共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Three-dimensional structure at 0.86 A of the uncomplexed form of the transmembrane ion channel peptide gramicidin A 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
D A Langs 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,241(4862):188-191
The crystal structure of the uncomplexed orthorhombic form of gramicidin A has been determined at 120 K and at 0.86 angstrom resolution. The pentadecapeptide crystallizes as a left-handed antiparallel double-stranded helical dimer with 5.6 amino acid residues per turn. The helix has an overall length of 31 angstroms and an average inner channel diameter of 4.80 angstroms. The channel of this crystalline form is void of ions or solvent molecules. The channel diameter varies from a minimum of 3.85 angstroms to a maximum of 5.47 angstroms and contains three pockets where the cross-channel contacts are 5.25 angstroms or greater. The range of variation seen for the phi and psi torsion angles of the backbone of the helix suggests that these potential ion binding sites can be induced to travel the length of the channel in a peristaltic manner by cooperatively varying these angles. The indole rings of the eight tryptophan residues of the dimer are overlapped in three separate regions on the outer surface of the helix when viewed down the barrel of the channel. This arrangement would permit long-chained lipid molecules to nest parallel to the outer channel surface between these protruding tryptophan regions and act like molecular splines to constrain helical twist deformations of the channel. 相似文献
2.
TRAAK channels, members of the two-pore domain K(+) (potassium ion) channel family K2P, are expressed almost exclusively in the nervous system and control the resting membrane potential. Their gating is sensitive to polyunsaturated fatty acids, mechanical deformation of the membrane, and temperature changes. Physiologically, these channels appear to control the noxious input threshold for temperature and pressure sensitivity in dorsal root ganglia neurons. We present the crystal structure of human TRAAK at a resolution of 3.8 angstroms. The channel comprises two protomers, each containing two distinct pore domains, which create a two-fold symmetric K(+) channel. The extracellular surface features a helical cap, 35 angstroms tall, that creates a bifurcated pore entryway and accounts for the insensitivity of two-pore domain K(+) channels to inhibitory toxins. Two diagonally opposed gate-forming inner helices form membrane-interacting structures that may underlie this channel's sensitivity to chemical and mechanical properties of the cell membrane. 相似文献
3.
Much information on ionic solvation in electrolyte solutions has been inferred from macroscopic thermodynamic and transport properties and from spectroscopy. These ion-water interactions can now be probed directly and unambiguously by neutron diffraction. Such measurements have been done with neodymium trichloride solutions in heavy water that are identical in every respect except the isotopic state of the neodymium ions; these experiments yield in a straightforward manner the distribution of oxygen and deuterium atoms from the water molecules in the first hydration sphere of the neodymium ion. Each ion is surrounded by 8.6 oxygen atoms at a distance of 2.48 angstroms and 16.7 deuterium atoms at 3.13 angstroms indicating a well-defined first hydration sphere of water molecules, the deuterium atoms pointing away from the cation. 相似文献
4.
ZSM-18 is the first known aluminosilicate zeolite to contain rings of three (Si,Al)-O species (3-rings). Its framework topology has been determined by hypothetical model building, subsequent constrained distance and angle least-squares refinements of atomic coordinates, and x-ray powder diffraction pattern simulations. Its channel structure is characterized by a linear unidimensional 12-ring channel, with an approximate pore opening of 7.0 angstroms. In addition, the channels are lined with pockets that are capped by 7-rings with dimensions of 2.8 angstroms by 3.5 angstroms. An intraframework packing model of the organic moiety used in the synthesis suggests that a strong templating effect may be responsible for the formation of this unusual zeolite structure. 相似文献
5.
The limiting diameter of pores in the walls of living plant cells through which molecules can freely pass has been determined by a solute exclusion technique to be 35 to 38 angstroms for hair cells of Raphanus sativus roots and fibers of Gossypium hirsutum, 38 to 40 angstroms for cultured cells of Acer pseudoplatanus, and 45 to 52 angstroms for isolated palisade parenchyma cells of the leaves of Xanthium strumarium and Commelina communis. These results indicate that molecules with diameters larger than these pores would be restricted in their ability to penetrate such a cell wall, and that such a wall may represent a more significant barrier to cellular communication than has been previously assumed. 相似文献
6.
Tulk CA Benmore CJ Urquidi J Klug DD Neuefeind J Tomberli B Egelstaff PA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5585):1320-1323
Structural changes during annealing of high-density amorphous ice were studied with both neutron and x-ray diffraction. The first diffraction peak was followed from the high- to the low-density amorphous form. Changes were observed to occur through a series of intermediate forms that appear to be metastable at each anneal temperature. Five distinct amorphous forms were studied with neutron scattering, and many more forms may be possible. Radial distribution functions indicate that the structure evolves systematically between 4 and 8 angstroms. The phase transformations in low-temperature liquid water may be much more complex than currently understood. 相似文献
7.
采用水(200(W1)、400(W2)、600(W3)m L 3水平)、肥(0.15(F1)、0.35(F2)、0.55(F3)、0.75(F4)g·kg-14水平)二因素随机区组试验设计,不设对照,分析各处理对铃兰观赏品质指标和光合特性的影响。结果表明:水肥耦合对铃兰观赏品质指标和光合特性影响显著。肥量一致条件下,随着水量增加,观赏品质指标数值也相应提高,净光合速率增大;水量增加同时增加肥量一定范围内可表现正效应,过量则起负作用;水肥耦合处理间差异显著(P0.05),模糊综合评判观赏品质较好的为W2F3、W2F2、W3F2,较差的为W1F4,根据光强-光合响应模拟曲线得出铃兰光饱和点和光补偿点分别为430、45μmol·m-2·s-1,属耐阴植物;回归分析表明,光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.884 5、0.934 6,与细胞间二氧化碳摩尔分数呈负相关(R=-0.777 3),对净光合速率影响较大的是蒸腾速率。水量400~600 m L,肥量0.35~0.55 g·kg-1的效果较好,与其他处理差异显著。 相似文献
8.
Fu D Libson A Miercke LJ Weitzman C Nollert P Krucinski J Stroud RM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5491):481-486
Membrane channel proteins of the aquaporin family are highly selective for permeation of specific small molecules, with absolute exclusion of ions and charged solutes and without dissipation of the electrochemical potential across the cell membrane. We report the crystal structure of the Escherichia coli glycerol facilitator (GlpF) with its primary permeant substrate glycerol at 2.2 angstrom resolution. Glycerol molecules line up in an amphipathic channel in single file. In the narrow selectivity filter of the channel the glycerol alkyl backbone is wedged against a hydrophobic corner, and successive hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with a pair of acceptor, and donor atoms. Two conserved aspartic acid-proline-alanine motifs form a key interface between two gene-duplicated segments that each encode three-and-one-half membrane-spanning helices around the channel. This structure elucidates the mechanism of selective permeability for linear carbohydrates and suggests how ions and water are excluded. 相似文献
9.
DNA structure: evidence from electron microscopy 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
J D Griffith 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4355):525-527
The contour lengths of phiX174 DNA duplex and RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were measured by several commonly used electron microscopic techniques. The countour length of the hybrid molecules corresponds to a rise of 2.5 to 2.6 angstroms per base pair, as expected for the A conformation, while the length of phiX174 duplex DNA similarly measured corresponds to a 2.9-angstrom rise, very different from 3.4 angstroms of the classic B form. Thus any chromatin structure parameter based on electron microscopy and a rise of 3.4 angstroms must be reappraised. The possibility that DNA in dilute solution also has a rise of 2.9 angstroms and a screw of 10.5 base pairs per turn is discussed. 相似文献
10.
Crystalline transfer RNA: the three-dimensional Patterson function at 12-angstrom resolution 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
An orthorhombic form of crystalline formylmethionine transter RNA has been obtained which contains one molecule as the asymmetric unit of the unit cell. Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data have been collected up to a resolution of 12 angstroms, and from this a Patterson function has been calculated. The function contains an elongated ridge of interatomic vectors parallel to the c-axis of the crystal. Analysis of the function suggests that the molecules are elogated and dimerized in an overlapping antiparrael fashion along the c-axis. The dimer has a length near 109 angstroms and a width of 35 angstroms in one direction. The individual molecular length is approximately 80 angstroms with an irregular cross section measuring 25 by 35 angstrms. 相似文献
11.
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis by members of the site-2 protease (S2P) family is an important signaling mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Here we report the crystal structure of the transmembrane core domain of an S2P metalloprotease from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. The protease consists of six transmembrane segments, with the catalytic zinc atom coordinated by two histidine residues and one aspartate residue approximately 14 angstroms into the lipid membrane surface. The protease exhibits two distinct conformations in the crystals. In the closed conformation, the active site is surrounded by transmembrane helices and is impermeable to substrate peptide; water molecules gain access to zinc through a polar, central channel that opens to the cytosolic side. In the open conformation, transmembrane helices alpha1 and alpha6 separate from each other by 10 to 12 angstroms, exposing the active site to substrate entry. The structure reveals how zinc embedded in an integral membrane protein can catalyze peptide cleavage. 相似文献
12.
Murine T10 and T22 are highly related nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib proteins that bind to certain gammadelta T cell receptors (TCRs) in the absence of other components. The crystal structure of T22b at 3.1 angstroms reveals similarities to MHC class I molecules, but one side of the normal peptide-binding groove is severely truncated, which allows direct access to the beta-sheet floor. Potential gammadelta TCR-binding sites can be inferred from functional mapping of T10 and T22 point mutants and allelic variants. Thus, T22 represents an unusual variant of the MHC-like fold and indicates that gammadelta and alphabeta TCRs interact differently with their respective MHC ligands. 相似文献
13.
Voltage-dependent potassium ion (K+) channels (Kv channels) conduct K+ ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in the membrane voltage, thereby regulating neuronal excitability by modulating the shape and frequency of action potentials. Here we report the crystal structure, at a resolution of 2.9 angstroms, of a mammalian Kv channel, Kv1.2, which is a member of the Shaker K+ channel family. This structure is in complex with an oxido-reductase beta subunit of the kind that can regulate mammalian Kv channels in their native cell environment. The activation gate of the pore is open. Large side portals communicate between the pore and the cytoplasm. Electrostatic properties of the side portals and positions of the T1 domain and beta subunit are consistent with electrophysiological studies of inactivation gating and with the possibility of K+ channel regulation by the beta subunit. 相似文献
14.
Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of the folding of a globular protein, apoplastocyanin, have been undertaken in the context of a new lattice model of proteins that includes both side chains and a-carbon backbone atoms and that can approximate native conformations at the level of 2 angstroms (root mean square) or better. Starting from random-coil unfolded states, the model apoplastocyanin was folded to a native conformation that is topologically similar to the real protein. The present simulations used a marginal propensity for local secondary structure consistent with but by no means enforcing the native conformation and a full hydrophobicity scale in which any nonbonded pair of side chains could interact. These molecules folded through a punctuated on-site mechanism of assembly where folding initiated at or near one of the turns ultimately found in the native conformation. Thus these simulations represent a partial solution to the globular-protein folding problem. 相似文献
15.
Images of the DNA double helix in water 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
S M Lindsay T Thundat L Nagahara U Knipping R L Rill 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,244(4908):1063-1064
The scanning tunneling microscope can image uncoated DNA submerged in water. The grooves of the double helix were clearly resolved in images of the 146-base pair fragment extracted from calf thymus nucleosome. In contrast to images obtained with dry DNA, the helix pitch varied only a small amount (36 +/- 5 angstroms). The path of the helix shows considerable variation. It is quite straight when the molecules are densely packed, but it curves and bends in isolated molecules. 相似文献
16.
E Shefter 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(834):1351-1352
X-ray structural analysis of a crystalline complex between acridine C(13)H(9)N, cytosine C(4)H(5)N(3)O, and water (1:1:1) has been completed. The cytosine and water molecules form a sheet-like structure through a series of hydrogen bonds. The acridine molecules are bound to this layer through a hydrogen bridge from the water to the ring nitrogen. The acridine molecules stack in a parallel fashion normal to the cytosine-water sheets, with an average interplanar spacing of 3.5 angstroms. 相似文献
17.
Wang W Black SS Edwards MD Miller S Morrison EL Bartlett W Dong C Naismith JH Booth IR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5893):1179-1183
How ion channels are gated to regulate ion flux in and out of cells is the subject of intense interest. The Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channel, MscS, opens to allow rapid ion efflux, relieving the turgor pressure that would otherwise destroy the cell. We present a 3.45 angstrom-resolution structure for the MscS channel in an open conformation. This structure has a pore diameter of approximately 13 angstroms created by substantial rotational rearrangement of the three transmembrane helices. The structure suggests a molecular mechanism that underlies MscS gating and its decay of conductivity during prolonged activation. Support for this mechanism is provided by single-channel analysis of mutants with altered gating characteristics. 相似文献
18.
一个水稻早衰突变体基因的精细定位 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】对水稻叶片早衰突变体W330进行遗传分析及精细定位,获得控制突变表型的基因。【方法】用60Co-γ辐射诱变籼型水稻恢复系中恢8015,从突变体库获得一份叶片早衰突变体W330。对该突变体进行表型观察和主要农艺性状调查。利用多代自交稳定的突变体W330与粳稻品种02428杂交,观察F1和 F2的表型,并统计F2群体中早衰突变表型与正常野生型的分离情况,分析该突变表型的遗传行为。利用构建的F2群体进行精细定位和候选基因分析,然后对候选基因进行DNA测序、酶切分析、表达分析、酶活测定及进化分析。【结果】突变体W330从三叶期开始出现叶片衰老,直至抽穗期及黄熟期。与野生型相比,突变体W330株高变矮、分蘖减少、叶片变窄、抽穗期不变、每株有效穗数、每穗着粒数和结实率亦显著降低。W330与02418杂交的F1表现正常,F2群体中正常植株与早衰突变植株的分离比符合3﹕1,表明突变体W330的突变性状受1对隐性核基因控制。利用F2定位群体及SSR、Indel标记,最终将目标基因定位在第3染色体短臂上2个分子标记CD-5与CD-7之间,物理距离约为21.5 kb。基因预测表明该区域共有4个完整的ORFs。其中,LOC_Os03g0131200编码一个过氧化氢酶OsCATC,基因组序列分析表明,W330突变体中的该基因从ATG开始第109位,在第一个内含子的末位发生了一个C到G的颠换,造成第一个内含子没有剪切,最终导致翻译提前终止,酶切试验验证了这一突变位点。与野生型亲本中恢8015相比,W330突变体在三叶期叶片中的过氧化氢酶的活力下降了47.8%,而过氧化氢含量上升了2.7倍。由此,推定W330与OsCATC等位。系统进化分析发现,OsCATC与水稻中同源的过氧化氢酶不在同一进化分支上。实时荧光定量PCR发现,与其野生型相比,突变体W330叶片中的OsCATA和OsCATB的表达量显著上升,而OsCATC的表达量没有明显的变化。推测,这3个高度同源的基因在水稻体内可能存在互补机制。【结论】W330突变体基因是已报道的过氧化氢酶基因OsCATC的等位基因。W330突变体在第一个内含子上发生的一个点突变造成可变剪切的发生,使得水稻一个过氧化氢酶失活,导致突变体W330突变表型的出现。 相似文献
19.
Ultrastructure of secretory and high-polymer serum immunoglobulin A of human and rabbit origin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Electron micrographs of immunoglobulins A from human and rabbit colostrum, which were purified on tall agarose columns, revealed Y-shaped molecules (125 by 140 angstroms). The linear dimensions of the arms were 55 to 75 by 25 to 30 angstroms. A molecular model is postulated in which two immunoglobulin A monomers are superimposed on each other in a close-packed state with the secretory piece inserted in the constant region of the alpha-chains. High-polymer (11 or 13S) immunoglobulin A molecules (total span 100 to 110 angstroms) from human serum were composed of four arms (50 to 55 by 20 angstroms) joined at a contrast-rich center. 相似文献
20.
为探究华北地下水超采区冬小麦进一步减灌节水的有效栽培措施,2013—2016年,以石麦15为试材,进行只灌底墒水、生育期不灌溉的贮墒旱作模式(W0)与现行春季灌2水的节水灌溉模式(W2)比较试验,研究2种栽培模式对冬小麦耗水特征和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:1)W0与W2相比,3年平均产量降低16.6%,主要是因为穗数和穗粒数减少,库容降低,但千粒重明显增加;2)W0全生育期耗水强度较低,主要是拔节后耗水强度逐渐降低,其总耗水量比W2减少52mm;3)与W2相比,W0提高了土壤水分利用率,开花前较多地利用0~100cm土层的土壤贮水,成熟时耗水深度达到200cm,增加了对土壤深层贮水利用,麦收后多腾出土壤水分库容99mm,有利于接纳夏季降雨,减少汛期雨水损失;4)W0在减少灌溉用水150mm的条件下,获得6 600kg/hm~2以上产量,其水分利用效率与W2无显著差异,达到1.8kg/m~3以上。研究认为,在华北地下水超采区推广贮墒旱作模式,并与节水灌溉模式合理轮作,能大幅度减少灌溉用水并实现适度丰产和水分高效的结合。 相似文献