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《中国生物防治学报》2017,(6)
为明确异色瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的潜在防控能力,在室内条件下研究了异色瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能、寻找效应、种内干扰反应及对不同猎物的捕食偏好。结果显示,异色瓢虫幼虫和成虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型,其中以成虫捕食量最大,24 h理论最大捕食量75.19头。异色瓢虫各龄幼虫、成虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的寻找效应均随梨瘿蚊数量的增加而减小。梨瘿蚊幼虫数量固定时,随着异色瓢虫密度的增加,单头异色瓢虫日平均捕食量逐渐降低。异色瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫有较强捕食偏好,存在梨瘿蚊与梨木虱两种捕食对象的情况下,异色瓢虫倾向于选择捕食梨瘿蚊,Cain指数D值均大于1。综合分析捕食功能和捕食偏好性,表明异色瓢虫对梨瘿蚊具有良好的控害潜能。 相似文献
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为保护利用天敌对梨瘿蚊进行生态控制,在田间系统调查的基础上研究了湖北梨园梨瘿蚊及天敌的种群动态和时空生态位。结果表明,梨瘿蚊在老河口地区砂梨园中1年有3次为害高峰期,分别为4月中旬、5月下旬和6月中旬。梨瘿蚊时间生态位宽度小,空间生态位宽度大,说明其种群发生的高峰期明显,并在全株嫩叶为害。主要捕食性天敌对梨瘿蚊有一定的跟随效应。其中,中华草蛉、异色瓢虫和黑带食蚜蝇与梨瘿蚊的时空二维生态位重叠度最大,龟纹瓢虫分布最广与梨瘿蚊种群数量灰色关联度最大,对梨瘿蚊有较好的控制效果。因此,要充分利用不同天敌种群时间和空间上的互补作用,提高防控效果。 相似文献
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为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg)对梨瘿蚊Dasineura pyri (Bouche)幼虫的控害效能,在室内进行了龟纹瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食能力及捕食偏好性试验。结果表明：龟纹瓢虫各龄期对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-II模型,龟纹瓢虫1～4龄幼虫及成虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为9.58、17.42、44.96、51.71和100.56头。在不同猎物密度设置下,各龄期龟纹瓢虫对猎物的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而升高,搜寻效应随猎物密度升高而下降。相同猎物密度设置下,随着龟纹瓢虫成虫自身密度的增加,单头龟纹瓢虫成虫日均捕食量逐渐降低。当梨瘿蚊与梨二叉蚜两种猎物共存时,龟纹瓢虫偏食梨二叉蚜。综合比较各龄期龟纹瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的相关捕食功能反应参数,成虫态龟纹瓢虫在各个方面能力均较1～4龄幼虫表现好,说明龟纹瓢虫成虫能够对梨瘿蚊幼虫发挥较好的控害作用。本研究可为龟纹瓢虫防控梨瘿蚊技术在田间的应用提供理论依据。 相似文献
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通过几年来对梨花瘿蚊的观察研究及测报调查实践,就其田间测报调查方法进行了归纳与总结.探索提出调查越冬蛹翌年羽化时间与梨树花芽绽放发育进度相结合的测报调查方法及其关键防治时期--成虫高峰期预测为主要预测内容. 相似文献
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梨瘿蚊为本地区梨的主要害虫之一。近年调查：部分梨园虫株率１００％,虫梢率７０～１００％,芽叶被害率达８０％以上。因此,控制梨瘿蚊的危害已成为急待解决的问题。现将其发生及综合防治方法介绍于下：一、被害状初期在芽叶上发现轻微变形、卷叶,以后叶片皱缩、变脆... 相似文献
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Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorococcum sp., Lyngbya sp., and Anabaena variabilis were cultured in Bold's basal medium. They were treated with 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM concentrations of 2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(tert-butyl-amino)-s-triazine (terbuthylazine), 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine) (profluralin), 2, 4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Growth of all algal species tested was markedly reduced by the triazines. Alachlor, dinoseb, and fluometuron inhibited growth of some algae at higher concentrations while 2,4-D and profluralin did not inhibit growth at the concentrations tested. Photosynthesis was greatly inhibited by the triazines, even at the 0.1 μM concentration. Fluometuron was very toxic to the blue-green algae but had less effect on the green algae tested. Lyngbya was most susceptible to photosynthesis reduction by the herbicides. The concentrations of herbicides tested had little effect on respiration of the algae species. It appears that effects on algal growth were due primarily to inhibition of photosynthesis rather than to other metabolic processes. 相似文献
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Magdalina I. Luzhnova Lyudmila M. Shekhtman 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1975,5(3):205-210
The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues. 相似文献
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Effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum, whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 104 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 103 ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum, and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum. However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 104 conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 103 ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 106 conidia mL−1) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 106 conidia mL−1) at a 7-day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different (P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µg ai mL−1). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum. 相似文献
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Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Q. Li H. C. Huang H. J. Miao R. S. Erickson D. H. Jiang Y. N. Xiao 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(4):345-355
Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial
concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×103conidia ml−1), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×104 conidia ml−1 or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased
leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field
trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial
application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1), C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1) + benomyl (50 μg ml−1) and benomyl (100 μg ml−1) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1), C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml−1) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml−1) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed. 相似文献
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《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1986,26(3):343-352
In vitro experiments with intact chloroplasts from hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Winter Giant) plants, have shown an I50 value for SWEP (methyl N-3,4-dichlorophenyl) carbamate) of 0.1 μM in PS I and II-linked electron transport H20 → NADP+. With thylakoid membranes the I50 values for PS II-linked Hill reactions H2O → [Fe(CN)6]3− and H2O → dichlorophenolindophenol are in the range 0.05-0.1 μM, whereas the I50 shifts to 0.45 μM in short PS II-linked transport chain diphenylcarbazide → dichlorophenolindophenol. Trypsination of PS II-enriched particles produces a negligible increase of the I50 value in diphenylcarbazide → dichlorophenolindophenol electron transport, a much smaller increase than occurs with diuron- or atrazine-type inhibitors. All these data show SWEP as a strong inhibitor of electron transport in the Q-B region of the PS II-reducing side. However, it appears to have a different binding site than that of urea and triazine herbicides, either on a trypsin resistant or on a non-surface cluster. As a consequence of the NADPH shortage, SWEP brings about a strong inhibition of CO2 assimilation, with an I50 of 0.04 μM, and a lower percentage of trioses-P among the intermediates of the Calvin cycle. In vivo experiments have shown a three to five times higher inhibition of PS II-linked electron transport, when SWEP was supplied through the roots than when it was applied to the leaves. We have found I50 values of CO2 assimilation by isolated chloroplasts of foliar disks of 3 and 5 μM, respectively, when the herbicide was root supplied, as opposed to 10 and 25 μM after leaf application. 相似文献
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Growth of Penicillium digitatum was inhibited after a 40-min incubation in a culture medium containing 0.5 mM sec-butylamine, and the dry weight of the hyphae was 50% of the control value after 180 min. Respiration of the hyphae was reduced 13% after a 20-min contact with 0.5 mM sec-butylamine but this treatment did not influence the uptake of amino acids, glucose, or phosphate nor intensify the efflux of 33P- or 14C-labeled metabolites from the cells. The syntheses of cell walls and total lipids were inhibited 20–30% after a 90-min incubation with sec-butylamine, and nucleic acid synthesis was reduced to about 50% of the control value at this time. sec-Butylamine inhibited the incorporation of labeled carbon from [14C]glucose into the protein fraction of the hyphae to a greater degree than 14C derived from labeled proline, lysine, or leucine. These observations suggested that sec-butylamine interfered primarily with the intermediary metabolism of glucose rather than inhibiting a later stage of macromolecule synthesis. Hyphae incubated with [14C]glucose and sec-butylamine accumulated pyruvic acid to a level seven times greater than in control hyphae. Furthermore, sec-butylamine strongly inhibited 14CO2 evolution from hyphae metabolizing [14C]pyruvate whereas CO2 derived from acetate or glucose after a 45-min incubation was only slightly reduced by sec-butylamine. These observations implicate pyruvate oxidation as the primary site of sec-butylamine action in young hyphae of P. digitatum. 相似文献
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混料设计在辣椒不同类型氮肥配比试验研究中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用田间试验,研究了混料设计中的单形重心设计在辣椒控释尿素、普通尿素配肥上的应用,测定了辣椒的产量及其构成,配置了各因子的产量回归方程,解析寻优,对肥料效应及经济效益进行了分析.结果表明,三种氮肥比例为普通尿素U=0.20～0.30,控释尿素D60(控释期60天)=0.40～0.60,控释尿素D30(控释期30天)=0.20～0.40(换算为纯氮实际用量U=150.0～225.0 kg/hm2,D60=300.0～450.0 kg/hm2,D30=150.0～300.0 kg/hm2)的方案,预测最高产量可达85.0 t/hm2.控释尿素D30-D60两者配合施用、普通尿素与控释尿素D30-D60三者配合施用均能显著提高辣椒产量,比普通尿素分别增产24.40、28.26 t/hm2,增产率分别为42.0%和49.0%,产量差异均达极显著水平.施肥效应以D30-D60混合最高,为20.88 t/hm2,达极显著水平.经济效益分析表明,U-D30-D60处理施肥利润为2.440万元/hm2,氮素利用率最高,为60.1%.普通尿素与两种控释尿素按一定比例混合施用有利于提高辣椒产量和增加农民的经济收入. 相似文献
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Sj J. Gerbrandy 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(5):269-276
The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days. 相似文献
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7种林木植物对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)的嗜食植物,优化其室内人工饲养技术及为诱虫植物提供候选材料,以花生叶片为对照,研究了7种林木植物叶片对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响。结果表明,华北大黑鳃金龟对8种植物日均取食量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、刺槐、核桃、榆树、花生、柳树、香椿、毛白杨,其中金叶女贞、香椿和毛白杨与花生间有极显著差异,金叶女贞与刺槐、核桃、榆树间无显著差异;单雌产卵量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、香椿、花生、榆树、毛白杨、刺槐,其中金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、刺槐与花生间有极显著差异,而金叶女贞与柳树间无显著差异。研究表明,饲养华北大黑鳃金龟成虫适宜饲料植物为金叶女贞,日均取食量最高为4.70 g,产卵期最长为56.00 d,单雌产卵量最多为58.88个,其次为核桃和柳树。 相似文献
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Rapidly growing mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus treated with 10 μg/ml triforine (N,N′-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine) showed little or no inhibition in dry weight increase prior to 2 h. By 2.5–3 h, triforine inhibited dry weight increase by 85%. The effects of triforine on protein, DNA, and RNA syntheses corresponded to the effect on dry weight increase both in time of onset and magnitude. Neither glucose nor acetate oxidation were inhibited by triforine.Ergosterol synthesis was almost completely inhibited by triforine even in the first hour after treatment. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis was accompanied by an accumulation of the ergosterol precursors 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol, and 14α-methyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol. Mycelia treated with 5 μg/ml of triarimol (α-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-α-phenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol) also accumulated the same sterols as well as a fourth sterol believed to be Δ5, 7-ergostadienol.Identification of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol in untreated mycelia indicates that the C-14 methyl group is the first methyl group removed in the biosynthesis of ergosterol by A. fumigatus. The lack of detectable quantities of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ8, 24 (28)-ergostadienol in triforine or triarimol-treated mycelia and the accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols in treated mycelia suggests that both fungicides inhibit sterol C-14 demethylation. The accumulation of Δ5, 7-ergostadienol in triarimol-treated mycelia further implies that triarimol also inhibits the introduction of the sterol C-22(23) double bond.Two strains of Cladosporium cucumerinum tolerant to triforine and triarimol were also tolerant to the fungicide S-1358 (N-3-pyridyl-S-n-butyl-S′-p-t-butylbenzyl imidodithiocarbonate). 相似文献