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1.
Summary

The effects of exposing eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salt stress (6.1 dS m–1) from planting until the beginning of harvesting, on plant growth, yield and macronutrient status was investigated. The salinity was imposed by adding to a basic nutrient solution either additional nutrients at two cation ratios or NaCl. The results showed that the exposure of plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting reduced both vegetative growth during that time and early fruit yield, but the depression of the latter was more severe. The restriction of the early yield was a result of a reduced mean fruit weight due to a lower fruit water content. The detrimental effects of salinity on the mean fruit weight disappeared 25 d after discontinuing the salinity treatments. As a result, the total yield obtained after five months of harvesting was not influenced by exposing the plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting. The salinity source had no specific effect on plant growth. Moreover, the increase of salinity up to 6.1 dS m–1 did not cause any specific nutritional imbalance or toxicity to the plants, irrespective of the salts used to achieve it. It is suggested that the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution may be raised to 6.1 dS m–1 to control excessive vegetative growth in eggplants grown hydroponically. However, salt treatment should be terminated either at the first harvest, if the total yield is more important than the early yield, or three weeks earlier, if the opposite is true.  相似文献   

2.
The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of long-term irrigation with water at three different levels of salinity on Barnea olive trees with a view to optimize vegetative growth, productivity and oil quality. The study was carried out on trees growing in the Negev desert of Israel. The intermediate salinity (4.2 dS m−1 EC) inhibited growth significantly only in the first year after planting, while from the second year onward retardation of vegetative growth as compared with the control treatment (1.2 dS m−1 EC) was slight and non-significant. However, the high salinity (7.5 dS m−1 EC) retarded tree growth significantly. Furthermore, the intermediate treatment led to significant increase in tree productivity relative to the other treatments, and also to an increase in olive oil yield. In conformity with the greater number of fruits produced, the olives of the 4.2 dS m−1 EC treatment tended to be smaller.No significant differences were found between saline- and control-water irrigated trees in terms of olive oil basic quality parameters, such as free fatty acids, peroxide value, and fatty acid profile. The saline treatments increased the levels of certain antioxidant components (polyphenols and Vitamin E) in the oil extracted from the olives as compared with the control. The data obtained clearly show that, of the three water salinities tried, the moderate level of 4.2 dS m−1 EC is best suited for production of olives and olive oil under the conditions prevailing in the central Negev, at least during the first 9 years from planting. The sustainability of Barnea cultivation under moderately saline water is discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Summary

A crop-scale experiment between March and October 2000 investigated the effects of split-root salinity stress and rooting volume on the expansion of leaves, fruit yield and quality in two standard round fruited cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill) Solairo and Espero, grown in rockwool. To implement the treatments, a split-root method was utilized whereby different levels of salinity (expressed as EC), adjusted by the addition of NaCl, was administered to two halves of a root system. The split-root high EC (2.8/8.0 dS m–1) treatment enhanced fruit quality by increasing the concentrations of sugar, acid, total soluble solids and reducing the incidence of visual defects such as uneven ripening and gold-spot. Split-root high EC did however reduce leaf area that corresponded with low K concentration in the leaf tissue. The split-root method utilized doubled the rooting volume compared with the standard single rockwool slab, but this extra rooting capacity had no detectable effect on leaf expansion, yield or fruit quality. Although there was little impact on yield for ten weeks after the imposition of the high EC split-root treatment, mean reductions in weekly yield occurred thereafter and were of the order of 9 and 13% for ‘Solairo’ and ‘Espero’ respectively through to the end of the experiment. The fall in yield was due, in part, to a decrease in fruit size. Whilst water uptake was reduced it was unclear how the effects on leaf growth and fruit yield were mediated in the shoot. Possible processes that coordinate responses to root-zone salinity stress are discussed. The potential use of the split-root system in commercial production is considered.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

The combined effects of electrical conductivity (an EC of 2.5 dS m–1 or 8 dS m–1 in the root zone) and fruit pruning (three or six fruit per truss) on tomato fruit quality were studied in a greenhouse experiment, planted in January 2005. Taste-related attributes [dry matter content (DM), total soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), glucose, fructose and citric acid content] and health-promoting attributes (lycopene, βcarotene, vitamin C, and total anti-oxidant activity) of tomato fruits harvested on the vine from the fifth or tenth truss positions were determined. The quality of tomato fruits was improved by high EC. A high EC in the root zone increased the DM content, total SSC, TA, as well as glucose, fructose and citric acid contents. A significantly higher lycopene and βcarotene content was also observed [on a fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis] with a high EC in the root zone. The accumulation of different compounds that determine tomato fruit quality differed between the fifth and tenth truss. In particular, the lycopene content was reduced, whereas the βcarotene content was increased in the tenth truss with respect to the fifth truss, most likely because of higher temperatures during ripening of the tenth truss. Fruit pruning increased fruit FW by 42% and positively influenced the DM content and total anti-oxidant activity, while a negative effect was observed on lycopene and citric acid contents (on a FW and DW basis). EC and fruit pruning both had a strong effect on fruit size; however, EC had a much stronger impact on taste and health-related fruit quality attributes. A small interaction between EC and fruit pruning was found for marketable yield, fructose and glucose content, fruit firmness, and P and Ca concentrations in fruits.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

The effects of ‘cash’ [a novel 2:5:1 (w/w/w) mixture of calcium sulphate, ground sunflower heads, and humic acid] as a soil amendment on the growth, fruit yield, and leaf nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on reclaimed saline soil (EC = 9.4 dS m–1) were investigated. A glasshouse experiment was performed in a completely randomised design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g ‘cash’ kg–1 soil) each with four replicates. The results indicated that ‘cash’ increased both the shoot dry weight (DW) plant–1 and the root DW plant–1, the free proline contents of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The use of ‘cash’ also increased the number of fruit plant–1, fruit yield pot–1, and fruit vitamin C contents, although total soluble solids (TSS) contents were not affected. The contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the Ca:Na ratios of leaf tissues increased with all application rates of ‘cash’. Leaf phosphorus (P) contents showed no response to any applied level of ‘cash’. Leaf sodium (Na) contents declined gradually with an increase in the level of ‘cash’ applied to the soil. We concluded that ‘cash’ has a pronounced positive effect on the growth and fruit yield of tomato plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. ‘Cash’ therefore has the potential to be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops such as tomato to overcome the adverse effects of salinity in newly-reclaimed soils.  相似文献   

6.
Water logging and salinity of the soil alter both the physical and biological environment of plant roots. In two experiments, we investigated the effects of imposed aeration on yield and the physiological response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) variety Improved Apollo growing under protected conditions over a range of salinities (the salinity experiment), and under constant field capacity (FC) or drier soil conditions (the moisture experiment). Subsurface irrigation with aerated water (12% air in water) stimulated above-ground growth, and enhanced the reproductive performance through earliness for flowering and fruiting compared with the control. Fruit yield of tomato with aeration in the moisture experiment was increased by 21% compared with the control (4.2 kg versus 3.7 kg per plant), and the effect of aeration on fruit yield was greater in FC than in the drier treatment. Fruit yield was increased by 38% in saline soil due to aeration compared with the non-aerated control. Increasing salinity from 2 to 8.8 dS m−1, and 10 dS m−1 reduced fruit yield by 18% and 62%, respectively, but 4 dS m−1 did not suppress yield. Aeration in both the experiments increased plant water use and water use efficiency (WUE), expressed as weight per unit of applied water. Biomass WUE was greater by 16% and 32% in the moisture and salinity experiments, respectively. The increased yield with aeration was also accompanied by an increased harvest index (HI) defined as the proportion of dry fruit biomass to total dry biomass, greater mean fruit weight, high fruit DM, and increase in leaf chlorophyll content and shoot: root ratio, and a reduced water stress index (computed from the difference between air and leaf temperature). The benefit gained from aerating irrigation water was not only observed under conditions where air-filled porosity may be low (e.g., in poorly structure sodic soils, or at field capacity in clay soils), but also in drier soils.  相似文献   

7.
Summary

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. F144) were irrigated with low concentrations of mixed salts; the highest level (E.C. 7 dS m–1) simulated conditions used to produce quality tomatoes in the Negev highlands. CO2 enrichment (to 1200.mmol mol–1, given during the daytime) increased plant growth at the early stage of development. However, later growth enhancement was maintained only when combined with salt stress. In the absence of CO2 supplementation, overall growth decreased with salt (7 dS m–1) to 58% and fresh biomass yields to 53% of the controls. However, under elevated CO2 concentrations total plant dry biomass was not reduced by salt stress. CO2 enrichment of plants grown with 7 dS m–1 salt increased total fresh fruit yields by 48% and maintained fruit quality in terms of total soluble salts, glucose and acidity. Fruit ripening was about 10.d earlier under CO2 enrichment, regardless of salinity treatment. It is suggested that a combined utilization of brackish water and CO2 supplementation may enable the production of high-quality fruits without incurring all the inevitable loss in yields associated with salt treatment.  相似文献   

8.
Summary

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `DRK') were grown hydroponically in two experiments to determine the effects of nutrient concentration and distribution in the root zone on yield, quality and blossom end rot (BER). The plants were grown in rockwool with their root systems divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6.dS m±1. In both experiments, fruit yields decreased as EC increased from moderate to high when solutions of equal concentration were applied to both portions of the root system. However, higher yields were obtained when a solution with high EC was applied to one portion of the root system and a solution of low EC to the other portion. For example, the fresh weight of mature fruits in the 6/6 treatment was only 20% that of the 3/3 treatment but the 6/0 treatment had a yield that was 40% higher. The reduction in yield in the high EC treatments was due to an increase in the number of fruits with BER and smaller fruit size. BER increased from 12% to 88% of total fruits as EC increased from 6/0 to 6/6 and fruit length decreased from 67.mm to 52.mm. Fruit quality (expressed as titratable acidity and soluble solids) increased as EC increased. In summary, high yields of high quality tomatoes with minimal incidence of BER were obtained when one portion of the root system was supplied with a solution of high EC and the other portion with a solution of moderate or zero EC.  相似文献   

9.
Summary

The effects of 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl (EC 8.50 and 15.35 dS m–1) were studied on a salt-tolerant and a salt-sensitive pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotype. The salt-tolerant genotype showed lower declines in relative water content (RWC), no change in chlorophyll (Chl) content, lower increases in lipid peroxidation, and greater increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total protein content, and glutathione content. The salt-sensitive genotype showed greater decreases in RWC, Chl content, SOD activity, and in guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity, and higher increases in lipid perxidation and the amount of proline, with a negligible increase in glutathione content.These results revealed that increases occurred in some anti-oxidative stress enzymes in the salt-tolerant pepper genotype, as well as increases in glutathione content under salinity stress. These may provide better protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS).  相似文献   

10.
We investigated the hypothesis that manipulating water out-flow of a plant through the shoot environment (potential transpiration, ET0) in a glasshouse could modulate the effect of salinity/osmotic potential in the root environment upon yield of tomatoes. Contrasting root-zone salinity treatments were combined with two climate treatments — a reference (high transpiration, HET0) and a “depressed” transpiration (low transpiration, LET0). The salinity treatments, characterised by their electrical conductivity (EC) were 6.5, 8 and 9.5 dS m−1, were always coupled with a reference treatment of EC=2 dS m−1. In another experiment, concentrated nutrients (Nutrients) and nutrients with sodium chloride (NaCl) at the same EC of 9 dS m−1 were compared.Marketable fresh-yield production efficiency decreased by 5.1% for each dS m−1 in excess of 2 dS m−1. The number of harvested fruits was not affected; yield loss resulted from reduced fruit weight (3.8% per dS m−1) and an increased fraction of unmarketable harvest. At the LET0 treatments, yield loss was only 3.4% per dS m−1 in accordance with the reduction in fruit weight. Low transpiration did increase fruit fresh yield by 8% in both NaCl and Nutrients treatments at an EC=9 dS m−1. Neither EC nor ET0 affected individual fruit dry weight. Accordingly, fruit dry matter content was significantly higher at high EC than in the reference (4% per each EC unit in excess of 2 dS m−1) and responded to ET0 to a minor extent. Control of the shoot environment in a greenhouse to manipulate the fresh weight of the product may mitigate the effects of poor quality irrigation water without affecting product quality.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

Increasing need for salt-tolerant turfgrasses continues due to population growth in arid and semi-arid regions where potable water is limited, while soil and existing water sources are salty. Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. L. C. Rich) is widely used in these areas. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the salt-tolerance of ten cultivars of bermudagrass under a high saline soil and water environment. Five salinity levels of irrigation water (3.30, 6.93, 10.2, 14.8 and 17.8 dS m–1) were prepared and 30 pots were surfaced-irrigated at each salinity level for 1 year. Overall top growth, root growth, K content and K:Na ratio were reduced by 75%, 45%, 77% and 94.5%, respectively; while leaf-firing, shoot Cl and shoot Na concentrations were increased by 4%, 498% and 356%, respectively, when the salinity increased from 3.3 dS m–1 to 17.8 dS m–1. Regarding the salt-tolerance of cultivars, ‘Tifway’ was superior in top growth, percentage leaf-firing, Na uptake and K:Na ratio, ‘ISF2’ in root growth, and ‘Tifdwarf’ in Cl uptake. Although ‘Tifway’ showed the greatest reduction in root dry weight, it had the lowest level of leaf-firing and lowest reduction in top growth, which could be due to having the lowest Na uptake. Cultivars exhibited marked differences in their response to salinity; however, no mortality was observed, indicating that all cultivars tolerated the salinity levels used in the experiment.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Salinity is an important environmental problem, especially in arid and semiarid regions of the world. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity on the initial development of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)using five levels of irrigation water with electrical conductivity (ECw) levels: 0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 dS m_1. Salinity inhibited plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of additional stems and the dry weight of roots and shoots. Tissue collapse on the stems was also noted. At the end of the experiment it was observed that 50% of plants irrigated with ECw 4.0 dS mr 1 died. Roots of pitaya were as sensitive as shoots to saline effects.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors: genotypes in 11 levels (Tuono, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokoufeh, Sahand, ‘Ferragnès,’ 1–16, 1–25, A200, 13–40 budded on GF677 rootstock, and GF677 (without budding)) and irrigation water salinity in five levels (0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (equal electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.8 dS/m, respectively) and with 4 replication for each treatment in research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in years 2013 and 2014. The results showed that with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced in the all genotypes studied, but percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected on the young trees by increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv) in the plants and reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF677 rootstock. The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leaves. In this research, GF677 is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m but with higher range of salinity showed stress effects. The result showed that type of genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity. Overall, ‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m). Also, Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

Three commercial clones of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) (64, Q-106 and 879–154) were planted in June 1991 at the Ramat Negev Experimental Station (Israel) and fertigated with water at three salinity levels, 1.2, 3.4 or 6.2 dS m?1. The effects of salinity over three and a half years on key metabolic activities, on plant growth and development, on flowering characteristics, and on yield were studied. Salinity barely inhibited the rate of net photosynthesis, although it did reduce stomatal conductivity by about 50%. Salinity also affected the water status of the plants by reducing water potential. Growth of the plants was not greatly affected by salinity. It was found that jojoba plants accumulate sodium and chloride ions in their leaves and use a strategy typical of many halophytes to cope with the salinity. The effect of salinity on flower development was also studied, since the vitality of flowers is a key factor in obtaining seeds. Salinity did not affect the timing of the breaking of flower bud dormancy in the 1992-93 season, although it did delay flower bud growth in clones Q-106 and 64. Salinity brought forward the flowering of clone 879–154 by about a fortnight in the 1993-94 season, but did not affect the flowering pattern of the other clones. Fruit set was not inhibited by salinity in the 1994 or 1995 season, and no significant effects were found on yield and wax content in 1994 season, but yield was reduced by salinity in the 1995 season.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle cv. ‘Paan’) native to South East Asia, has a distinct flavour and quality characteristics. Maintenance of the green colour in the peel of lime is a desirable quality attribute during storage. Post-harvest chlorophyll degradation in lime was studied in fruit stored at room temperature (30°C) at a relative humidity (RH) of 70 – 85%. Within 7 d of storage, the total chlorophyll content decreased to 53.9% of its initial level. The highest chlorophyllase activity (1.68 units mg–1 protein) was observed after 4 d of storage and declined thereafter. Peroxidase activity differed from chlorophyllase activity and increased significantly to 6.25 units mg–1 protein after 9 d of storage, (i.e., at the late maturity stage). Respiration rate and 1-aminocyclopropene-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase activity did not significantly affect the chlorophyll degradation process in lime.The total nitrogen content of lime peel was inversely correlated with its chlorophyll content. A higher soluble protein content was observed in yellow peel than in mature green peel. A colour index chart was developed for maturity stages 1–4 in lime based on peel colour changes from mature green to full-yellow, and its correlation with chlorophyll content and fruit quality attributes.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

Boysenberries (Rubus hybrid) were harvested at five developmental stages (green, “turning”, pink, red and purple) to study changes associated with flavour, colour and firmness, with a particular focus on the different enzymes involved in chlorophyll degradation or cell wall degradation. The level of reducing and non-reducing sugars increased 109- and 52-fold, respectively, between the “turning” and the purple stage. Titratable acidity increased by 84% between the green and the pink stage, but dropped by 41% between the red stage and full ripening. Total phenols displayed their highest values in green and “turning” fruit. Chlorophyll a and b degradation occurred mainly during the early stages of development, and was paralleled by a 2.3-fold increase in chlorophyllase activity and a 5-fold increase in Mg-dechelatase activity between the green and the red stages. Chlorophyll peroxidase activity was high at the green stage, but did not change significantly after the “turning” stage. This is the first report on the activity of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes in Rubus spp. fruits. Anthocyanins increased 11-fold between the “turning” and the pink stages, and an additional eight-fold between the pink and the purple stages. Fruit firmness decreased noticeably during ripening, with a concomitant 10.75-fold increase in polygalacturonase activity, beginning at the “turning” stage. Endo- -1,4-glucanase and -galactosidase activities rose 9.2- and 6.7-fold, respectively, after the pink stage and paralleled the major softening process taking place between the pink and purple stages, when fruit firmness decreased from 3.83 N to 0.29 N. Pectin methylesterase activity was high in pink and red fruit, but decreased by 21% as the fruit turned from red to purple. This is the first report on cell wall enzyme activities whose combined action might be required for the breakdown of natural cell wall substrates during ripening in boysenberry, as happens in other soft fruits.  相似文献   

17.
To study the effect of soil application of potassium humate (KH) (0, 70 and 140 Kg ha?1) on agronomic, biochemical attributes, and yield and its components on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ‘Bronco’ grown under two sites having different level of salinity (EC = 3.00 or 5.00 ± 0.20 dS m?1). Two field trials were conducted at the Agriculture Test Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, in 2014 and 2015. The obtained results indicated that addition of KH increased all of the studied growth parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and canopy dry weight. Moreover addition of KH significantly increased membrane permeability measurements. KH significantly increased chemical composition related to salt tolerant either inorganic e.g. N, P, K, and decreased Na and Cl contents of leaves or organic components e.g. chlorophyll a + b, carotenoids, anthocyanin total phenolics, total flavonoids and proline. DPPH radical-scavenging activity and yield and its components were increased. The soil application of KH was found to be highly effective at improving the growth and yield of bean plants by alleviating the inhibitory effects of soil salinity stress.  相似文献   

18.
Summary

The influence of irrigation with different sources of reclaimed water on physiological and morphological changes in Myrtus communis plants was investigated to evaluate their adaptability to such conditions. M. communis plants, growing in a growth chamber, were subjected to four irrigation treatments over 4 months (120 d): a control [tap water (0.8 dS m–1), leaching 10% (v/v) of the applied water] and three reclaimed water irrigation treatments, namely 1.5 dS m–1 leaching 25% (v/v) of the applied water (RW1), 4.0 dS m–1 leaching 40% (v/v) of the applied water (RW2), and 8.0 dS m–1 leaching 55% (v/v) of the applied water (RW3). After treatment, all plants were irrigated with tap water, as for the control plants, for a further 2 months (60 d). At the end of the first period (4 months), none of the myrtle plants showed any adverse change in biomass and the average total dry weight (DW) increased by 53% in treatment RW2. However, at the end of the treatment and recovery period (180 d), accumulations of Cl– ions, and especially Na+ ions, negatively affected the growth of all RW3 plants. Plants irrigated with all three reclaimed water samples had increased difficulty in taking-up water from the substrate (i.e., they had lower leaf water potential and relative water content values). RW2 plants showed a better response in their gas exchange parameters. The use of reclaimed water decreased leaf K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios, but no chlorosis or necrosis were observed. The three reclaimed water samples had different effects on the myrtle plants depending on the specific chemical properties of the water. Leaching was found to be important to minimise the negative effects of salinity in the irrigation water.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

The commercial F1 tomato hybrid (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) cv. Radja (GC-793) was cultivated with low (control), moderate (70 mM NaCl) and high (140 raM) salinities under greenhouse conditions for 14 weeks. The effects of different salinity levels on fruit weight and major chemical components determining fruit quality were assessed. Red ripe fruits were harvested to determine fruit weight, size and composition. The water content and mineral composition were determined in whole fruits; the carbohydrate, organic acid and soluble protein contents were analyzed in pericarp tissue. Moderate salinity reduced the fresh and dry fruit weights by only 10 and 13%, respectively, while high salinity reduced them by 40 and 33% compared with control fruits. The water content was not significantly affected by salinity. Thus, fruit weight does not seem to be limited by the water supply under these conditions. The amount of Na+ significantly increased only at high salinity, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were not affected. K+ content, which represents more than 70% of the mineral composition, vends to increase with salinity. The citric acid content slightly increased at moderate salinity, while both citric and malic acids contents were reduced at high salinity, increasing the citric/malic ratio. The pH values were always about 4. The low content in soluble proteins was reduced by high salinity, while moderate salinity increased it. In pericarp tissue of moderately treated fruits, the fructose and glucose contents were three times and twice as high as control and highly salinized-ones. Starch, sucrose and myo-inositol also accumulated under salinity. Hexoses and starch accounted for 20, 66 and 42% of the pericarp dry matter in control, moderate and highly salinized fruits, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(3):289-303
In a 2-year field study, strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’ were exposed to three different levels of NaCl salinity supplied as aqueous solutions characterised by electrical conductivities of 0.3 dS/m, 2.6 dS/m, and 5.1 dS/m. Salinity in the rhizosphere reduced plant growth by up to 44% in ‘Korona’ and 90% in ‘Elsanta’. A rather distinct cultivar difference represented the reduction in leaf area per plant of 85% in the second year of experiment in ‘Elsanta’ compared to 29% in ‘Korona’. Strawberry can be regarded as a Na+ excluder, because Na+ content of both strawberry cultivars remained below 3 mg g−1 dry mass at all salinity levels. Cl− content increased considerably, up to 70 mg g−1 dry mass in ‘Korona’ and 80 mg g−1 dry mass in ‘Elsanta’ plants. ‘Korona’ retained most of its Cl− in roots and crowns, whereas in ‘Elsanta’ the maximum was detected in petioles. ‘Korona’ was able to accumulate up to 33% higher Cl− content in the roots than ‘Elsanta’. Macronutrient deficiency due to NaCl salinity was not observed and in comparison to ‘Elsanta’, higher Cl− content in roots of ‘Korona’ did not coincide with an impairment of macronutrient uptake. Salinity stress reduced fruit yield by up to 27% in ‘Korona’ and 64% in ‘Elsanta’. Fruit quality, characterised as taste, aroma, and texture by a consumer-type panel, decreased by more than 24% in ‘Elsanta’, but in ‘Korona’ differences were insignificant. Total soluble solids (Brix) and the ratio Brix/TA (TA, titratable acid) decreased significantly by about 20% in ‘Korona’ and 35% in ‘Elsanta’. To summarise, the ability of ‘Korona’ to retain Cl− in the root system more effectively than ‘Elsanta’ resulted not only in a 41% lower leaf Cl− content at the highest salinity level and a better growth under NaCl stress, but also in a relatively higher fruit yield and fruit quality.  相似文献   

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