首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
The development of hermaphrodite cultivars of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) to overcome dioecism is a priority for all breeding programmes, worldwide. If successful, the number of pollinators in the orchard could be reduced, allowing more space for reproductive vines. Hermaphroditism and the expression of self-compatibility were studied in A. deliciosa, using the new kiwifruit cultivar, ‘Tsechelidis’, as a model. This plant material was chosen for investigation as its female flowers produced viable pollen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and nature of self-compatibility in ‘Tsechelidis’ and to evaluate its potential for breeding purposes. The expression of self-compatibility in ‘Tsechelidis’, between years, was investigated by controlled self-pollination of female flowers in the field and by microscopic studies on pollen viability in the laboratory. The commercial cultivar ‘Hayward’ and the pollinator ‘Matua’ were used as controls. Controlled self-pollination in the field confirmed that ‘Tsechelidis’ exhibited a degree of hermaphroditism and self-compatibility. Its flowers produced viable pollen and could set fruit of an acceptable size and quality after self-pollination, compared to open-pollinated fruit. The average fruit set percentage for ‘Tsechelidis’ was 34%, and ranked from 20% to 60% per vine, while the corresponding rate for ‘Hayward’ was only 4%. Microscopic studies on ‘Tsechelidis’ pollen revealed variations in pollen viability between different vines, which were even greater between different flowers on the same vine, ranging, in some cases, from 0% (absolutely sterile) to 70% (significantly fertile) per flower. Female control ‘Hayward’ vines were found to be practically sterile (0%), while male control ‘Matua’ vines were almost 100% fertile. The nature of self-compatibility in ‘Tsechelidis’ was investigated further by molecular analysis using the sex-linked sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers, SmX, SmY, and SmY1, and by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Hermaphroditism in ‘Tsechelidis’ was related to sex expression, as observed by SNP analysis, but complete genome mapping would be required to fully understand the mechanisms involved and to exploit this new genetic material for breeding purposes.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Two artificial pollination field trials were carried out in Central Chile (32°S. Lat.) during the 1999-2000 season with ‘Hay-ward’ kiwifruit plants (Actinidia deliciosa (Chev.) Liang et Ferguson). The treatments for both trials used pollen collected from ‘Matua’ and included: flower to flower hand pollination; hand pollination using a velvet pad attached to a handle; and mechanical pollination using a portable pollen (1:1, pollen: licopodium) dusting machine; and a control treatment without artificial pollination. Trial 1 did not include bee hives as did Trial 2. In Trial 2, half of the selected shoots in each plant were isolated from bee pollination by means of a light fabric bag. A block design with 5 replications of one plant each was used in Trial 1, while in Trial 2 a fully random split plot (with and without isolation) with 5 replications was used. In both trials, flower to flower and pad pollination increased fruit set, fruit size, seeds and fertilized locules per fruit. Mechanical pollination also increased these variables but to a lesser degree. In the split plot design carried out in the Trial 2, even though there was an interaction between isolation and pollination treatment, the supplementary bee pollination tended to increase fruit size, seeds and fertilized locules per fruit.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

It is generally thought that olives (Olea europaea) require several days (over 80 days) of chilling temperatures (7.2°C) for flower induction; minimum nighttime temperatures of 2-4°C and maximum daytime temperature of 15.5-19°C are considered optimum for flower and fruit production. Environmental chamber studies were conducted on potted olive trees for the purpose of defining flowering conditions for ‘Arbequina’. We repeatedly observed that good flower and fruit production in ‘Arbequina’ can be achieved even when the plants are not subjected to “chilling” temperatures or any chilling criteria that had previously been described necessary for flower and fruit production in olives. This phenomenon could be of great practical value because the results obtained can be exploited to cultivate olives in subtropical climates (e.g., southern and coastal Texas) where typical “chilling” temperatures are not commonly observed for prolonged periods of time.  相似文献   

4.
对中华猕猴桃三个雄性系的花期、花量、花粉生活力、花粉量和雄花开花的时间进行了观察,分析了用不同雄株授粉于雌性品种‘LQ—8’.对果实外观、品质和种子的影响.结果表明:‘开雄’雄株有效花粉量最高;用‘杭雄’授粉.其雌株‘LQ—8’果实单果重、碳水化合物明显低于‘开雄’和‘白花岩82—3’授粉;顶花明显优于侧花,一朵雄花的有效花期一般只有3天,经试验认为‘开雄’为雌性品种‘LQ—8’的适配雄株.  相似文献   

5.
In order to induce viable 2n pollen from highly sterile diploid Oriental × Trumpet (OT) (Lilium), N2O was used to treat flower buds of four sterile diploid OT cultivars (‘Nymph’, ‘Gluhwein’, ‘Yelloween’, and ‘Shocking’) at different stages of meiosis. There was no pollen germination in the controls. However, after N2O treatment at 600 kPa, three of the OT hybrids (‘Nymph’, ‘Gluhwein’, and ‘Yelloween’) not only exhibited fertile flower percentages (4.3–16%), but also higher rates of pollen germination (18.8–72.5%). In addition, both the fertile flower percentages and rates of pollen germination were higher following 48 h N2O treatment at 600 kPa than the 24 h treatment. Following 72 h N2O treatment at 600 kPa, most flower buds or plants were damaged and any undamaged flowers showed abnormal anthers at the time of flowering. This indicated that 48 h of N2O treatment at 600 kPa was optimal to induce viable 2n pollen in three out of four sterile hybrid OT lily cultivars. These results also showed that prophase I – metaphase I was the optimum stage of meiosis at which to induce 2n pollen by N2O treatment in lily hybrids.  相似文献   

6.
了解新疆梨品种的开花生物学及果实品质特征,为其合理利用提供数据参考。在10个新疆梨品种的生殖生长期,对开花物候期、花部特性、花粉特性及果实品质特性等进行测定对比分析。结果表明:除‘艾温切克’‘库尔勒黄酸梨’外,其他8个品种花期一致,但果实成熟期有明显差异;‘库尔勒香梨’与其他品种的花器官特征无明显差异;‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花粉活力较强、单花药花粉量较多;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’等4个品种的单果重较大,显著大于‘库尔勒香梨’;‘艾温切克’的果实硬度最小,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均较高,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异或显著高于‘库尔勒香梨’。综上,‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花期与‘库尔勒香梨’重叠,花粉量较多、萌发率最高,花器官特征与‘库尔勒香梨’接近,可作‘库尔勒香梨’的备选授粉树;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的果实品质及口感好、果实成熟期早,且果皮颜色与其他品种有明显差异,可作为优良育种材料。  相似文献   

7.
Summary

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drought during flowering for both container- and field-grown trees, and during fruit development for container-grown trees, on subsequent growth, flowering, yield and quality of the custard apple ‘African Pride’ in subtropical Australia. Moderate drought (ψL=–1.5 MPa) reduced shoot growth by 20–30% and increased the number of flowers per lateral by about 40% compared with well-watered controls due to reduced apical dominance and increased lateral branching. Overall fruit set was not adversely affected by drought. Drought also increased the number of fruit harvested per tree by 47% compared with well-watered controls. This response was mainly due to the increase in flower number per tree. Drought reduced average fruit size by 11% possibly due to effects on cell division in the first 4–6 weeks after fruit set or on net carbon assimilation. In summary, mild to moderate drought during the flowering period and fruit set increased flowering without adversely affecting fruit set, but decreased fruit size.  相似文献   

8.
Summary

In a previous study, the apple ‘Jonathan’ was shown to be semi-compatible with the ‘Topred’ sport of ‘Red Delicious’, the main cultivar in Israel. This incompatibility led to reduced pollination potency, explaining the low yield obtained from ‘Topred’ rows adjacent to ‘Jonathan’. Hence, the importance of identifying the level of compatibility for all ‘Topred’ pollinators became apparent. By analysing S-allele by PCR with primers for the various S-alleles of the cultivars in the ‘Topred’ orchard, including S10 and S28, which were cloned in this study, it was evident that apart from ‘Jonathan’, the common pollinators for ‘Topred’ are fully compatible with it. The ability to identify all S-alleles in the ‘Topred’ orchard was also utilized to resolve the observation that, although ‘Topred’ is considered self-incompatible, self-pollinated, net-caged, ‘Topred’ flowers set some fruit. Applying PCR-analysis of S-alleles to the progeny of the suspected self-pollinated ‘Topred’ fruit revealed that the fruit-set was the outcome of cross-pollination, perhaps the consequence of fertilization by wind carried pollen. Hence, the notion that ‘Topred’ is totally self-incompatible was confirmed and the efficiency of progeny PCR S-allele analysis for the determination of the pollen donor was exhibited.  相似文献   

9.
Summary

Male wild bees visit flowers to feed and, despite their lack of specialised organs for carrying pollen, simultaneously pollinate them. We analysed the pollinating efficiency of the males of two bee species for blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.): red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) and bufftailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris terrestris L.). Both bee species are commercial pollinators and many males are produced during their rearing. Gauze sleeves were used to isolate the inflorescences and to keep the males inside (one per sleeve). In each experimental group, there were six shoots with four neighbouring inflorescences (n = 24). The sleeves were also used to prevent other bees from reaching the flowers, and to allow self-pollination. Non-isolated flowers were pollinated by free-range bees. The effect of male bee pollination was similar to that of free-range bee pollination. The percentages of flowers that developed into fruit were as follows: male bufftailed bumblebee pollination, 79.5%; free-range bee pollination, 71.1%; male red mason bee pollination, 65.1%; and self-pollination, 46.4%; while the mean numbers of fruit per raceme were 5.0, 4.4, 3.6, and 2.4, respectively. The number of non-pollinated flowers per raceme (ranging from 1.3 – 2.8) exhibited an inverse relationship to these numbers of fruit. Our observations showed that male wild bees can pollinate blackcurrant flowers successfully, and could potentially be useful in other crops.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

The effect of chilling temperatures on bud sprouting and flower formation was compared on fruiting and non-fruiting ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc) trees. On non-fruiting trees, bud dormancy was weak, and a significant proportion of buds were able to sprout at high temperatures without being chilled. Separate effects of low temperatures on bud sprouting and flower induction were demonstrated. On fruiting trees these two effects of low temperatures were also demonstrated on summer-flush buds, but not on older (spring-flush) buds. The spring-flush buds from fruiting trees scarcely sprouted without being chilled. These buds required a longer chilling period for dormancy release than for flower induction, and it was not possible to separate the effect of low temperature on flower induction from the effect on dormancy release. The presence of fruit reduced flower formation by reducing bud sprouting. Furthermore, fruit had a direct inhibitive effect on vernalization which resulted in increased formation of vegetative shoots. The effect of fruit and low temperature on flowering was unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves or the roots.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

This research was initiated to identify the parentage of putative Ornithogalum hybrids using DNA fingerprinting techniques. Seeds were harvested from Ornithogalum thyrsoides hybrid ‘Chesapeake Starlight’ (‘CS’) and five seedlings (SD1-SD5) were selected and evaluated for growth and flowering. These seedlings varied in scape length, flower shape and colour, and the presence or absence of pollen. Ornithogalum conicum, Bokbaai type of O. thyrsoides 7050A, 7050B and a seedling from a cross between O. conicum x O. thyrsoides 7050C which were considered as possible paternal parents of the seedlings were also analysed for DNA fingerprinting.A total of 169 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands were produced, of which 90 (53%) were polymorphic. Based on the p-distance value, O. conicum was initially excluded as a potential source of pollen and Bokbaai type of Ornithogalum 7050A, and 7050B was considered to be the most likely pollen source. However, the possibility that all seedlings could result from self-pollinated progenies of ‘CS’ was not excluded. Five randomly selected primer pairs for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis generated a total of 298 fragments, of which 191 (63.4 %) were polymorphic bands. The presence of marker 109 in all four seedlings, SD1, SD 2, SD 4, and SD 5 and in O. conicum x 7050C suggests that marker 109 was inherited from 7050C. According to the p-distance and nonmaternal band analysis performed with RAPD and AFLP, it was concluded that the seedlings were not the result of self-pollination, and O. thyrsoides 7050C could be the paternal parent. Ornithogalum species such as O. thyrsoides, instead of O. conicum, should be used in future breeding efforts to breed a paper white flower with cup-shaped florets.  相似文献   

13.
Summary

Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) belongs to the Rosaceae family, which carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility system, which prevents self-fertilisation, and thus promotes out-crossing. The plum cultivar ‘Black Diamond’® has become, one of the most important cultivars in Israel in the last decade, yet its yield is low in comparison with its known potential. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are the most important pollinators for plums and several studies have demonstrated an apparent relationship between the number of honeybees and the size of the fruit crop. Therefore, in this study, we focussed on improving bee management in a ‘Black Diamond’ orchard. In four consecutive years of experiments, we examined the effects of increasing the density of bee colonies, and of making multiple introductions of colonies, on honeybee activity and on their effectiveness as pollinators of ‘Black Diamond’. We showed that four separate introductions, each of 0.625 colonies ha–1, every 2 – 3 d from 10% full bloom to 3 d after full bloom, with a total density of only 2.5 colonies ha–1, resulted in the greatest level of fruit set.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Producing strawberry transplants from runner tips that were plugged ～1 month earlier (early July) than the standard time (early August) promoted fall flowering in some short-day strawberry cultivars. In 2002,100% of ‘Chandler’ transplants produced in early July flowered in the fall, but none of the August-plugged ‘Chandler’ transplants flowered in the fall. In 2003, 73% of ‘Chandler’ transplants produced in mid-July from average-size runner tips and less than half of transplants from small-size runner tips flowered in the fall. Again, August-plugged plants did not flower in the fall. Flowering was absent in ‘Northeaster’ plants. Under protected cultivation, July-plugged ‘Sweet Charlie’ plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit in November and December than those plugged in August. This study showed that fall flowering in ‘Chandler’ and ‘Sweet Charlie’ strawberry is possible if the transplants are prepared by plugging runner tips in early July. This novel technique for propagating strawberry transplants for annual plasticulture combined with production under high tunnels creates an opportunity for strawberry production in early winter and again in the spring (double cropping) in the mid-Atlantic coast region.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

The phenology of wild stands of strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) was studied at 100, 480 and 720.m over 2 years in ReÂunion Island. The shoots bore flower buds at the basal nodes, and vegetative buds at the apical nodes. Trees produced vegetative growth from September to December, flowers from November to January and fruit from February to June. Shoot growth was earlier at 100 and 720.m the first year, but were synchronized in the second year. Flowering and fruiting were also earlier at 100.m. The intervals between shoot emergence and flowering, and flowering and fruit maturity were strongly related to temperature, with base temperatures of 5.58C and 2.68C, and heat units requirements of 675 and 2,5528C.d, respectively. The number of shoots, flowers and fruit per branch varied across sites and years, unrelated to temperature. However, production was significantly higher at 720.m. Production was much lower after a hurricane. Flowering (y) was related to shoot production per branch (x) (log(y)=111.33.log(x); r2.=.0.78), whereas the fruit set rate was highly variable between trees (26±100%). The number of fruits per branch (1±6) was possibly related to poor shoot growth or fruit set, but unrelated to the timing of the phenological events. It is expected that commercial orchards would be more productive than feral stands.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

Variations in the concentrations of cytokinins (CTKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) were studied in the pericarp of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit using the large-fruited cv. ‘Erdanli’ (55.3 g per fruit) and the small-fruited cv. ‘Huaizhi’ (20.9 g per fruit), as well as large fruit (32.4 g) from early blooms and small (20.8 g) fruit from late blooms on the same inflorescences of cv. ‘Feizixiao’ from the same commercial orchard in Guangdong, China in 2000. ‘Erdanli’ had higher concentrations of CTKs than cv. ‘Huaizhi’ on three out of six sampling dates during fruit development, and lower concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) from 40 d after anthesis. In cv. ‘Feizixiao’, fruit from early blooms had higher concentration of CTKs than fruit from late blooms at all sampling dates, and lower concentrations of ABA on three out of five sampling dates. Therefore, the former had a higher CTK:ABA ratio. These data suggest that a high CTK:ABA ratio favours fruit growth in litchi.  相似文献   

17.
Summary

‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson) were sampled to identify populations of fruit with differing fruit mineral concentrations and levels of the storage-related disorder physiological pitting. Fruit were taken from different shoot types at different locations within vines. Fruit from short shoots near the tips of canes, in an area of the vine with low leaf:fruit ratios, had low fruit calcium concentrations and more pitting. In contrast, fruit from long shoots and with high leaf:fruit ratios near the base of canes, had high concentrations of calcium and less pitting. At the more distal positions along canes in an area of the vine with low leaf:fruit ratios, increasing leaf:fruit ratios on individual fruiting shoots led to higher inflow of calcium to the fruit. No such relationship was found when fruit were sampled from shoots near the base of canes, an area of the vine with relatively high leaf:fruit ratios. Inconsistent relationships were found between fruit soluble solids concentrations and calcium, probably due to different mobility of calcium and carbohydrates within the vines. Fruiting position and the associated leaf area are a source of variability in mineral concentrations of fruit, and by consequence, in the incidence of physiological pitting in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit, and should be considered when developing sampling techniques.  相似文献   

18.
Piri  Saeed  Kiani  Esmaiel  Sedaghathoor  Shahram 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2022,64(2):165-170

Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits.

  相似文献   

19.
‘金焰’是从现代切花月季品种‘金辉’栽培群体中选育出来的单头切花型新品种。阔瓣杯状大花型，重瓣橙粉色，花瓣数31 ~ 38枚；花径10 ~ 13 cm；切枝长度80 ~ 100 cm，粗细均匀；生长势较强，产量高，温室栽培年产切花12 ~ 15枝 ? 株-1。  相似文献   

20.
Pollinator performance was evaluated in a collection of 17 male and 37 female pistachio clones from Cyprus, Greece, Iran, Israel, Syria, Tunisia and USA. Flowering time, pollen quantity and pollen quality were evaluated. The flowering dates of the clones spanned one month and covered the flowering time of the main female cultivars. Pollen quality, evaluated as in vitro pollen germination, was high in all the studied clones, averaging 85 %. However, big differences existed in pollen quantity, measured both as inflorescence density and as pollen per inflorescence. Thus, the amount of pollen per inflorescence averaged 173 mg and ranged from 73 mg to 252 mg. The fact that flowering time and pollen quantity were the two most variable characters between clones, but were constant over years, together with the fact that they are two characteristics easily measured in the nursery makes them good criteria for pollinator selection in this species.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号