共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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采食是动物维持生命活动的基本生理过程,是动物生长发育的基础。畜禽采食量的高低直接影响到营养物质的摄入量及生产性能的发挥。在畜牧业生产中,影响采食的因素很多,而应激是其中一个非常重要的影响因素。动物机体的应激反应主要由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴来调控。下丘脑、垂体和肾上腺皮质通过释放促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和糖皮质激素(GC)这3种应激激素来协同调控动物的应激反应。应激激素对采食行为的调节是一个非常复杂的过程,主要通过稳态和非稳态途径来调节采食,可以双向调控食物的摄入量。稳态途径指的是通过调控机体能量稳态而调控采食。CRH和ACTH通过抑制下丘脑促食欲肽的表达而抑制采食;而GC在中枢和外周发挥着完全相反的作用。非稳态途径指的是通过影响中脑奖赏系统调控采食的愉悦感,是近年来食欲调控研究的热点,越来越多的研究证明了应激激素与奖赏系统的联系。作者针对应激激素调控采食的最新研究报道进行综述,以期为生产实践中新型的采食调控技术研发提供一定的参考。 相似文献
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应激反应对家兔血液及生化指标的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
体内外很多刺激(如疼痛、感染、手术、高温和寒冷等)都能引起机体通过下丘脑使垂体前叶激素,特别是促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分泌增加,从而导致糖皮质激素的合成和分泌增加,使动物产生应激反应。有关家兔应激反应时血液和生化指标的变化,国内外尚未见报道。本试验目的是通过应激反应模型,给家兔注射与应激反应有关 相似文献
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热应激是应激的一种,同其他应激一样,一般反应都涉及到神经系统、内分泌系统及免疫系统的一系列活动,其中肾上腺皮质激素在机体的适应过程中起着主导作用。实现这一过程的生物学途径为：应激源→受体器官→中枢神经系统→垂体前叶→促肾上腺皮质激素→肾上腺皮质部→肾上腺皮质激素（主要是糖皮质激素）分泌→靶组织／靶器官→应激反应。在应激反应中,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴起到了关键性的作用,而且提供了一个将神经信息转换成生理反应的模式。 相似文献
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禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
动物生殖系统的发育和功能维持受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴的调控。下丘脑、垂体、性腺在中枢神经的调控下形成一个封闭的自动反馈系统，三者相互协调、相互制约使动物的生殖内分泌系统保持相对稳定。下丘脑接受经中枢神经系统分析与整合后的各种信息，以间歇性脉冲形式分泌促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH），刺激垂体前叶分泌促性腺激素（GTH），即卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH），然后促进睾丸或卵巢的发育并分泌睾酮或雌二醇。性腺、垂体、下丘脑释放的调控因子又可以作用于上级中枢或其自身，形成长轴、短轴和超短轴反馈调节通路。 相似文献
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1发生机理
当猪受到应激原的作用后，如捕捉、驱赶、运输、高温、寒冷、拥挤、咬斗、注射、手术刺激后，下丘脑兴奋，分泌促肾上腺皮质释放激素，通过垂体门脉系统进入垂体前叶，使垂体前叶分泌促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）增多，ACTH通过血液循环到达肾上腺， 相似文献
7.
促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素结合蛋白(CRH-BP)是分子量为37千道尔顿的N-糖基化蛋白.它能够与促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)结合使CRH失活,而脑垂体细胞能够在CRH诱导下分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH),进而调节应激反应中产生的各种生理现象.对CRH-BP基因的研究为CRH在生殖生理、药理学、动物应激反应等方面的研究开辟了新方向.本文介绍了近年来CRHBP基因在小鼠、人类上的研究进展,以便对该基因进行更深入的研究. 相似文献
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家鸡作为重要的经济动物,其众多经济性状（如生长、繁殖、抗病性等）受应激的严重影响。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴（Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, HPA轴）是家鸡应激反应的关键参与者,掌握糖皮质激素（Glucocorticoids, GCs）的快速合成和分泌。作为HPA轴的负反馈调节因子,GCs的反馈调控可以减缓应激反应,是维持机体内稳态不可或缺的一部分。本文就家鸡应激反应,HPA轴激活以及GCs的反馈调控机制进行综述,旨在为理解应激的分子机制提供参考。 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2016,(4)
Background: Glucocorticoids(GCs) are involved in the control of appetite in birds and mammals. The effect of GCs on feed intake in birds depends on their dietary energy level. But the regulation mechanism of GCs on appetite is still unclear in chickens facing to different energy level. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dexamethasone(DEX) on hypothalamic expression of appetite-related peptides in chickens fed high/low fat diet and under fasting/feeding condition.Results: An interaction between DEX injection and dietary energy level was found on hypothalamic corticotropinreleasing hormone(CRH) gene expression in fasted chickens(P 0.05). The chickens, given a DEX injection and a low fat diet treatment, had the highest CRH m RNA levels than any of the fasted chickens given treatments(P 0.05).Under fasting conditions, the DEX treatment significantly increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y(NPY) and GC receptors m RNA levels(P 0.05). Under re-feeding conditions, DEX treatment significantly decreased hypothalamic expression levels of NPY and agouti-related peptide(Ag RP) but significantly increased the level of hypothalamic CRH expression(P 0.05).Conclusion: A regulatory network formed by NPY, Ag RP and CRH is associated with the appetite-control by GCs.The result suggests that the regulation of GCs on orexigenic neuropeptides expression is dependent at least partially on dietary energy level and feeding state. 相似文献
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下丘脑是动物食欲调节的中枢，外周食欲信号在下丘脑中经食欲调节网络整合，产生饱感或饥饿。其中，以 ５′－磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶（ＡＭＰＫ）调控位点上的 ＡＭＰＫ-ＡＣＣ-ＣＰＴ１和 ＵＣＰ２-ＦＯＸＯ１-ｐＣＲＥＢ信号通路以及雷帕霉素靶蛋白（ｍＴＯＲ）调控位点上的 ＰＩ３Ｋ-Ａｋｔ-ｍＴＯＲ和 ｍＴＯＲ-４ＥＢＰ１／ｐ７０Ｓ６Ｋ-ＮＰＹ／ＡｇＲＰ信号通路尤为重要。ＡＭＰＫ和 ｍＴＯＲ在 ＡＭＰＫ-ＴＳＣ ｍＴＯＲ通路、固醇类调节因子绑定蛋白（ＳＲＥＢＰ）基因表达和吞噬启动激酶（Ｕｌｋ１）活性通路上存在互作。外周营养和能量信号传输到下丘脑后，经过这些网络的传输和分析，作用于下丘脑中的食欲相关肽，最终调控动物的采食行为。 相似文献
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促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素结合蛋白(CRH-BP)是37 ku的分泌糖蛋白,其结构与促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)受体不同,但与CRH和尿皮素(UCN)具有很高的亲和力.CRH-BP具有重要的生物调控作用,对CRH诱导的脑垂体促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)的释放具有抑制作用.应激和代谢因素能改变体内CRH-BP的表达与调控,CRH-BP在生产分娩、炎性疾病、阿尔海默症(Alzheiner′s disease)和其他机能障碍等过程中也具有广泛的作用,这说明CRH-BP在大脑和脑垂体中可能还有其他潜在功能,研究CRH-BP在中枢和外周的作用及机理,有利于阐明其在病因学方面的潜在地位,有助于治疗CRH失调引起的机能紊乱. 相似文献
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Gene expression studies advance our understanding of the effects of stress and glucocorticoids on brain function and give a new direction to animal welfare research. In this context, the presence of messenger RNA s (m RNA s) for corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) in the porcine hypothalamus has recently been documented. This study investigated the expression of CRH, VP and ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunit m RNA s in the brains of pigs treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex; 5 mg kg(-1)i.v.). In the hypothalamus, VP, but not CRH, m RNA was reduced 3 hours after Dex. In the hippocampus, expression of m RNA s for some iGluR subunits appeared to be differentially regulated 6 hours after Dex. In addition, CRH message was detected in the hippocampus and significantly upregulated in the CA1 region 3 hours after Dex. The relevance of these findings to stress neurobiology of the growing pig is discussed. 相似文献
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Maejima Y Aoyama M Ookawara S Hirao A Sugita S 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,181(2):193-199
Previously it has been shown that androgen suppresses transportation-induced increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), possibly by suppressing the secretion of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the hypothalamus, or secretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland. The aim of the present study was to examine androgen target sites in the caprine diencephalon and pituitary gland using immunohistochemical methods. The androgen receptor (AR) was expressed strongly in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic area, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the diencephalon. Between 8% and 11% of CRH and AVP neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) expressed AR. In the pituitary gland, 7.1% of corticotrophs expressed AR. The results are consistent with the proposal that androgen acts directly and indirectly on CRH and/or AVP neurons in the PVN. The possibility of a direct action of androgen on the corticotrophs in the pituitary gland was also considered. 相似文献
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Stig Einarsson Ylva Brandt Nils Lundeheim Andrzej Madej 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2008,50(1):48
The manifestations of stress, defined as a biological response to an event that the individual perceives as a threat to its homeostasis, are commonly linked to enhanced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the activation of the sympathetic adreno-medullary (SA) system. Activation of the HPA system results in the secretion of peptides from the hypothalamus, principally corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and beta-endorphin. ACTH induces the secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, which can be seen in pigs exposed to acute physical and/or psychological stressors. The present paper is a review of studies on the influence of stressors on reproduction in pigs. The effects of stress on reproduction depend on the critical timing of stress, the genetic predisposition to stress, and the type of stress. The effect of stress on reproduction is also influenced by the duration of the responses induced by various stressors. Prolonged or chronic stress usually results in inhibition of reproduction, while the effects of transient or acute stress in certain cases is stimulatory (e.g. anoestrus), but in most cases is of impairment for reproduction. Most sensitive of the reproductive process are ovulation, expression of sexual behaviour and implantation of the embryo, since they are directly controlled by the neuroendocrine system. 相似文献
18.
Grouping of sows is a stressful event until the ranking is established. The purpose of this study was to simulate stress by repeated administration of porcine corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/tetracosactide and to study its influence on endocrine profile and ovulation. Four multiparous sows were used and blood was collected every 2 h from the onset of pro-oestrus until 12 h after ovulation. The first oestrus after weaning was used to check ovulation and acclimate the sows to their environment. The second oestrus after weaning was used as control. At their third oestrus CRH (0.6 microg/kg) and at their fourth oestrus ACTH (5 microg/kg) were given every 4 h from onset of oestrus until ovulation. The total 'area under the curve' of cortisol was twofold larger in two of four sows during the CRH treatment period, and two- to fourfold larger (p < or = 0.05) during the ACTH treatment period, compared with the corresponding control period. In three sows, there was no clear effect of either CRH or ACTH on the levels of oestradiol 17beta, luteinizing hormone (LH) or on the timing of ovulation. One sow was different in all hormonal patterns and also in the timing of ovulation. In all four sows, ACTH treatment lowered the baseline level of prostaglandin F(2 alpha)-metabolite. Therefore, we conclude that stage of the oestrous cycle seems to be of importance when investigating the influence of exogenous administration of CRH/ACTH on hormonal pattern and ovulation time in the sow. 相似文献
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Kusakawa S Tohei A Jaroenporn S Watanabe G Taya K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2007,53(3):545-554
Glutamate is the dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in a large number of physiological processes including neuroendocrine regulation. Some pharmacological studies have shown that different subtypes of glutamate receptor, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, are involved in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and prolactin secretion. However, the roles of the respective glutamate receptors and the mechanism of ACTH and prolactin secretion during stress via these receptors have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we evaluated the role of AMPA-type glutamate receptor in ACTH and prolactin regulation under restraint stress in adult male rats. Male rats pretreated with a selective AMPA receptor antagonist, 2, 3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX; 50 microg), through a lateral ventricle cannula were stressed by immobilization. Administration of NBQX inhibited ACTH and prolactin secretion in response to restraint stress. However, NBQX had no significant effects on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis, as measured by the accumulation of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). In addition, administration of NBQX suppressed stress-induced prolactin secretion in the male rats pretreated with alpha-MT, an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis, and infused with dopamine solution (2.5 microg/200 microl/10 min). These results indicated that the effects of NBQX on prolactin secretion might be mediated by non-dopamine mechanisms. The contents of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the median eminence (ME) of the male rats decreased during restraint stress; however, the fluctuations in CRH and AVP were eliminated by NBQX administration. These results suggest that stress-induced ACTH and prolactin release mediated by neurotransmission via AMPA receptors might be partly attributable to hypophysiotropic regulatory factors in the hypothalamus. 相似文献
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《Domestic animal endocrinology》1996,13(2):161-170
A combined anterior pituitary (CAP) function test was assessed in eight healthy male beagle dogs. The CAP test consisted of sequential 30-second intravenous administrations of four hypothalamic releasing hormones in the following order and doses: 1 μg of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)/kg, 1 μg of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)/kg, 10 μg of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH)/kg, and 10 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)/kg. Plasma samples were assayed for adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, GH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) at multiple times for 120 min after injection. Each releasing hormone was also administered separately in the same dose to the same eight dogs in order to investigate any interactions between the releasing hormones in the combined function test.Compared with separate administration, the combined administration of these four hypothalamic releasing hormones caused no apparent inhibition or synergism with respect to the responses to CRH, GHRH, and TRH. The combined administration of these four hypothalamic releasing hormones caused a 50% attenuation in LH response compared with the LH response to single GnRH administration. The side effects of the combined test were confined to restlessness and nausea in three dogs, which disappeared within minutes after the administration of the releasing hormones. It is concluded that with the rapid sequential administration of four hypothalamic releasing hormones (CRH, GHRH, GnRH, and TRH), the adenohypophyseal responses are similar to those occurring with the single administration of these secretagogues, with the exception of the LH response, which is lower in the CAP test than after single GnRH administration. 相似文献