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1.
Follistatin (FST) acts as a positive regulator of muscle development by inhibiting the activities and expression of myostatin. The recombinant duck FST protein was injected into hatching eggs and was also added to the medium of duck myoblast to study its role on duck embryonic muscle development and gene expressions. Duck embryo weight increased 3.49% (p > 0.05) in FST treatment group as compared with control group, but minor effects were found on leg or breast muscle weights of ducklings at 2 days post‐hatching (p > 0.05). Relative expression of Pax7 was upregulated in both leg and breast muscle tissues (p < 0.05), while MyoD was only upregulated in leg muscle (p < 0.05), and Myf5 was only upregulated in breast muscle (p < 0.05). Relative expression of myostatin was downregulated in both muscle tissues researched (p < 0.05). In vitro studies also showed some maker genes relevant to protein synthesis and degradation, cells’ proliferation and differentiation had significant changes in myoblasts after treated with FST. These results suggested that in ovo feeding of recombinant FST protein to duck hatching eggs had an effect on duck embryo development but have less roles on the duck embryonic muscle development.  相似文献   

2.
《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(4):1115-1123
This study aimed to explore the mechanism underlying arginine-promoted myogenesis of myoblasts. C2C12 cells were cultured with a medium containing 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 mmol/L arginine, respectively. Cell proliferation, viability, differentiation indexes, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, and relative mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) and key Ca2+ channels were measured in the absence or presence of 2 chemical inhibitors, dantrolene (DAN, 10 μmol/L) and nisoldipine (NIS, 10 μmol/L), respectively. Results demonstrated that arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation. Compared with the control (0.4 mmol/L arginine), 1.2 mmol/L arginine upregulated the relative mRNA expression levels of myogenin (MyoG) and Myomaker at d 2 during myogenic induction (P < 0.05). Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations were significantly elevated by arginine supplementation at d 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression levels of Ca2+ channels including the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (Cav1.1) were upregulated by 1.2 mmol/L arginine during 2-d myogenic induction (P < 0.01). However, arginine-promoted myogenic potential of myoblasts was remarkably compromised by DAN and NIS, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings evidenced that the supplementation of arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation through increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration from both extracellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+.  相似文献   

3.
N(omega)‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) decreases the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide (NO) and induces pre‐eclampsia in mouse. Sildenafil inhibits the degradation of nitric oxide and increases vasodilation. This study aimed to determine the effects of sildenafil citrate on angiogenesis and oxidative stress at the maternal foetal interface on pre‐eclampsia‐like mouse model induced by L‐NAME. Twenty pregnant mice were divided into four groups: (i) vehicle control; (ii) L‐NAME; (iii) sildenafil; (4) L‐NAME+sildenafil. L‐NAME was administered from day 7 of pregnancy and sildenafil from day 8 until day 16; animals were euthanized on day 17. Placental and foetal sizes and weights were measured; lipid peroxide levels and catalase activity in placental homogenates were determined, and placental vascular endothelia were identified by lectin‐histochemistry using BSA‐I lectin. Western blot analysis was used to determine VEGF expression in placental homogenates. No changes were seen in placental and foetal development in mice with normal pregnancies treated with sildenafil. Treatments with L‐NAME reduced significantly the placental weight and average height and decreased the percentage of the endothelial surface. These alterations may be mediated by the reduction of NO levels in trophoblastic cells, due to the inhibitory effect of L‐NAME on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) synthesis. This effect was offset by the treatment with sildenafil, with an increase in the percentage of the endothelial surface. In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment with sildenafil on pre‐eclampsia mouse model can be used without adverse effects on the concept and its use in the treatment of pre‐eclampsia is promising.  相似文献   

4.
This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) L‐arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non‐injected control, diluent‐injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution‐injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased (p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post‐hatch broilers during 1–7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon‐like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7‐day‐old post‐hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased (p < .05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and decreased (p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post‐hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry.  相似文献   

5.
Forty‐eight Duroc × Large White × Landrace pigs with an average initial body weight of 77.09 ± 1.37 kg were used to investigate the effects of combination of leucine (Leu) with arginine (Arg) or glutamic acid (Glu) on muscle growth, free amino acid profiles, expression levels of amino acid transporters and growth‐related genes in skeletal muscle. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups (12 pigs/group, castrated male:female = 1:1). The pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet (13% Crude Protein), and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.00% Leu (L group), 1.00% Leu + 1.00% Arg (LA group) or 1.00% Leu + 1.00% Glu (LG group). The experiment lasted for 60 days. Results showed an increase (p < 0.05) in biceps femoris (BF) muscle weight in the L group and LG group relative to the basal diet group. In longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, Lys, taurine and total essential amino acid concentration increased in the LG group relative to the basal diet group (p < 0.05). In LG group, Glu and carnosine concentrations increased (p < 0.05) in the BF muscle, when compared to the basal diet group. The Leu and Lys concentrations of BF muscle were lower in the LA group than that in the L group (p < 0.05). A positive association was found between BF muscle weight and Leu concentration (p < 0.05). The LG group presented higher (p < 0.05) mRNA levels of ASCT2, LAT1, PAT2, SANT2 and TAT1 in LD muscle than those in the basal diet group. The mRNA levels of PAT2 and MyoD in BF muscle were upregulated (p < 0.05) in the LG group, compared with those in the basal diet group. In conclusion, Leu alone or in combination with Glu is benefit for biceps femoris muscle growth in fattening pig.  相似文献   

6.
The development of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle is important for improving meat quality. However, it is still unclear how adipocytes grow in the proximity of muscle fibers. We hypothesized that adipocytes would suppress muscle cell growth so as to grow dominantly within muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipocytes on the differentiation of muscle cells in a co‐culture system. The fusion index of C2C12 myoblasts co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than that of the control. The expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than in the control. Furthermore, the expression of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 was higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes than the control. These results suggest that 3T3‐L1 adipocytes suppress the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, 3T3‐L1 adipocytes induced the expression and secretion of IL‐6 in C2C12 muscle cells. The fusion index and myotube diameter were higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 cells in medium containing IL‐6‐neutralizing antibody than the control. Taken together, there is a possibility that adipocyte‐induced IL‐6 expression in muscle cells could be involved in the inhibition of muscle cell differentiation via autocrine.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
本试验旨在研究培养基中添加不同浓度的精氨酸（Ａｒｇ）对乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖及κ－酪蛋白（ＣＳＮ３）基因表达的影响。选用中国荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行体外培养，以无Ａｒｇ的培养基（０．００ｍｇ／Ｌ）为对照（０组），试验培养基分别添加 ６９．５０（０．２５组）、１３９．００（０．５０组）、２７８．００（１．００组）、５５６．００（２．００组）、１１１２．００（４．００组）和 ２２２４．００ｍｇ／Ｌ（８．００组）的精氨酸。结果表明：Ａｒｇ能促进乳腺上皮细胞的增殖，２４ｈ时，０．２５～４．００组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），８．００组与 ０组相比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；４８和 ７２ｈ时，各试验组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ａｒｇ能促进 ＣＳＮ３基因的表达，各试验组与 ０组相比均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），当 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ５５６．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，ＣＳＮ３基因表达量最高。结果提示，Ａｒｇ对乳腺上皮细胞增殖及 ＣＳＮ３基因表达均具有明显的促进作用，且在 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ６９．５０～１１１２．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时促细胞增殖效果较佳，在 Ａｒｇ浓度为 ５５６．００ｍｇ／Ｌ时促 ＣＳＮ３基因表达作用最强。  相似文献   

9.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of threonine (THR) on immunoglobulin A (IgA) gene expression of Japanese quail on hatch day. A total of 540 Japanese quail eggs were assigned into nine groups of 60 each and were set in a single‐stage incubator. Treatments were as follows: non‐injected (control), two diluent levels (0.05 or 0.1 ml saline), two sites of injection (in or under the air sac) and with or without nutrients (0.5 mg/ml THR). Eggs were injected on d 11 of incubation. On hatch day, after euthanizing hatched quail chicks, the intestine was removed and the jejunum was separated. The relative mRNA expression of jejunal IgA increased (p < 0.05) by the injection of 0.05 ml THR under the air sac when compared to the control group or other treatments of injection. Compared to the control group, no differences were imputable to treatments of 0.1‐ml injections on IgA gene expression. Differences with other injected groups were not significant. It was concluded that injection of 0.05 ml saline containing 0.5 mg THR/ml under the air sac can improve jejunal IgA mRNA expression in newly hatched Japanese quail chicks.  相似文献   

10.
The current intensive indoor production system of commercial Pekin ducks never allows adequate water for swimming or wetting. Therefore, heat stress is a key factor affecting health and growth of ducks in the hot regions and season. Experiment 1 was conducted to study whether heat stress was deleterious to certain organs of ducks. Forty‐one‐day‐old mixed‐sex Pekin ducks were randomly allocated to four electrically heated battery brooders comprised of 10 ducks each. Ducks were suddenly exposed to 37 °C ambient temperature for 3 h and then slaughtered, in one brooder at 21 days and in another brooder at 49 days of age. The results showed that body weight and weight of immune organs, particularly liver markedly decreased in acute heat stress ducks compared with the control. Experiment 2 was carried out to investigate the influences of dietary L‐arginine (Arg) supplement on weight and compositions of certain lymphoid organs, and growth performance in Pekin ducks, under daily cyclic hot temperature environment. A total of 151‐day‐old mixed‐sex Pekin ducks were randomly divided into one negative control and two treatment groups, fed experimental diets supplemented with 0, 5, and 10 g L‐Arginine (L‐Arg)/kg to the basal diet respectively. Ducks were exposed to cyclic high temperature simulating natural summer season. The results showed that the addition of L‐Arg improves feed conversion ratio (FCR) during a period of 7‐week trial, as well as increases hepatic weight relative to body weight at 21 days, while decreases the hepatic water content at 49 days of age. This study indicated that the liver was more sensitive to acute heat stress, and the hepatic relative weight and chemical composition could be regulated by dietary L‐Arg supplementation in Pekin ducks being reared at high ambient temperature. These beneficial effects of Arg on liver might be a cause of improved FCR.  相似文献   

11.
本研究分析了共轭亚油酸(CLA)对C2C12肌细胞生脂转分化和生肌分化的影响。分别培养并诱导C2C12鼠源肌细胞生脂转分化和正常的生肌分化,同时分别使用终浓度为50μmol/L的c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA处理细胞,并设对照组,取生脂转分化第10天和生肌分化第8天的细胞用于实时定量PCR检测,观察c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA对C2C12肌细胞不同分化的影响。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,c9,t11-CLA促进了C2C12肌细胞的生脂转分化,显著增加了细胞内甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),显著上调了细胞内脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体γ(PPARγ)和脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)基因的表达水平(P0.05);与对照组相比,t10,c12-CLA则抑制了C2C12肌细胞的生脂转分化,显著减少了细胞内TG含量(P0.05),显著下调了细胞内C/EBPα、PPARγ和FA BP4基因的表达水平(P0.05)。免疫印迹杂交结果显示FAS和FABP4的蛋白质表达水平也发生了与基因表达相一致的变化。2)与对照组相比,t10,c12-CLA抑制了C2C12肌细胞的生肌分化,显著减少了细胞内肌管数/细胞数(P0.05),显著下调了细胞内肌细胞生成素(MYOG)和成肌分化抗原(MYOD)基因的表达水平(P0.05);与对照组相比,c9,t11-CLA则显著上调了细胞内MYOG基因的表达水平(P0.05),对C2C12肌细胞的生肌分化有一定程度的促进作用。免疫印迹杂交结果显示MYOG和MYOD的蛋白质表达水平也发生了与基因表达相一致的变化。以上结果表明,CLA对动物骨骼肌细胞的正常生肌分化和生脂转分化都具有重要的调节作用。  相似文献   

12.
The effect of dietary N‐carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation during the entire gestation on reproductive performance of gilts was determined. At the initial day of gestation, forty‐five cross‐bred (Landrace × Large white) gilts were randomly assigned to five groups receiving a basal diet (control group) and basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% NCG until parturition, respectively. At parturition, total litter size, live litter size and rate of stillbirth were not markedly affected by NCG supplementation. However, gilts in 0.05% NCG‐supplemented group had more pigs born alive than gilts in control group (+1.11 pigs, p = 0.12), and live litter weight was increased (+12.13–19.17%, p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% NCG‐supplemented groups relative to control group. And also, average birthweight of piglets born alive was higher (+6.57%, p < 0.05) in 0.05% NCG‐supplemented group than in control group. Furthermore, on days 30, 60, 90 and 110 of gestation, concentrations of arginine and ornithine in plasma were higher (p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% NCG‐supplemented groups than in control group, respectively. In addition, the chorioallantois gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A), placental growth factor (PLGF) and angiopoietin‐2 (ANG‐2) was all increased (p < 0.05) in 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% NCG‐supplemented groups than in control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg NCG during the entire gestation significantly improves pregnancy outcomes in gilts, which may be associated with the improved concentrations of arginine in plasma and placental angiogenic factors gene expression of gilts.  相似文献   

13.
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of ungulate's laminitis. Although extensively studied in equines, the endothelial function is not fully examined in bovine digital veins (BDVs). BDVs were studied under isometric conditions to describe the acetylcholine (ACh) endothelium‐dependent relaxation. Concentration–response curves were constructed to phenylephrine, ACh, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Relaxation responses were evaluated using either phenylephrine or depolarizing high‐potassium Krebs solution (DKS) as precontraction agents. Endothelium denudation and incubation with L‐NAME (300 μM), indomethacin (10 μM) or both were used to explore endothelial‐mediated mechanisms. Endothelium denudation did not modify phenylephrine and SNP responses, however, significantly (p < 0.05) converted a relaxation (63.2 ± 5%) response to ACh into a contraction (30.3±9%). The ACh‐evoked relaxation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the presence of indomethacin (37.5 ± 6%) and L‐NAME (6.40 ± 2%). The presence of both inhibitors abolished the ACh‐evoked relaxation. Although DKS caused a higher precontraction than phenylephrine, ACh‐evoked relaxation (22.4 ± 3.4%) was still observed and was reduced by the combination of inhibitors (7.0 ± 1.0%). The ACh endothelium‐dependent relaxation in BDVs is essentially mediated by nitric oxide and endothelium‐derived prostanoids. The BDV endothelium function is a dynamic component in the control of the bovine digital blood flow, particularly under endothelial dysfunction conditions when venoconstriction might lead to postcapillary resistance increase.  相似文献   

14.
Maternal nutrient restriction during pregnancy is a major problem worldwide for human and animal production. Arginine (Arg) is critical to health, growth and reproduction. N‐carbamylglutamate (NCG), a key enzyme in arginine synthesis, is not extensively degraded in rumen. The aim of this study was to investigate ameliorating effects of rumen‐protected arginine (RP‐Arg) and NCG supplementation on dietary in undernourished Hu sheep during gestation. From day 35 to 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin foetuses were randomly divided into four groups: a control (CG) group (n = 8; fed 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements for pregnant sheep), a nutrient‐restricted (RG) group (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements, which included 50% mineral–vitamin mixture) and two treatment (Arg and NCG) groups (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements supplemented with 20 g/day RP‐Arg or 5 g/day NCG, which included 50% mineral–vitamin mixture). The umbilical venous plasma samples of foetus were tested by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance. Thirty‐two differential metabolites were identified, indicating altered metabolic pathways of amino acid, carbohydrate and energy, lipids and oxidative stress metabolism among the four groups. Our results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of dietary RP‐Arg and NCG supplementation on mammalian reproduction is associated with complex metabolic networks.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
Lean weight is related to muscle fiber number. Muscle fiber formation (myogenesis) occurs only during embryonic development when it is under the control of the MyoD gene family consisting of myogenin, MyoD1, myf-5, and myf-6. Myogenin has a central position within the MyoD gene family because myogenin expression abrogates myoblast proliferation potential and regulates the differentiation of single nucleated myoblasts into multinucleated myofibers. Thus, myogenin genotype could be related to variation in the number of muscle fibers formed, leading to variation in muscle mass and, thus, lean weight. A polymorphism at the porcine myogenin locus was associated with birth weight, growth rate, lean weight at 200 d, and backfat thickness. Yorkshire pigs from two commercial lines were genotyped, and crosses between heterozygous pigs and heterozygous and homozygous pigs were made. Resulting litters were genotyped, and phenotypic data were collected. Significant differences were found between the two homozygous myogenin genotypes for birth weight, growth rate, and lean weight, but not for backfat thickness. Variation at the myogenin locus explained 4% of the total phenotypic variation in birth weight, growth rate, and carcass weight, and 5.8% of the total variation in lean weight. We conclude that myogenin genotype influences porcine growth rate and muscle mass.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The effects of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, myogenic gene expression and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway in Cherry Valley ducks were evaluated. A total of 720 1‐day‐old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly distributed into four groups with six replicates of 30 birds for a 42‐day feeding trial. Ducks were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. Growth performance was not affected by betaine. Incremental levels of betaine linearly (p < 0.05) increased the breast muscle yield and linearly (p < 0.05) decreased the subcutaneous fat thickness and the abdominal fat yield. The contents of methionine, serine, glycine, glutamate and total non‐essential amino acid in breast muscle were linearly (p < 0.05) increased by betaine supplementation. With increasing betaine levels, the drip loss and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were linearly (p < 0.05) decreased, and the redness of meat (linear p < 0.05), the activities of catalase (CAT) (linear p < 0.05) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) (linear p < 0.05, quadratic p < 0.05) were increased. Moreover, the myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1) mRNA expression and the mTOR mRNA expression and protein phosporylation were linearly (p < 0.05) up‐regulated, and the myostatin (MSTN) mRNA expression was linearly (p < 0.05) down‐regulated by betaine supplementation. Overall, this study indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect the growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks, but could linearly increase some amino acid contents in breast muscle, especially glycine, and increase muscle antioxidant activity to improve meat quality. Moreover, betaine supplementation could improve the breast muscle yield by increasing MyoD1 mRNA expression, decreasing MSTN mRNA expression and regulating mTOR signalling pathway.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among muscle fiber‐type composition, fiber diameter, and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) gene expression in different skeletal muscles during development in naturally grazing Wuzhumuqin sheep. Three major muscles (i.e. the Longissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps femoris (BF) and Triceps brachii (TB)) were obtained from 20 Wuzhumuqin sheep and 20 castrated rams at each of the following ages: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. Muscle fiber‐type composition and fiber diameter were measured using histochemistry and morphological analysis, and MRF gene expression levels were determined using real‐time PCR. In the LD muscle, changes in the proportion of each of different types of fiber (I, IIA and IIB) were relatively small. In the BF muscle, a higher proportion of type I and a 6.19‐fold lower proportion of type IIA fibers were observed (P < 0.05). In addition, the compositions of type I and IIA fibers continuously changed in the TB muscle (P < 0.05). Moreover, muscle diameter gradually increased throughout development (P < 0.05). Almost no significant difference was found in MRF gene expression patterns, which appeared to be relatively stable. These results suggest that changes in fiber‐type composition and increases in fiber size may be mutually interacting processes during muscle development.  相似文献   

20.
To clarify muscle type‐specific effect of myostatin on myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), we examined mRNA expression of MRFs in five skeletal muscles of normal (NM) and myostatin‐deficient double‐muscled (DM) adult Japanese Shorthorn cattle by quantitative reverse‐transcribed PCR. Among the four MRFs, namely, Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4, MyoD expression was different among the muscles of the DM cattle (P < 0.01) but not of the NM cattle. Meanwhile, MyoD expression was significantly elevated only in masseter (MS) muscle in the DM cattle due to the myostatin deficiency (P < 0.05). Myf5 and MRF4 expression in semitendinosus (ST) was higher in the DM than in the NM cattle (P < 0.05). According to analysis of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, more MyHC‐2x and ‐2a and less ‐slow isoforms were expressed in the longissimus and ST muscles compared to the MS muscle in both cattle (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in MyHC expression was observed between the NM and DM cattle. Taken together, myostatin has influences on Myf5 and MRF4 expression in faster‐type muscles and on MyoD expression in slower‐type muscles, suggesting a possible muscle type‐specific effect of myostatin in skeletal muscle growth and maintenance.  相似文献   

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