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1.
This paper presents preliminary results on attempts to extract and characterize the volatile secondary metabolites contained in needles of differentPinus species and to ascertain the role played by these substances on the behavior ofThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis et Schiffermüller) females, which show a marked preference, during the oviposition period, for some indigenous and exotic species of host plants existing in mixed formation. Limonene is the most abundant monoterpene extracted fromP. pinea needles, the least favored species of pine processionary caterpillar (PPC) females, although it is present in only very low amounts in otherPinus species. An increase was observed in limonene production byP. pinea at the start of the flight period of the PPC adult, and subsequently at the beginning of the females’ oviposition period. Assays carried out in two pine stands in central Italy showed that limonene, emulsified with water and sprayed on foliage of four different pine species plants,P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinaster andP. radiata, during the PPC oviposition period, provided a satisfactory degree of protection. In fact, the number of egg clusters collected from treated plants was often lower than the number of egg clusters collected from control plants and was comparable to the number of egg clusters laid onP. pinea plants. In particular (R)-(+)-limonene, although not produced in nature by pines, was the most effective deterrent. However, the effect of (S)-(-)-limonene, the enantiomer biosynthesized by pines, was also adequate.  相似文献   

2.
Sphaeropsis sapinea was repeatedly isolated in Sardinia from symptomatic samples of the upper part of declining pine (Pinus radiata) plants. Observed symptoms mainly consisted of foliage chlorosis, drying of needles and cankers on branches. The S. sapinea strains were shown to produce phytotoxic metabolites in culture filtrates. Three metabolites were isolated for the first time from this fungus and identified by their spectroscopic and optical properties as R-(−)-mellein, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxymellein. When assayed for phytotoxic and antifungal activities on host and non-host plants and on some phytopathogenic fungi, the R-(−)-mellein showed significant activity, while the other two 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins showed only a synergic activity in both tests.  相似文献   

3.
An outbreak of the pine processionary moth (PPM),Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), began in spring 1998 and lasted 5 years in aPinus brutia Ten. (Calabrian pine) stand. Tree volume and volume elements increments were examined throughout a PPM outbreak cycle from 1981 to 2003, for an even aged, pure, undisturbed, young Calabrian pine stand. Tree ring chronologies of ‘control’ Calabrian pine, which was not defoliated by PPM during the period of 1998–2003, were used to estimate potential growth characteristics in the ‘host’ Calabrian pine (moderate and high defoliation groups) for current and past outbreaks. Increment cores were collected from 70 host and 78 control dominant or co-dominant trees and annual radial growth indices from 1981–2003 were calculated for each defoliation group in a 41 point sampling. Growth functions were defined as the cumulative sum of radial, height, and volume increment, and graphically compared between host Calabrian pine (3 moderate and one high), four control Calabrian pine and one host Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) sample trees. At least three severe outbreak periods were identified (from 1981–86; 1992–97; and 1998–2003), much of the study area being severely affected by PPM. Tree ring evidence suggests that large scale (in 1981, 1992, 1998) and partial (in 1988) outbreaks occurred in the study area. Negative inflections of host radial growth curves relative to control height and volume indicated PPM activity. The periodic average diameter growth reductions (in %) in 1981, 1988, 1992 and 1998, respectively, were 0, 13, 5 and 0 for control, 12, 8, 7 and 2 for moderate, and 18, 5, 0 and 7 for high defoliation groups. Outbreaks appear to be associated with dry winter and spring weather prior to the autumn and winter in which feeding occurs. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.  相似文献   

4.
Volatile compounds of plants, including monoterpenes, are a possible source of signal molecules that induce defense systems to protect plants from tissue damage. Volatile compounds from rough lemon leaves were trapped by solid-phase microextraction fibers in sealed vials, and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography analyses identified the profile of the major components, mainly various monoterpenes. Among several monoterpenes examined, citral, citronellal, and linalool significantly inhibited the spore germination and hyphal growth of Alternaria alternata. The effect of linalool was fungistatic, while the effects of citral and citronellal were partially fungicidal. Wounding of rough lemon leaves induced a significant increase in release of monoterpenes. The release of linalool was the most abundant and was 14.5 times that of unwounded rough lemon leaves. Unlike the wounding treatment, microbe attack did not significantly change monoterpene releases, and there was statistically no difference found in the peak areas from microbe-treated and untreated leaves. Linalool, limonene, and β-pinene also had insect-repellant effects on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Expression patterns of defense-related genes in rough lemon and rice significantly changed after treatment with vapors of monoterpene volatiles. Taking these results together, monoterpene volatiles are likely to play roles in the defense of rough lemon against microbe and insect pathogens.  相似文献   

5.
An outbreak of the pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), began in spring 1998 and lasted 6 years in a Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantation in western Turkey. The effects of PPM on the radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine trees were investigated by examining the increment losses for three defoliation intensities (groups). PPM activity in Crimean pine stand was assessed through radial increment analysis of cores extracted at breast height. In 2004, increment cores were collected from moderate and high defoliation and low defoliation dominant or co-dominant trees. Based on the sample, annual radial growth indices from 1998 to 2004 were calculated. Growth functions were defined as the cumulative sum of radial, height and volume increment graphically compared between Crimean pine defoliation group sample trees. The sample trees are the same subspecies and varieties. After the defoliations, radial, height and volume growth of low defoliation group trees was found to be significantly greater than that of the other affected groups. During the 1998–2004 period the total radial growth of low, moderately affected and highly affected trees was, respectively, 49, 33 and 31 mm; the total height growth was 3.1, 1.8 and 1.0 m; and the total volume growth was 50, 14 and 10 dm3.  相似文献   

6.
Information is presented on new occurrences of two homopteran pests,Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer et Harpaz (Matsucoccidae) andPineus pini (Macquart) (Adelgidae), in Israel, Jordan and southern Lebanon.M. josephi occurs in Israel in almost all natural relicts of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). It infests all plantations of Aleppo pine, brutia pine (Pinus brutia ssp.brutia) and Eldar pine (P. brutia ssp.eldarica) north of 31°12′ lat. N. Heavy damage has been observed in the Judean Foothills, Judean Mts. and northern Samaria.M. josephi and its specific predator,Elatophilus hebraicus Pericart (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), are recorded for the first time in Jordan and southern Lebanon. The scale was found in all visited Aleppo pine and brutia pine stands in Jordan and in natural and planted brutia pine in southeastern Lebanon. Damage byM. josephi in Jordan was observed only in young plantations of Aleppo pine; in Lebanon no signs of injury were recorded.P. pini was found for the first time in Jordan, where it causes severe damage to young stands of Aleppo pine and stone pine (Pinus pinea). Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 1225-E, 1993 series.  相似文献   

7.
Volatiles from newly cut branches with needles of Pinus sylvestris L. were collected with headspace sampling technique, and then identified and quantified by combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The response of antennae of the female pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to these volatiles was recorded by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Surprisingly, the most common and major monoterpene hydrocarbons (MT), -pinene, 3-carene, and -pinene were antennally inactive. Female antennae responded strongly only to four minor MT components, myrcene, -phellandrene, trans--ocimene, and terpinolene. Weaker, but repeatable responses were also found to limonene, cis--ocimene, and -terpinene. Further EAD recordings with two synthetic MT mixtures supported our findings from the natural material. When separating the two enantiomers of limonene by running different synthetic MT mixtures, the EAD response was found only to the(–)-enantiomer, but not to the opposite (+)-enantiomer. EAD-responses were also found to some less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes (SqT), active at ng-levels. The sensitivity and specificity of the antenna to a select number of active host MTs and SqTs suggest that these play a role in the host selection process of T. pityocampa females.  相似文献   

8.
Volatiles from newly cut branches with needles of Pinus sylvestris L. were collected with headspace sampling technique, and then identified and quantified by combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The response of antennae of the female pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to these volatiles was recorded by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Surprisingly, the most common and major monoterpene hydrocarbons (MT), -pinene, 3-carene, and -pinene were antennally inactive. Female antennae responded strongly only to four minor MT components, myrcene, -phellandrene, trans--ocimene, and terpinolene. Weaker, but repeatable responses were also found to limonene, cis--ocimene, and -terpinene. Further EAD recordings with two synthetic MT mixtures supported our findings from the natural material. When separating the two enantiomers of limonene by running different synthetic MT mixtures, the EAD response was found only to the(–)-enantiomer, but not to the opposite (+)-enantiomer. EAD-responses were also found to some less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes (SqT), active at ng-levels. The sensitivity and specificity of the antenna to a select number of active host MTs and SqTs suggest that these play a role in the host selection process of T. pityocampa females.  相似文献   

9.
Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) recovering from a 90–100% defoliation 2–3 years previously were pretreated with small mechanical wounds or inoculations with the blue-stain fungi Leptographium wingfieldii and Ophiostoma canum. Pretreated trees were less susceptible to a subsequent massive inoculation with L. wingfieldii than untreated control trees, which were extensively colonised by the mass-inoculation. A low pretreatment dosage of L. wingfieldii was somewhat more effective in inducing disease resistance than a higher dosage. Pretreatment with L. wingfieldii, O. canum, and mechanical wounding were about equally effective inducers of resistance in Scots pine, even though L. wingfieldii is known to produce much more extensive phloem necrosis than the other pretreatments. Thus, the strength of the induced resistance response did not depend on the amount of host tissues that was destroyed by the pretreatment. Previously, induced disease resistance has been demonstrated in Norway spruce (Picea abies), and the present study shows that similar responses can be activated in Scots pine.  相似文献   

10.
Essential oils of Matricaria chamommilla, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Lavandula angusti folia, Ocimum basilicum, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Citrus limon and C. aurantium and their components; linalyl acetate, linalool, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, carvacrol, thymol and menthol were assayed for inhibitory activity against the three major pathogens of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, i.e. the fungi Verticillium fungicola and Trichoderma harzianum and the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. The highest and broadest activity was shown by the Origanum vulgare oil. Carvacrol possessed the highest antifungal activity among the components tested.  相似文献   

11.
Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×103conidia ml−1), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×104 conidia ml−1 or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1), C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1) + benomyl (50 μg ml−1) and benomyl (100 μg ml−1) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1), C. minitans (106 conidia ml−1) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml−1) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml−1) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.  相似文献   

12.
An interaction between the fungal pathogenSphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & Sutton, causal organism of Sphaeropsis canker, and the Israeli pine bast scaleMatsucoccus josephi (Homoptera: Margarodidae), causal agent of pine decline, was studied, since both were prevalent on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) stands.Sphaeropsis sapinea was isolated from larvae (stage II) and molts of the Israeli pine bast scale collected in four Aleppo pine stands. When Aleppo pine saplings were infested with pine bast scale and subsequently inoculated withS. sapinea most plants died, whereas mortality of seedlings inoculated withS. sapinea alone without previous scale infestation was negligible. Scale infestation of saplings without subsequent fungal inoculation caused the death of one third of the plants. Wounding of pine shoot apices by removal of needle fascicles enhanced infection byS. sapinea. The results support the assumption thatM. josephi can play an important role in transmitting the fungal inoculum to the host tree as well as enabling its penetration to the shoots through wounds in the bark. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 20, 2004.  相似文献   

13.
The Ya Li pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) trees were sprayed three times with 2.5 mM salicylic acid (SA) around 30, 60 and 90 days after full flowering. The fruit were harvested at commercial maturity (about 120 days after full flowering), inoculated with Penicillium expansum, and incubated at 20 °C, 95–100% RH. The results showed that resistance to the pathogen of the mature pear fruit was remarkably enhanced by the SA sprays. Disease incidence in the SA-treated fruit was 58.0% or 26.5%, and lesion diameter on SA-treated fruit was 58.4% or 29.0% lower than that in/on fruit without SA treatment (control) on day 12 or 17 after incubation, respectively. The SA spray applied to the trees around 30 days after full flowering notably enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the young fruit. Meanwhile, activities of defense enzymes, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase or β-1,3-glucanase in the young fruit from SA-treated trees was 29.5%, 60.0%, 24.4% or 35.7% higher than that in the control fruit 4 days after the SA spraying. Furthermore, after harvest, activities of PAL, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were still significantly higher in the mature pear fruit from the trees sprayed three times with SA than those of the control fruit. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in the young fruit were significantly reduced by SA spraying. However, the activity of another antioxidant enzyme, glutathione reductase in the young fruit was significantly enhanced by SA spraying. These results suggest that enzymes exerting their functions in different ways may be coordinately regulated by SA in the pear fruit. Our study indicates that treatment of SA sprays on the trees may provide further protection against postharvest disease of Ya Li pear fruit in practice and could be used as an alternative and economical approach to reduce application of chemical fungicides.  相似文献   

14.
There is increasing interest in induced resistance for crop protection. This study investigated effects of growth environment on inducible defences in developing radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in the presence or absence of Trichoderma in either a temperature-controlled growth room or in a greenhouse. After 3, 5 or 7 months, seedlings were sprayed with 2.25 mm methyl jasmonate (MJ), 1 week before quantification of monoterpenes and total phenolics. The magnitude of induction of monoterpenes and total phenolics by MJ was inversely proportional to constitutive content, was greater in the greenhouse than the growth room and was greater at 3 months than at 7 months. This may indicate a cost-saving strategy to limit defence induction once constitutive defence reaches a certain threshold. Growth room seedlings expressed greater constitutive resistance to terminal crook (Colletotrichum acutatum) and to diplodia dieback (Diplodia sapinea) than greenhouse plants, consistent with the relative differences in constitutive defence chemistry. Indeed, while MJ induced resistance to diplodia dieback in both environments, there was no difference in terminal crook incidence (4.1%) between MJ-treated and untreated seedlings in the growth room. By the end of the study, growth room seedlings had c. 70% more β-pinene in stems and 140% more total phenolics in needles than greenhouse plants but were 40% smaller, indicating a defence–growth trade-off. Trichoderma did not have a significant effect on defence chemistry or on pathogen resistance. These results demonstrate the potential to manipulate defence in radiata pine by modification of the growth environment.  相似文献   

15.
Several new isolates ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner have shown significantly higher levels of insecticidal activity than the previous best isolates (Bt24-entomocidus and IH-A-aizawai) against bothSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. andSpodoptera exempta Walker. The best ones, in the following descending order of potency, were: againstS. littoralis — K26–21, MF4B–2, MR1–37, K28–30, K26–8; againstS. exempta — Bt-3, K30–3, HD-133, MR1–37, Bt-17, K26–8, K26–21, MF4B-2, HD-593. Larvae ofS. exempta were considerably more susceptible (4.12–1.25 fold) to some of the isolates (Bt-3, K30–3, HD-133, MR1–37, Bt-17, K26–8, HD-593) thanS. littoralis.  相似文献   

16.
Genes encoding an acidic wheat class IV chitinase (383), an acidic wheat β 1,3-glucanase (638) and a rice cationic peroxidase (POC1) were introduced into ‘Nantes Coreless’ carrot (Daucus carota) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The genes were introduced singly or in various combinations followed by selection imposed by the herbicide phosphinothricin. Regenerated plantlets were screened for presence and expression of the three transgenes using PCR, Southern and Northern hybridisations. Eighteen transgenic lines expressing a single transgene and 2 lines each co-expressing 638/383 and 383/POC1 were assessed for resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Percentage leaf area diseased was measured 4 and 7 days after inoculation (dai) and compared to non-transformed control plants. Six lines expressing β-1,3-glucanase 638 alone had no enhanced resistance to B. cinerea at 4 dai and only slight resistance to S. sclerotiorum; there was no effect at 7 dai. Two out of the six lines expressing 383 alone had enhanced tolerance to both pathogens with a 20–50% reduction in disease development at 7 dai. Two lines co-expressing 638/383 had slight reductions in disease by (10–20%) similar to that of the lines expressing chitinase 383 alone. Highest levels of disease resistance were seen in transgenic lines expressing POC1, alone or in combination with chitinase 383. Disease symptoms were slower to develop and symptoms were reduced by up to 90% for B. cinerea and 70% for S. sclerotiorum. The 383/POC1 co-expressing plants developed disease at levels similar to that of POC1 alone. Petioles of plants over-expressing POC1 had higher levels of lignin accumulation constitutively compared to control plants, which was greatly enhanced following inoculation with S. sclerotiorum. These results indicate that peroxidase over-expression can lead to significant disease reduction against necrotrophic pathogens in transgenic carrot plants.  相似文献   

17.
SeveralAlternaria cassiae isolates were recovered from diseased sicklepod plants (Senna obtusifolia) in the southern regions of Brazil. A representative isolate (Cenargen CG593) was tested for its host range under greenhouse conditions. The fungus promoted symptoms in sicklepod, cassava (Manihot dulce), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) when tested at a spore concentration of 106 spores ml−1. When the plants were inoculated with a suspension of 105 spores ml−1 and held at a dew period of 12 h (cassava) or 18 h (tomato and eggplant), the plants showed symptoms of the disease, but they recovered and continued their normal vegetative growth. These results show that the fungusA. cassiae is safe to use for the control ofS. obtusifolia under Brazilian conditions, because it did not cause excessive damage in the three plants tested. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 14, 2007.  相似文献   

18.
A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using sclerotia ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum for producing conidia ofConiothyrium minitans in liquid culture. The medium (SST) was made of water containing 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 or 0.5% (w/v) ground sclerotia ofS. sclerotiorum and 100 μgl −1 thiamine hydrochloride (HCl). One ml of conidial suspension (2 × 107 conidia ml−1) ofC. minitans LRC 2534 was inoculated into 100 ml of SST medium or control (thiamine HCl in water) and incubated at 20 ± 2°C on a shaker at 200 rpm. Subsamples were removed periodically and examined under a compound microscope. Conidia in the SST media germinated within 24 h, developed into branched hyphae within 48 h, produced pycnidia after 3–4 days, and the pycnidia released mature conidia after 7 days. Production of conidia varied with the concentration of sclerotia in the SST medium. It was lower (3.6 × 106 conidia ml−1) at 0.5% but higher (1.2 × 108 conidia ml−1) at 2%. The new conidia were viable and the colonies developing from them showed the original morphological characteristics. It was concluded that using SST liquid medium as a substrate for mass production of conidia ofC. minitans has potential for use in commercial development of this mycoparasite as a biocontrol product. http:www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 23, 2007.  相似文献   

19.
Two isolates of Streptomyces spp. DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632 were evaluated to determine the antagonist–pathogen inoculum concentration relationship under greenhouse conditions. Pathogen and antagonist concentration, significantly (P < 0.05) affected development of Fusarium disease in maize with a significant interaction between pathogen and antagonist concentration. Dose–response relationship also differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the two isolates, but both isolates demonstrated effective control of Fusarium disease, regardless of pathogen concentration. The isolate DAUFPE 11470 provided the most effective control. The lowest value for disease incidence occurred at low pathogen (103 chlamydospore g−1 soil) and high antagonist concentration (106 cfu ml−1) for both isolates. The disease incidence for control plants ranged from 19% to 76%. However, in relation to control the lowest disease reduction occurred at low pathogen (103 chlamydospore g−1 soil) and high antagonist concentrations (106 cfu ml−1). These reductions were 10.6% and 13% for DAUFPE 14632 and DAUFPE 11470, respectively. The highest disease reductions, in relation to control plants, occurred at high pathogen (106 chlamydospore g−1 soil) and antagonist (106 cfu ml−1) concentrations for both isolates. These values were 55% and 62.2% for DAUFPE 14632 and DAUFPE 11470, respectively. The chlamydospore germination of Fusarium moniliforme was affected by glucose addition, antagonist isolates and type of inoculum. The lowest chlamydospore germination was observed with bacterial suspensions of the isolates, for all glucose additions. The results suggested that both Streptomyces spp. isolates were effective at different doses as biocontrol agents against F. moniliforme. Also, there was evidence for at least two mechanisms of biocontrol and that apparently, both isolates showed the same mechanisms of biocontrol action related to production of bioactive compounds and competition for carbon. Further studies will be developed to improve the level and effectiveness of control by these isolates.  相似文献   

20.
Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), the causal agent of pine wilt in susceptible pine trees. It is therefore important to study both the biological and ecological characteristics of the beetle. In this study reproductive potentials of female beetles reared on two pine species were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared using fertility tables constructed for beetles reared on each tree species. Beetle population parameters were compared between tree species. The intrinsic rate of increase and associated population parameters of beetles reared on Pinus sylvestris L. were consistently higher than those reared on P. nigra Arnold. This result suggests that P. sylvestris has a significantly greater positive effect on the reproductive potential of M. galloprovincialis populations than does P. nigra.  相似文献   

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