The secondary forest consisted of 74 tree species and 1,596 stems per hectare. A reverse-J shaped DBH classes distribution was observed for all stems and trees of later seral species whereas trees of earlier successional species were distributed irregularly. Significant aggregated spatial patterns were observed for all trees within the forest and for conspecific trees of each dominant species. This result, and a repulsive spatial pattern for interspecific trees of Choerospondias axillaries and Cyclobalanopsis glauca against other dominant tree species, support segregation hypothesis. Contributions of seed dispersal, topographic heterogeneity, and competition to spatial patterns of conspecific trees vary depending on tree species. Attractive spatial pattern among interspecific trees of Liquidambar fortunei, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana reflects stochastic colonization of pioneer tree species and a facilitation relationship. Although deciduous species are long-lived and persist over long successional processes, they will eventually be replaced by late seral evergreen species within the secondary forest if no disturbance events occur. 相似文献
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Gwendoline Percel Guillem Parmain Fabien Laroche Christophe Bouget 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(2):237-249
Intensive management implies harvesting large, old trees, which reduces the old-growth attributes. This negatively affects biodiversity, especially saproxylic beetles. In managed temperate oak forests, rotation extension induced by increasing the diameter threshold of final harvest by about 10 cm compared to conventional practices (i.e. DBH around 70 cm) might mitigate this negative effect. Here, we used a gradient of the proportion of overmature trees (DBH?≥?80 cm) among mature trees (DBH?≥?70 cm) across plots of high oak French forests to test the potential effect of increasing diameter threshold on (1) structural features and (2) species composition and diversity of saproxylic beetles communities. We assessed deadwood and microhabitats availability (i.e. volume/density and diversity) and canopy openness in 81 1-ha plots across eleven French forests. Results highlighted that a larger proportion of overmature trees, for a given density of mature trees, had limited effects on structural features: only cavities density showed a significant positive response, with no cascading effect on cavicolous beetles. Moreover, the proportion of overmature trees had no significant effect on the composition of saproxylic beetles communities (and ecological variables altogether explained only 17% of the composition inertia). By contrast, mature tree density enhanced microhabitat density and indirectly increased the abundance of rare species. Thus, shifting DBH from 70 to 80 cm in high oak forest could have no or limited effect on saproxylic beetles conservation. Improved strategies might rather stem from combining (1) longer rotation extension and (2) less intensive management practices in extended rotation stands. 相似文献
14.
古树名木是宝贵的物产资源,是维系生物物种多样性和物种固有基因库的主要内容。本文对当涂县的古树名木进行了专项调查,分析了古树名木生长衰退的原因,提出了切实可行的复壮措施。 相似文献
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Giovanna Seddaiu Simonetta Bagella Antonio Pulina Chiara Cappai Lorenzo Salis Ivo Rossetti Roberto Lai Pier Paolo Roggero 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):893-908
Mediterranean wooded grasslands that emerge from silvopastoral activities are multifunctional systems that result in high biodiversity and offer ecosystem services such as forage production and soil carbon sequestration. During 3 years, ten grazed wooded grassland fields were studied in the Berchidda–Monti long-term observatory, located in NE Sardinia, Italy, with the aim of exploring the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and selected ecosystem services. Positions below and outside the canopy of three cork oak trees in each field were randomly selected to compare seasonal pasture production, pasture utilization rate by animals, botanical composition, biodiversity indicators (Shannon index and plant species richness) and soil organic carbon. In autumn, dry matter production of pasture was similar in the two positions; in two winters out of three it was greater below the trees than outside, and in spring it was greater outside than below the trees. While plant species richness and Shannon index were not significantly influenced by the position, the overall wooded grassland plant species richness was 31% higher than that outside of the tree crown. The soil organic carbon content in the 0–40-cm soil layer was also higher below the trees. Our findings highlight that if the main purpose of the wooded grasslands is to provide forage for grazing animals rather than conserving and/or enhancing plant diversity and soil fertility, the presence of trees constrains the overall forage productivity, although the greater forage availability in winter under the trees can contribute to improve the seasonal distribution of forage production. 相似文献
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Anaïs de Almeida Campos Cordeiro Sara Deambrozi Coelho Nina Celli Ramos João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(6):1495-1505
The Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB) is one of the largest fragments of Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and it is relevant for native species conservation. However, monocultures settled around the Park resulted in extensive open areas that facilitate the establishment of alien species on the PESB perimeter, which may threaten native species conservation therein, since biological invasion is the second main cause of global biodiversity loss. In this region, there are also farmers planting agroforestry systems (AFS), characterized by tree-based intercropping, which are structurally more similar to the Atlantic Rainforest reminiscent fragments present in the region and may limit local occurrence of potentially invasive exotic weeds for several reasons, such as the high levels of shade provided by trees, the groundcover that result from loss of tree leaves and the increased competition for belowground resources. This study aimed to test whether AFS limit exotic species establishment when compared to monoculture systems. Accordingly, three coffee monocultures and three agroforestry coffee plantations around the PESB were studied. In each of the six study areas, 30 plots of 1 m2 were established between the lines of coffee plantation, where all species present were surveyed. In both treatments, rarefaction curves were constructed to evaluate native and exotic richness, and diversity of these two categories was estimated through Simpson index inverse (1/D). All 13 sampled exotic species were present in monocultures, but only three of them occurred in AFS. Besides, alien diversity in monocultures (\(1/D\) = 2.173 ± 0.011) was significantly higher than in AFS (\(1/D\) = 1.031 ± 0.001). Such changes in alien plant community between land-use show that AFSs limit invasive species establishment. Therefore, when planted around protected areas, AFS may contribute to the control of biological invasions and to biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
17.
Coffee agroforestry is a conservation strategy that has shown promise to support the diversity of bird, bat, and insect communities, but few studies have focused on non-volant mammals in coffee farms. We assessed mammal diversity within coffee agroforestry systems in Kodagu, India and investigated the impacts of the non-native shade tree species, Grevillea robusta, on mammal diversity. Twenty farms, with varying amounts of G. robusta planted within the coffee farm, were sampled throughout three rainfall zones during the 4-month study period. We captured six species of small mammals, with indirect methods yielding an additional five species, totaling 11 mammal species. Contrary to current ecological thought, we found that increased amounts of G. robusta did not have a negative impact on either abundance or richness of mammals. Small mammal abundances were higher at farms with greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover and larger, mature shade trees, while small mammal species richness was found to increase with an increase in tree species richness as well as greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover. Additionally, small mammal abundance was higher at coffee farms closer to forested areas. Based on these findings, we suggest the maintenance or cultivation of shade tree richness, mature shade trees, and herbaceous ground cover within coffee farms and preservation of forested areas within the landscape to enhance coffee agroforestry habitat for non-volant mammals. We hope that these habitat requirements will be incorporated into conservation strategies for the promotion of biodiversity within coffee agroforestry systems. 相似文献
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茶园套种降香黄檀效应的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
根据降香黄檀和茶树的生物学、生态学特性及华安光照人林场的生态环境条件,采取林+茶栽培模式,开展了茶园不同密度套种降香黄檀试验。初步结果表明:降香黄檀造林平均成活率和保存率均达96%以上;2.5年生时,平均树高4.38m,平均地径5.16 cm,但不同坡向生长量差异极显著;降香黄檀抗冻能力强,表现出较好的适应性和速生性。套种密度为450~600株.hm-2比较适宜,不仅改善了茶园的生态环境,提高了茶叶产量和品质,而且使茶园的经济效益显著提高。 相似文献
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Zhenhong Wang Chengbo Yang Limei Yang Zizong Zhou Jing Rao Li Yuan Ju Li 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(1):18-27
In recent years, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability, productivity, and other ecosystem functions
has been extensively studied by using theoretical approaches, experimental investigations, and observations in natural ecosystems;
however, results are controversial. For example, simple systems were more stable than complex systems in theoretical studies,
and higher productivity was observed in human-made ecosystems with poorer species composition, etc. The role of biodiversity
in the ecosystem, such as its influence on sustainability, stability, and productivity, is still not understood. Because accelerated
soil-erosion in various ecosystems has caused a decrease of primary productivity, a logical way used in the study of the relationship
between biodiversity and ecosystem function can be used to study the relationship between plant species diversity and soil
conservation. In addition, biodiversity is a product of evolutionary history, and soil erosion is a key factor controlling
the evolution of modern environment on the surface of the Earth. A study on the relationship between biodiversity and soil-erosion
processes could help us understand the environmental evolution of Earth.
Fifteen 10 m × 40 m standard runoff plots were established to measure surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss in different
secondary communities of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests that varied in composition, diversity, and level of disturbance
and soil erosion. The following five communities were studied: AEI (Ass. Elsholtzia fruticosa + Imperata cylindrical), APMO (Ass. Pinus yunnanensis + Myrsine africana + Oplismenus compsitus), APLO (Ass. Pinus yunnanensis + Lithocarpus confines + Oplismenus compsitus), AEME (Ass. Eucalyptus smith + Myrsine africana + Eupatorium adenophorum), and ACKV (Ass. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides + Keteleeria evelyniana + Viola duelouxii). Tree density, the diameter of the tree at breast height, and the hygroscopic volume of plant leaves were determined in
each plot.
Results indicated that surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss decreased as a power function with increase in plant
species diversity. Their average values for three years were 960.20 m3/(hm2 · year), 11.4 t/(hm2 · year), and 127.69 kg/(hm2 · year) in the plot with the lowest species diversity, and 75.55 m3/(hm2 · year), 0.28 t/(hm2 · year), and 4.71 kg/(hm2 · year) in the plot with the highest species diversity, 12, 50, and 25 times respectively lower compared with the lowest
species diversity plots. The coefficients of variation of surface runoff, soil erosion, and total P loss also followed a power
function with the increase of plant species diversity, and were 287.6, 534.21, and 315.47 respectively in the lowest species
diversity plot and 57.93, 187.94, and 59.2 in the highest species diversity plot. Enhanced soil conservation maintained greater
stability with increased plant species diversity. Plant individual density increased linearly and the canopy density and cross
section at breast height increased logarithmically with the increase of plant species diversity. The hydrological function
enhanced as the plant species diversity increased. There were obviously relationships between plant species diversity and
rainfall interception, coverage, and plant individual density, which was related to soil conservation functions in the five
forest communities.
The complex relationships between plant species diversity and the above-mentioned ecological processes indicated that plant
species diversity was an important factor influencing the interception of rainfall, reducing soil erosion and enhancing the
stability of soil conservation, but its mechanism is not known. This experiment showed that plant species diversity promoted
soil and nutrient conservation and ultimately lead to the increase of the primary productivity of the ecosystem, and was thus
a good way to study the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Rainfall interception could be assessed
easily using the hygroscopic volume of plant leaves. Because there were strong correlations between plant species diversity
and soil conservation functions, the patterns of plant species diversity will show a certain level of predictability on the
interactions of life systems with surface processes of the Earth.
__________
Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(3): 392–403 [译自: 植物生态学报 相似文献
20.
Satoru Okubo Parikesit Koji Harashina Dendi Muhamad Oekan S. Abdoellah Kazuhiko Takeuchi 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(1):17-31
Agroforestry systems have been re-evaluated with a renewed scientific interest as appropriate models for achieving sustainable
production while maintaining planned and associated biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning. Traditional bamboo-tree gardens
in West Java are known to play substantial ecological and socioeconomic roles. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the
relationship between income generation and biodiversity by studying 83 bamboo-tree gardens that varied in species composition
and degree of commercialization. We conducted a survey of the vegetation and interviewed the owners or managers of each plot.
We identified 42 planned and utilized species and 19 associated non-use species. Eight vegetation groups were identified by
two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), each of which varied in individual densities of different utilization species
types, Simpson’s diversity index, management intensities, and potential annual gross income. The group with the highest potential
income generation was dominated by clove trees (Syzygium aromaticum); however, this group also had a lower level of diversity and higher levels of management intensity than the other groups,
but all of the pairwise groups were not significantly different. About 60% of the villagers used at least some fuelwood as
a domestic energy source, and almost all of them collected fuelwood from bamboo-tree gardens regardless of ownership. There
were no significant differences in density of potential fuelwood species among the vegetation groups. There were significant
positive correlations between income and most management activities. The regression model between gross income and Simpson’s
diversity index with the best fit was a unimodal curve, which strongly suggests that maximum diversity can be conserved at
an intermediate level of income. Nevertheless, this intermediate level of gross income is probably not adequate as the primary
source of income for garden owners, although some gardens had the potential to achieve higher income levels with no decline
in diversity. We suggest that maximizing individual density and multistratifying canopy layers could improve profitability
within perennial crop-based agroforestry systems in West Java. 相似文献