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1.
The partition of dry matter between leaf and bulb with sheath was studied in relation to the post-harvest physiology of cvs Bola and Robusta grown at three sites for two seasons and dried and stored under standardized conditions. Foliar fall-over was synchronous at all sites in each season but the effects of site showed that crops either partitioned dry matter to the bulb early, lost less fresh weight in drying and sprouted later in store, or partitioned dry matter late, lost more fresh weight in drying and sprouted sooner in store. Crops showing the former behaviour were associated with low rainfall and a high number of day degrees between 6° and 20°C during early growth. There was up to 10 days difference between the sites in 50% sprouting dates. Bulbs of cv Bola sprouted earlier than those of cv Robusta, and bulbs harvested when foliar fall-over was negligible sprouted before those from later harvests. There were no site effects on plant maturity, on bulb growth regulator content (cv Robusta one year only), on sugar content at harvest or during storage, on bulb respiration rates at the end of drying or in the spring, or on bulb weight loss during storage.  相似文献   

2.
Field experiments were performed with tulips (‘Merry Widow’, size 8 to 9 cm, type A) to study the effects of plant density on dry matter production, bulb production, leaf formation and stem development. Dry matter production proved to be linearly related to the degree of soil coverage, and was 256 kg · ha?1 · day?1 at 100% soil coverage. leaf area was independent of plant density, but leaf and stem sizes reacted sharply.A graphic model for the effect of leaf area per plant on the reaction of daily production to plant density is given.  相似文献   

3.
SUMMARY

TOMSIM(l.O) and TOMGRO(I.O) are two dynamic models for tomato growth and development. Their sub-models for dry-matter distribution between leaves, stem and fruits were compared and discussed. In both models the simulated dry-matter distribution is regulated by the relative sink strengths of the plant organs. These sink strengths are quantified by the potential growth rates of individual organs, i.e. the growth rates under conditions of non-limiting assimilate supply. This approach is general and not limited to the tomato crop. In TOMGRO(J.O), fruits, leaves and internodes stay within age classes and move from class to class during development, whereas in TOMSIM (1.0), record is kept of every fruit truss separately but leaves and internodes are lumped together (i.e. no record of weight or leaf area per age class as in TOMGRO(l.O)). In TOMSIM(1.0), vegetative sink strength is a constant, whereas in TOMGRO(l.0) it is calculated from potential area expansion rate of leaves and specific leaf area. In both models, the ratio between leaf growth and stem growth is constant. In TOMGRO(l.O) there is a feed-back mechanism which controls the vegetative/generative balance: a higher demand/supply ratio for assimilates induces higher fruit abortion rates. In TOMSIM(l.O) the number of fruits set per truss is not simulated, but is an input to the model. TOM SIM (1.0) functions representing flowering rate, fruit growth period, vegetative sink strength and fruit sink strength were compared with similar TOMGRO(l.O) functions, in their dependence on temperature and physiological plant age. A sensitivity analysis was made for the effects of temperature, flowering rate, and fruit and vegetative sink strengths on dry-matter distribution for both models. A validation of both models was based upon periodic destructive harvests in: 1) a greenhouse experiment in Wageningen, using a round tomato cultivar, consisting of a control treatment and a treatment where every second truss was removed at anthesis, and 2) two greenhouse experiments conducted in Montfavet, using a beefsteak tomato cultivar. Daily shoot dry-weight increase, average 24 h greenhouse temperatures and numbers of fruits set per truss (in TOMGRO(l.O) numbers of flowers per truss) were inputs to the models. In general dry-matter distribution was simulated well by both models for the cultivar and conditions where they were developed. TOMGRO(1.0)'s poor performance in one of the validations resulted from the absence of an assimilate storage pool. To achieve reasonable agreement between measurements and simulations for situations other than where the models were developed, parameter adjustments had to be made, most likely reflecting cultivar differences. Strong and weak points of both models are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

A dynamic simulation model for onion crop growth is presented that is based on SUCROS87, a Simple and Universal Crop Growth Simulator. Onion specific values of parameters and relations of SUCROS87 were established using results from field experiments. The model simulates potential crop growth when weeds, pests, diseases and soil conditions are not limiting growth and there is ample supply of water and nutrients. The model accounts for the influence of sowing date and plant density. The combined influence of environmental factors on leaf growth, bulb initiation and maturity is incorporated. The potential use of the model is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
温室小型西瓜光合生产与干物质积累模拟模型   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
在借鉴国内外温室蔬菜作物光合生产和干物质积累模拟模型的基础上,根据温室小型西瓜的试验数据,确 定有关模型参数,建立了温室小型西瓜光合生产和干物质积累模拟模型,模型包括叶面积指数动态模型、光合生产 动态模型和干物质积累动态模型。模型利用有效积温对叶面积指数LOGISTIC方程建立叶面积指数动态模型,同时 光合作用模型还引用简便有效的高斯积分法计算冠层每日的总同化量,既考虑了光合有效辐射的日变化规律,又考 虑了太阳高度角的变化对冠层反射率的影响;此外,模型还考虑了温度对呼吸作用的影响,确定了温室小型西瓜的 碳水化合物转化成干物质的系数CF。通过不同品种、不同播期下的干物质积累动态的模型检验,表明模型有较强的 精确性、机理性和实用性。  相似文献   

6.
温室甜瓜光合生产与干物质积累模拟模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在借鉴国内外温室蔬菜作物光合生产和干物质积累模拟模型的基础上,根据温室甜瓜的试验数据,确定有关模型参数,建立了温室甜瓜光合生产与干物质积累模拟模型,模型包括叶面积指数、光合生产及干物质积累动态模型。模型利用比叶面积法建立了叶面积指数动态模型,光合作用模型还引用简便有效的高斯积分法计算冠层每日的总同化量,不但考虑了光合有效辐射的日变化规律,而且考虑了太阳高度角的变化对冠层反射率的影响和温度对呼吸作用的影响。通过不同品种干物质积累动态模型检验表明,模型机理性、通用性和精度较好。  相似文献   

7.
Summary

Dry-matter accumulation and partitioning in plants of Zantedeschia ‘Best Gold’ were quantified under a range of temperature and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) regimes using plant growth analysis. Initiation of tuber growth did not require an obligate environmental trigger. Under both PPF regimes, relative growth rate of the tuber (RGRt) increased linearly with increasing temperature (13 to 28°C) up to a maximum at 28°C, with a base temperature of 3.2 ± 1.1°C. Optimum temperature for tuber growth was found to be PPF dependent, but maximum tuber dry mass was calculated as occurring under low PPF (348 µmol m–2 s–1) at 24.5 ± 0.1°. Mechanisms of acclimation under both PPF regimes suggested that tuber growth was principally source limited. Source limitation was expressed either in terms of: 1) enhanced inter-sink competition for assimilates, as occurred under the low PPF regime, where leaf area development was in direct competition with tuber growth (RGRt) or, 2) efficiency of dry-matter accumulation by the leaf area present, as occurred under the high PPF regime, where large increases in RGRt were correlated with increased net assimilation rate (NAR). Use of the daily increment of dry matter into tuber tissue (TMP) provided a more sensitive measure of short-term changes in partitioning than the conventionally used term, harvest index.  相似文献   

8.
Summary

Annual dry-matter production was estimated from eight year old apple trees of ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Royal Gala’ on rootstock M.9, trained as slender spindles, in a spacing trial with trees spaced at 1.3, 1.5, 1.9 and 2.4 m within the row with tree rows 3.5 m apart. Light interception was recorded at intervals during the season. Both fresh weight yield and total dry-matter production were linear functions of light interception, with a higher slope recorded for the two late season cultivars compared with the early maturing ‘Royal Gala’. Comparison of the relationship between mid-season light interception and apple yields with published values from elsewhere, reveals that the slope of the relationship is enhanced under New Zealand conditions. The relationship suggests an upper limit of yield of 169 t ha–1 at 90% light interception, slightly higher than the maximum yield recorded of 163 t ha–1. Energy conversion of intercepted light over the growing season into dry-matter production was similar to that observed in the United Kingdom, suggesting that the major climatic advantage in New Zealand over the United Kingdom is the higher growing season radiation integral. Dry matter was allocated in the order fruit>woody tissue>leaves, with partitioning to the fruit of 74, 72 and 63% for ‘Braeburn’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Royal Gala’, respectively. Under New Zealand conditions, sustainable 70% harvest index values may be achievable for mature apple trees on dwarfing rootstock with late maturing cultivars.  相似文献   

9.
Summary

Potted M.26 apple (Mahis domestica) liners were treated with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor prohexadione-Ca (Apogee®) at 0 to 500 mg l”1 as a foliar spray. Apogee inhibited stem elongation, leaf formation, total leaf area and shoot dry weight, while significantly increasing specific leaf weight, root dry weight and root: shoot ratio, regardless of rate. Foliar application of gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) at 200 mg l”1 to Apogee-treated plants one day later reversed these effects, especially stem elongation, root dry-matter production and root: shoot ratio. Apogee increased N concentration in stems but not in leaves and roots. There was no effect on the pattern of N allocation amongst organs. GA4+7 increased leaf N concentration but decreased stem and root N concentrations compared with untreated controls, with N allocation shifting from roots to stem. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), expressed either on a concentration or content basis, increased in all parts of the Apogee-treated plants, due to increased levels of starch rather than soluble sugars, without altering allocation pattern. Conversely, GA4+7 reduced TNC levels (mainly starch levels) in all parts, with the pattern of allocation slightly shifted from roots to stem. The afternoon decline in stomatal conductance occurred earlier in the Apogee treated plants, measured 10 d after stem elongation had ceased. Starch buildup in the Apogee-treated plants appeared to be associated with this effect, suggesting an involvement of a feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in the Apogee-induced stomatal control.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

The effects of photoperiod, light intensity and temperature on bulb formation and bulb structure of two tropical onion cultivars were investigated. From an initial experiment it was observed that the number of true scales and sheath scales differed significantly between the cultivars ‘Red Creole’ and ‘Agrifound Dark Red’. When these two cultivars were given 11, 12 and 13 h photoperiod treatments, it was found that both cultivars needed at least 12 h photoperiod for bulb formation. Modify the R/FR ratio from 1.22 to 1.16 in the final hour of the 11 h light period did not induce bulbing. The 13 h photoperiod increased the number of true scales and decreased the number of sheath scales compared with the 12 h photoperiod in both cultivars but total scale + leaf sheath numbers remained nearly constant. When onion plants were grown under 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% shading treatments, (12 h photoperiod), only plants receiving 0% and 25% shading bulbed. Low light intensity decreased the number of true scales and increased the number of sheath scales. Four temperature regimes were compared in a growth room experiment. Plants under the 29°348C treatment bulbed within two weeks and matured within six weeks. However, plants receiving the 25°308C treatment delayed bulb initiation more than those plants receiving 17°228C and 21°268C treatments. At the lowest temperature, bigger bulbs with thick necks were produced. This may be due to changes in bulb structure since at low temperature, the number of sheath scales was increased, however the number of true scales remained relatively constant in both cultivars. Dormant leaf initials decreased with decreasing temperature while the number of secondary meristems significantly increased. The results suggest that ‘Red Creole’ was more responsive to shorter photoperiods, bulbing earlier than ‘Agrifound Dark Red’. There was no significant difference in time to bulbing in response to temperature between the two cultivars if measured by bulbing ratio however there were differences in bulb structure which suggested that ‘Red Creole’ bulbed earlier. These effects may be due to the breeding histories of the two cultivars. It is suggested that studying bulb structure may provide a useful method of interpreting onion bulbing responses.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

Changes in water and dry-matter content of developing mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. ‘Lirfa’) were investigated over a single season in Réunion Island, along with the effects of leaf:fruit ratio (10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 leaves per fruit on girdled branches). As the fruit developed, about 8–13% of fruit water weight was in the peel compared with 78–86% in the pulp and 6–9% in the stone. When the data were expressed on a dry-weight basis, 12–20% was in the peel, 60–70% was in the pulp and 18–20% in the stone. At harvest, larger fruit, on treatment 100, had a higher proportion of weight in the pulp. Good relationships between water and dry weight of each fruit component were found, regardless of the treatment. They showed that the rate of water accumulation decreased when the dry weight increased and that the dry-matter content increased as the fruit developed as well. Increasing leaf:fruit ratio to 100 leaves per fruit improved fruit yield by 300 g and pulp dry-matter content by 6%, for a total of 550 g and 20% at harvest. Fruit quality as estimated by pulp dry-matter content could be calculated easily during the changes in fruit weight over the season. Moreover, this indicator could be useful to assess the maturity of mango fruit.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

The influence of growing season on some physiological and biochemical variates related to fruit yield and quality was investigated in melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants cultivated in nutrient film technique in a greenhouse located at Pisa, Central Italy, from mid-March to mid-June, or from mid-July to mid-September. Compared with spring, the plants grown in summer exhibited faster growth and development, but produced fewer fruits of larger size and poorer quality due to reduced sucrose content. Growing season did not affect total leaf area, but dry-matter production and partitioning to the fruits was significantly lower in summer than in spring. Summer fruit ripened within 30–35 d after anthesis, about 14 d fewer than in spring. Higher average temperature was presumably responsible for earlier fruit maturation in summer, as in both seasons all melons were harvested after 450–500 degree-days (base temperature of 12°C) from anthesis. Fruit swelling did not account for the reduction of sucrose content in summer-grown fruits, which instead was due to shortage of photoassimilate supply and inadequate sucrose synthesis, as suggested by the rate of leaf gas exchange and the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase in the fruit flesh, as determined during the final stages of fruit development. Lower solar radiation was presumably responsible for the reduced leaf carbon assimilation in summer, as growing season did not affect leaf turgor, stomatal conductance, mineral status and chlorophyll content.  相似文献   

13.
Summary

A single, temperature based model was developed, accounting for both leaf initiation and changes in the apex diameter of calabrese cv. Shogun associated with vernalization. The model was derived using data from an experiment in controlled environment cabinets, which had ten constant temperatures between 7.3 and 22.6°C. It was tested on data from 20 field-grown crops of cvs Shogun and Corvet and 24 treatments of an experiment in growing rooms involving transfer of plants between different temperatures. The model predicted changes in both number of leaves and apex diameter of field plants accurately, except for some early values. In growth rooms, predictions were accurate for nearly all treatments. Simulation of leaf production and apex development for 100 d at temperatures from 0 to 35°C, predicted that apex initiation would not occur at 0, 30 and 35°C, and would take 96, 51, 36 and 64 d respectively at 5,10,15 and 20°C.  相似文献   

14.
Leaf area measurements are required in several agronomical and physiological studies. Usually, there is an interest for measurement methods that are simple, quick and that will not destroy the leaf. The objectives of this study were to establish equations to estimate leaf area (LA) by using length (L), width (W) and dry weight (DW) of saffron leaves. Leaves of different sizes were collected from the experimental area at different time intervals. Leaf area was measured with an automatic measuring device and leaf dimensions were determined with a ruler. An equation for estimating the leaf area from L and W was developed and validated with the area of leaves collected during different periods. Regression analyses of LA versus L, W, LW and DW led several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual saffron leaves. A exponential model having L as the independent variables [LA = 191.33e(L)0.0037] provided the most accurate estimate (R2 = 0.9373, RMSE = 27.68) of saffron leaf area. Validation of the regression model showed that the correlation between measured and simulated values by the use of this equation was very high.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

Sucker production of important clones belonging to different ploidy levels and genomic groups were assessed in three different planting seasons at Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India. The study revealed that morphological characters such as plant height, collar girth, and total number of leaves recorded very strong, significant, and positive correlation with sucker production characters but negative correlation was observed with average leaf production interval and bunch weight. The number of dead suckers was found to be positively correlated with plant height, collar girth, “D” leaf area, bunch weight, and average leaf production interval. In a cluster analysis, six banana varieties that were planted in different three seasons (18 entries) and their pooled data (6 entries) were grouped into four distinct clusters each. In factor/principle component analysis, the first three major factors/principle components amounted to a total of 85.9% of the variability. The communality values of the factor analysis revealed that collar girth was the major relative contributory trait for deciding the sucker yield and production in banana.

Abbreviations: EVS: Early vegetative stage; AVS: Active vegetative stage; FBI: Flower bud initiation; FBD: Flower bud differentiation; PCA: Principle component analysis; FA: Factor analysis  相似文献   

16.
Summary

We assessed whether adding inoculum of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus intraradices into growing medium of three Zephyranthes spp (White Rain Lily [WRL], Z. candida; Pink Fairy Lily [PFL], Z. robusta; Yellow Zephyr Lily [YZL], Z. sulphurea) alters aspects of flower and bulb production. Shoots of inoculated plants emerged 7–13 d earlier than those of non-inoculated plants. Inoculation slightly delayed the emergence of flower buds on WRL and PFL, but did not delay the time of flower opening of WRL. Inoculated YZL flowered 4–11.d earlier than non-inoculated plants. The number of flowers produced by YZL was consistently increased by inoculation, while the inoculation with VAMF increased flower production by WRL and PFL only when plants were growing in pasteurized soil. Leaf biomass of inoculated WRL was larger than non-inoculated plants, while leaf biomass was generally smaller in inoculated PFL and YZL. Partitioning of biomass to bulbs and offsets varied with species, soil pasteurization, and inoculation. Inoculation increased the combined weight of bulbs and offsets at the end of the second growing cycle by 50–150%. Inoculated YZL and WRL consistently produced more offsets in the second growing season after inoculation. For all species, inoculation increased phosphorus and carbohydrates and decreased nitrogen and amino acids in bulbs. Adding VAMF into the growing medium of Zephyranthes altered aspects of plant development and biomass partitioning important to flower and bulb production during the first growing cycle after inoculation, and most effects of VAMF inoculation are more pronounced in the second growing cycle after inoculation. Of the three species examined, Z. sulphurea showed the most consistent responses to inoculation.  相似文献   

17.
Gas exchange of lettuce plants, pre-grown in growth chambers at different irradiances (18, 37, 70 W m?2) and temperatures (6, 14, 22°C) were measured in the range of 2–22°C. In weak light (18 W m?2) there was no increase in CO2 uptake above 2°C, and even in 70 W m?2 the highest rates were obtained at about 10°C only. The response of net photosynthesis of lettuce to temperature is diminished as a result of morphological plant adaptations, i.e. specific leaf area or top-to-root weight ratio. The temperature optimum for dry-matter production is much higher than that for CO2 uptake. Therefore, photosynthesis is an unsuitable criterion for temperature control in greenhouses.  相似文献   

18.
Summary

The establishment of the optimum plant population has been shown to be one of the most crucial determinants of the marketable yield of bulbous crops. This study was conducted to determine the best plant arrangements for maximum yields and maximum bulb quality in rainfed garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown under Mediterranean conditions. The effects of row width and plant spacing on the yield and quality of the two cvs. Morado de Pedroneras and Germidour, were investigated on Córdoba, Spain, in Vertisol Chromoxerert soil. In 1987–1988, a wet growing season, higher yields and higher bulb quality were obtained than in 1988–1989; cv. Germidour yielded more per unit of land area of higher quality bulbs during both seasons. Narrow row width and/or narrow plant spacing resulted in higher values of dry matter, LAI, LAD, CGR and yield, whereas wide row spacing and/or wide plant spacing resulted in higher ware-sized bulb yield. LAD was closely related to yield (r2 = 0.96**) and total dry matter (r2 = 0.90**). Mean leaf surface was affected by plant density and climatic conditions and showed a high positive relationship (r2 = 0.90**) with the percentage of Extra grade of bulbs (>50 mm). As a result of this study, a row width of 45–60 cm with plant spacing of 12–16 cm is recommended for cv. Germidour and 45 × 16 cm for cv. Morado, to maximize the proportion of high-quality yield under Mediterranean rainfed cropping systems.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

Virus-tested stocks of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton were compared in the field with commercial stocks which were at least 97% free from plants with visually obvious virus symptoms. Despite planting bulbs of similar weight and apparently uniform anatomical structure the number of growing points in the comparative stocks sometimes differed depending on the locality in which the bulbs were produced. Consequently, leaf number in year one, which is related to the number of growing points was used to adjust flower and bulb yield. After adjustment where necessary, the mean bulb yield of virus-tested stocks was 9-20% greater than that of commercial stocks. Increased bulb yield of virus-tested compared with visually healthy commercial stocks resulted from greater mean bulb weight. Virus infection apparently had no effect on bulb number. Virus-tested stocks flowered three to four days earlier than the commercial stocks but no clear differences in flower quality or number were detected.  相似文献   

20.
The mechanism of sparkling metallic lustre formation in leaves of Begonia rex Putz. was investigated. On the metallic lustre and normal green areas of one leaf, we observed two light reflection patterns, one a spotted pattern (SP) composed of white spots formed on the centre of epidermal cells and the other a polygonal pattern (PP) composed of white polygons formed around the epidermal cell edges. The SP was observed both in metallic lustre and normal green areas, and the intensity did not differ significantly, but the PP was much stronger in the metallic lustre area. Different reflection of the PP in metallic lustre and normal green areas indicated that metallic lustre formation was attributable to the PP. Light reflection of the PP was mainly derived from interior light reflection because the PP became very weak after air removal from leaf. The formation of the PP is associated with the interior structure of the leaf, such as chlorophyll density, cell arrangement and air space. The experimental results indicated that interior air space is an important factor in forming the polygonal pattern.  相似文献   

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