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1.
为了解黄土高原旱地小麦的长期施氮效应,以1984年以来开展的长期定位肥料试验为基础,在一定施磷量（39.3 kg·hm-2）下,分析了长期不同施氮水平（0、45、90、135和180 kg·hm-2）间小麦产量、氮素利用、养分累积和土壤氮素含量的差异。结果表明,长期施用氮肥对提高小麦产量仍有显著作用。氮肥利用率和利用效率均随着施氮量增加呈现显著降低的趋势,但施氮135 kg·hm-2高于90 kg·hm-2或二者差异不显著;施氮显著提高了小麦籽粒、秸秆和植株对氮、磷、钾的累积量,同时有利于养分在籽粒中的分配;土壤氮素累积量随施氮量增加呈现先升高后降低趋势,全氮和碱解氮含量均在施氮135 kg·hm-2达到最高值或较高值。黄土高原地区小麦施氮135 kg·hm-2时,可以获得较高产量,同时氮肥利用效率、籽粒中养分累积量及土壤残留氮量也较高,是该地区小麦氮素最适施用量。  相似文献   

2.
播量和施肥对甘啤6号产量和品质的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为筛选出河西地区啤酒大麦高产优质栽培的适宜播量和施肥组合,以当地啤酒大麦主栽品种甘啤6号为材料,采用正交设计,研究了播量、氮肥、磷肥对该品种产量、籽粒品质及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,播量、氮肥、磷肥组合对大麦产量、籽粒品质和麦芽品质影响显著。就产量而言,最佳播量为525 万粒·hm-2,施氮最佳水平为180 kg·hm-2,P2O5最佳水平为90 kg·hm-2;对产量的影响表现为播量>氮肥>磷肥。播量在375万～525万粒·hm-2范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量随播量的增加而下降,但播量达到600万粒·hm-2时蛋白质含量又有所增加。籽粒蛋白质含量随着氮肥施用量的增加呈直线上升趋势,适量施磷可以在保证产量的同时,抑制蛋白质含量的增加;对蛋白含量的影响表现为氮肥>播量>磷肥,对千粒重的影响表现为播量>磷肥>氮肥。综合来看,在播量为525万粒·hm-2、施氮量为120 kg·hm-2、P2O5施用量为210 kg·hm-2条件下,甘啤6号具有较高的籽粒产量和较低的蛋白质含量,且千粒重、整齐度和主要麦芽品质均达国家优级水平,因此该处理可作为河西地区甘啤6号实现高产优质的适宜播量与施肥组合。  相似文献   

3.
为研究肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦品种产量和品质的影响,以啤用大麦品种扬农啤7号和饲食兼用大麦品种扬饲麦3号为材料,分析4种肥料运筹方式对大麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,在中等偏上肥力的土壤上,扬农啤7号优质高产施肥方式为基施尿素150 kg·hm-2+复合肥375 kg·hm-2,苗肥施尿素75 kg·hm-2,拔节肥施尿素75 kg·hm-2+复合肥225 kg·hm-2,其产量水平在7 500 kg·hm-2左右;主要啤酒麦芽品质接近国标二级,可适当减少氮肥用量及提前施用拔节肥改善扬农啤7号籽粒的麦芽品质。无论哪种肥料运筹方式,扬饲麦3号的麦芽品质指标均达不到国家二级麦芽标准,该品种不适宜作为啤酒大麦原料种植,宜作优质高产饲食大麦种植,其较佳肥料运筹方式为基施尿素75 kg·hm-2+复合肥750 kg·hm-2,拔节肥施尿素112.5 kg·hm-2+复合肥375 kg·hm-2,其产量水平在8 000 kg·hm-2左右,籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%左右。  相似文献   

4.
为探讨冀东麦区水氮运筹对强筋小麦干物质转运与籽粒产量的影响,以强筋小麦品种津农7号为材料,采用裂区试验设计,以追氮春灌时间为主区［返青期追氮灌水（T1）、起身期追氮灌水（T2）和拔节期追氮灌水（T3）］,氮肥运筹为副区［基施N 120 kg·hm-2+追施N 120 kg·hm-2（N1）、基施N 90 kg·hm-2+追施N 120 kg·hm-2（N2）和基施N 120 kg·hm-2+追施N 90 kg·hm-2（N3）］,比较分析不同处理下津农7号籽粒产量、干物质转运和氮肥偏生产力的差异。结果表明,水氮运筹对津农7号的籽粒产量和穗粒数影响显著,不同处理下小麦籽粒产量为8 734.82～9 763.22 kg·hm-2,其中T2N1和T2N2处理的籽粒产量显著高于其他处理;T2的平均氮肥偏生产力较T1和T3分别高4.84%和1.88%,且T2N2处理最高。各处理花后干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率为57.35%～89.74%,说明小麦籽粒产量多源于花后干物质积累。T2条件下成熟期小麦营养器官氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量均显著高于T1和T3,且N3下花前氮素转运效率较N2无显著变化,说明追氮灌水前移至起身期可促进强筋小麦氮素转运及籽粒氮素积累。在本试验条件下,基施N 90 kg·hm-2,起身期灌水并追施N 120 kg·hm-2可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运和分配的同时稳定产量,提高氮肥利用率,从而实现强筋小麦节氮稳产。  相似文献   

5.
为明确叶面施锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响,选用小麦山农紫（紫粒）和山农129（红粒）为试验材料,采用大田试验,设置不施锌肥（Zn0,对照）、叶面喷施锌肥10 kg·hm-2（Zn10）、20 kg·hm-2（Zn20）、30 kg·hm-2（Zn30）、40 kg·hm-2（Zn40）5个处理,分析了不同施锌量下紫粒小麦产量和品质相关指标的异同。结果表明,与不施锌肥比较,叶面施锌肥后山农129和山农紫分别增产1.4%~4.7%和2.3%~5.2%;随着施锌量的增加,山农129和山农紫的籽粒锌含量、总蛋白含量及蛋白质产量均表现出先增后降的趋势,分别在Zn30和Zn20处理下达到最高值,比Zn0分别提高25.8%、1.2%、16.8%和44.1%、2.1%、20.1%。两品种叶面施锌肥较其对照显著提高了籽粒蔗糖含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数（P<0.05),但总淀粉和可溶性糖含量无显著性差异;总体上,山农紫小麦增幅大于山农129。综上所述,本试验条件下,叶面喷施锌肥可提高紫粒小麦产量、锌含量以及营养品质,以喷施锌肥20 kg·hm-2较佳。  相似文献   

6.
施硒对不同密度春小麦产量和籽粒硒含量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为确定新疆富硒小麦的最适宜种植密度和施硒量,在种植密度为450万株·hm-2（D1）、600万株·hm-2（D2）、750万株·hm-2（D3）条件下,在灌浆前期分别喷施5个浓度的亚硒酸钠,折合纯硒为0 g·hm-2（Se1）、15 g·hm-2（Se2）、30 g·hm-2（Se3）、45 g·hm-2（Se4）、60 g·hm-2（Se5）,分析不同处理对春小麦产量及其构成因素、籽粒硒含量、硒累积量、吸收利用率及籽粒氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明,D2处理下小麦的成穗数、穗粒数、穗长、千粒重、产量均最佳,分别为663.00×104·hm-2、45.37、10.45 cm、44.38 g、7 291.38 kg·hm-2,产量较D1和D3分别提高了13.24%和9.89%。施硒可使小麦产量增幅达4.59%~16.21%;施硒后籽粒中有机硒含量达140.90~346.32 μg·kg-1,占总硒含量的79.17%~82.47%。密度对籽粒总硒、有机硒、无机硒含量、籽粒硒强化指数没有明显影响,但对籽粒硒累积量、硒利用率影响显著,其中D2处理下硒累积量最大。密度和施硒互作对硒累积量影响显著,但对其他指标影响均不显著。施硒能显著增加籽粒氮、磷含量,降低钾含量;Se4处理下籽粒的氮、磷含量最高,比不施硒平均增加4.55%、16.67%,Se1处理籽粒钾含量最高,达0.28%~0.29%。在本试验条件下,小麦最优种植密度和施硒量分别为600万株·hm-2和45 g·hm-2。  相似文献   

7.
为明确黄淮砂姜黑土区玉米小麦周年氮肥运筹对冬小麦干物质及氮素积累、分配和产量的影响,于2016-2018年玉米小麦生长季进行田间氮肥运筹试验。玉米供试材料为郑单958,小麦供试材料为泰山28,玉米季3个施氮量水平为113 kg·hm-2（E1）、181 kg·hm-2（E2）、249 kg·hm-2（E3）,小麦季4个施氮水平为90 kg·hm-2（F1）、135 kg·hm-2（F2）、180 kg·hm-2（F3）、225 kg·hm-2（F4）,测定了砂浆黑土区周年不同氮肥运筹条件下小麦不同生长阶段干物质和氮素含量,系统分析了干物质和氮素积累、分配对小麦产量及其构成因素的效应。结果表明,整个生育期小麦干物质积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在拔节到开花期最高,达到7 720.24 kg·hm-2;E2F3条件下,小麦各个生育阶段的干物质积累量最高。花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率高于花前同化物对籽粒产量的贡献,但E2F3运筹明显增加了花前同化物的积累量。随着小麦生育期的推移,氮素积累量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且各时期均以E2F3条件下氮素积累量最高,在拔节到开花时最高,为112.50 kg·hm-2,但花前氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率明显高于花后氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率。成熟期籽粒干物质及氮素积累量在E2F3条件下最大,分别达到9 047.44 kg·hm-2和184.10 kg·hm-2,且与其他施肥模式差异显著。综合以上结果,对小麦而言,E2F3处理为本试验条件下砂姜黑土区玉米小麦轮作区最佳氮肥运筹。  相似文献   

8.
施氮量对渭北旱地冬小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
周栋  于琦  李敖  李军 《麦类作物学报》2020,40(7):818-825
为明确施氮量对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量与籽粒品质的影响,以小麦品种长6359和晋麦47为供试材料,设置0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm-2共5个施氮水平(分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示),探究施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量和籽粒品质相关指标及氮素农学效率的影响。结果表明：（1）在0~180 kg·hm-2施氮范围内,施氮对旱地冬小麦的穗数和产量影响均达到显著水平,但穗粒数和千粒重在不同施氮处理之间差异均不显著。施氮量达到240 kg·hm-2 时,穗数依旧增长,穗粒数和籽粒产量则出现一定程度的降低。（2）在 0~180 kg·hm-2 施氮范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、淀粉含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间均随施氮量的增加而提高,但出粉率并未与施氮量呈现相关性,容重则与施氮量呈负相关。施氮量超过180 kg·hm-2 后,除面团形成时间外,其余品质参数均下降。（3）从冬小麦各生育时期植株氮素含量与品质相关性看,拔节期二者关系最为密切。综合考虑冬小麦产量与籽粒品质,推荐渭北旱地麦田最适宜的施氮量为180 kg·hm-2,较渭北旱塬平均施氮量降低约6.4%,推荐品种为晋麦47。  相似文献   

9.
为给甘肃河西绿洲灌区啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的水肥管理提供参考,通过裂区试验,设置4个不同灌溉定额(1 500 m·hm-2、2 100 m·hm-2、2 700 m·hm-2和3 300 m·hm-2)和3个不同施肥水平（N 75 kg·hm-2+P2O556.25 kg·hm-2、 N 150 kg·hm-2+P2O5112.5 kg·hm-2、N 225 kg·hm-2+P2O5168.75 kg·hm-2）,研究了灌水和施肥对垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉定额、施肥量及水肥互作对啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率均有明显影响。当灌溉定额从1 500 m·hm-2增大到2 700 m·hm-2时,啤酒大麦千粒重提高5.36 g,成穗数增加1.16×106·hm-2,增产57.99%,水分利用效率提高24.12%;灌水量超过2 700 m·hm-2时,增产效果不明显。在N 75～150 kg·hm-2、P2O556.25～112.5 kg·hm-2范围内,增施肥料有利于啤酒大麦千粒重和穗粒数增加,并显著提高产量和水分利用效率。在灌溉定额2 700 m·hm-2、纯N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5 112.5 kg·hm-2条件下,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦的产量和水分利用效率分别为6 239.84 kg·hm-2和13.33 kg·mm-1·hm-2,水肥利用效果和经济效益相对较优。  相似文献   

10.
为探索高寒湿润区冬小麦高产和高效的最佳施肥方案,利用甘肃临夏州的“3414”田间试验结果建立了和政县高寒湿润地区的冬小麦肥料效应函数,根据其计算氮磷钾肥最佳配比。结果表明,在高寒湿润区中等土壤肥力条件下,冬小麦产量与氮、磷、钾施用量呈三元二次函数关系。冬小麦最佳经济产量为5 675.93 kg·hm-2,氮、磷、钾最佳经济施肥量依次为N 186.84 kg·hm-2、P2O5 89.93 kg·hm-2和K2O 41.17 kg·hm-2,氮、磷、钾最佳经济配比（N∶P2O5∶K2O）为1∶0.48∶0.22。氮、磷、钾肥在合理施用量范围内对冬小麦的增产增效作用表现为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥,氮、磷、钾肥配施的增产效应表现为NPK配合>NP配合>NK配合>PK配合。  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.  相似文献   

14.
Color image segmentation approach to monitor flowering in lesquerella   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
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15.
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.  相似文献   

16.
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.  相似文献   

17.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact).  相似文献   

19.
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.  相似文献   

20.
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.  相似文献   

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