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1.
Wei He Zhi-Wu Huang Jiang-Peng Li Wei-Xuan Su 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2019,94(5):611-619
To investigate the effect of varying the light intensity on the photosynthate distribution, cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings were grown under different light intensities. It was found that the seedlings under 300 μmol m–2 s–1 had a significantly higher dry weight and health index (Health index = Stem diameter/Stem height × Dry weight) than seedlings receiving other light treatments. On the contrary, the biomass, specific leaf mass and health index values of seedlings exposed to 50 μmol m–2 s–1 and 550 μmol m–2 s–1 were the lowest among all of the treatments. In terms of 14C-labelled photosynthate translocation, the seedlings under 300 μmol m–2 s–1 had lower remaining 14C-labelled photosynthate (31.45%) compared with other treatments, after 14CO2 was supplied for 2 days. The seedlings under 150 μmol m–2 s–1 had 36.97% of 14C-labelled photosynthate in the labelled leaves and transported the obviously higher 14C-labelled photosynthate to new shoot than others. Together, our results indicate that the photosynthate distribution was the most rational in cherry tomato seedlings at 300 μmol m–2 s–1, which enhanced leaf photosynthesis and plant growth. 相似文献
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番茄品种与砧木苗期耐盐性指标评价及耐盐品种筛选 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了筛选出耐盐的番茄品种和砧木品种,确定番茄幼苗的可适应盐浓度、筛选强度和可用于鉴别番茄苗期耐盐性的指标,试验以19 个番茄栽培品种和3 个砧木品种为试材,在苗期浇灌不同盐浓度的营养液,对幼苗生长等相关指标进行测定并进行相关分析。结果表明佳西娜（产地荷兰,樱桃番茄,红果）和瑰丽绝粉（产地甘肃,大果,粉果）为耐盐的番茄品种,番茄砧木406（产地山东,大果,红果）为耐盐的番茄砧木品种。在每隔2 d 1 次的灌溉强度下,番茄苗期可适应盐浓度为4 g·L-1,筛选强度为8 g·L-1。可以作为鉴别番茄幼苗耐盐性的指标为全株干质量、地上部干质量、根干质量、株高、茎粗、功能叶片数和壮苗指数,而根冠比则不可作为番茄幼苗耐盐性的鉴别指标。 相似文献
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In order to use reclaimed water to irrigate landscape plants and minimize damage and loss, salinity tolerance of commonly used landscape plants needs to be determined and characterized. Eight herbaceous perennials and groundcovers were obtained from a local nursery, transplanted to 2.6-L plastic containers and grown in the greenhouse for 2 weeks before saline irrigation at electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.8 (tap water), 3.2, 6.4, or 12 dS m−1 were initiated. Plants were irrigated with measured amount of saline solutions to obtain 30% leaching when approximately 50% water had been depleted. After 12 weeks, four plants in each treatment were destructively harvested and dry weights of shoots and roots were determined. Three Penstemon species (P. eatonii A. Gray, P. pseudospectabilis M.E. Jones, and P. strictus Benth.) and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. at 6.4 and 12 dS m−1 and most at 3.2 dS m−1 did not survive. Shoot dry weight of Delosperma cooperi (Hook.f.) L. Bolus decreased by 25% at 12 dS m−1, but there were no significant differences among the rest of the treatments. All plants of Teucrium chamaedrys L. survived but growth was reduced significantly with lower visual scores as salinity of irrigation water increased. Although growth was reduced in Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. as salinity increased, no other signs of stress or injury were observed. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Bunge had reduced growth at 3.2 dS m−1 and higher EC levels compared to the control, older leaves showed reddish pigmentation at 6.4 dS m−1, whereas those at 12 dS m−1 did not survive. Ion concentrations of shoot and root tissue at the end of the experiment on surviving plants were also affected by salinity levels and varied among species. Among the tested species, D. cooperi and G. rigen indicated a relatively high tolerance to salinity, T. chamaedrys and C. plumbaginoides were moderately tolerant, and the rest were less tolerant. 相似文献
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Closed cycle soilless techniques can be adopted to minimize water and fertilizer losses in greenhouse cultivation. There is a general lack of information regarding the soilless cultivation of vegetables with closed cycle subirrigation techniques, specifically when using saline water. In this study, a trough bench subirrigation system (SUB), with two fertilizer concentrations (“100%”, containing 9.8 mol m−3 N-NO3, 1.6 mol m−3 P-H2PO4, 8.7 mol m−3 K+, 2.8 mol m−3 Ca+, 1.8 mol m−3 Mg+, 4 mol m−3 S-SO4, and “70%”, containing 70% of the macronutrient concentration) in the nutrient solution (NS), was compared with open cycle drip-irrigation (DRIP with “100%” NS). For all the three treatments, NS was prepared using rain water (0.05 dS m−1) and adding NaCl (1 g L−1), in order to simulate moderate saline irrigation water. The effect of the treatments on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant growth, yield, fruit quality, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer consumption was evaluated. Substrate and recirculating NS composition were also studied. Subirrigation, regardless of NS concentration, reduced plant height (by 30 cm), leaf area (by 1411 cm2), total fresh and dry weight (by 429 and 48.5 g plant−1, respectively) but not dry matter percentage of the whole plant, with respect to DRIP. Yield was reduced when plants were subirrigated with the higher concentrated NS, but no differences with open cycle DRIP were recorded when the lower NS concentration was used in SUB. Fruit quality was not affected by irrigation system or NS concentration. The higher WUE was obtained with subirrigation. NaCl accumulated similarly over the crop cycle in recirculating NS of both SUB treatments and in growing substrates of all the three treatments. Higher salt concentration was found in subirrigated substrates, in particular in the upper part of the substrate profile. Fertilizers accumulated in the subirrigated substrates when the higher NS concentration was used, but not when the NS concentration was reduced by 30%. The results of this study indicate that tomato can be grown successfully in a closed cycle subirrigation system, using saline water, by reducing the fertilizer NS concentration normally used with traditional open cycle systems. 相似文献
5.
Slow-release fertilizer rates (0, 1.1 and 4.5 kg/m3 of 14 N-6 P-11.6 K Osmocote) and isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch affected growth and mycorrhizal development on pin oak (Quercus palustris Meunchh.) seedlings. Mycorrhizae developed on all inoculated seedlings after 8 weeks regardless of fertility regime. Through the first 14 weeks, the best mycorrhizal development occurred on all inoculated seedlings fertilized at the lower fertilizer rate. The higher fertilizer rate delayed mycorrhizal development. However, after 18 weeks there were no significant differences in mycorrhizae on inoculated seedlings receiving fertilizer. Inoculated, non-fertilized seedlings had significantly less mycorrhizae than fertilized seedlings throughout the experiment. Only one isolate increased seedling growth, and only at the higher fertilizer rate. No differences in plant height were found among non-inoculated control and inoculated seedlings at the low fertilizer rate. 相似文献
6.
M. Rady Mostafa Ashraf Sh Osman 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):626-630
SummaryThe effects of ‘cash’ [a novel 2:5:1 (w/w/w) mixture of calcium sulphate, ground sunflower heads, and humic acid] as a soil amendment on the growth, fruit yield, and leaf nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on reclaimed saline soil (EC = 9.4 dS m–1) were investigated. A glasshouse experiment was performed in a completely randomised design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g ‘cash’ kg–1 soil) each with four replicates. The results indicated that ‘cash’ increased both the shoot dry weight (DW) plant–1 and the root DW plant–1, the free proline contents of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The use of ‘cash’ also increased the number of fruit plant–1, fruit yield pot–1, and fruit vitamin C contents, although total soluble solids (TSS) contents were not affected. The contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the Ca:Na ratios of leaf tissues increased with all application rates of ‘cash’. Leaf phosphorus (P) contents showed no response to any applied level of ‘cash’. Leaf sodium (Na) contents declined gradually with an increase in the level of ‘cash’ applied to the soil. We concluded that ‘cash’ has a pronounced positive effect on the growth and fruit yield of tomato plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. ‘Cash’ therefore has the potential to be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops such as tomato to overcome the adverse effects of salinity in newly-reclaimed soils. 相似文献
7.
Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied during successive crop seasons on growth and nitrate accumulation in lettuce 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A romaine-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Corsica was cultivated during three successive crop seasons (late-spring, late-autumn and late-winter) in the same soil of an experimental greenhouse in S.W. Peloponnese, Greece. Seven long-term fertilization treatments were tested for their effect on plant growth and nitrate concentration in the external lettuce leaves. Treatments included: three different doses of organic fertilization (composted sheep manure) applied at the start of each crop season, three different doses of inorganic N fertilization applied via fertigation during each crop season, and a control treatment in which no fertilizer was applied. A drip irrigation system was used to water all plants. The highest nitrate levels were observed in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilization treatments (572–664 mg kg−1) in all crop seasons. They were significantly higher compared to the respective organic fertilization treatments (253–435 mg kg−1) and all other fertilization treatments (148–435 mg kg−1). Crop season affected lettuce growth more than nitrate accumulation in the lettuce leaves: lettuce biomass production was the smallest and most uniform in the late-autumn season and did not respond to the fertilization treatments tested (ranging from 409 to 439 g plant−1), while in the late-spring season biomass production was the highest and most variable (561–841 g plant−1), it correlated with nitrate concentration in the leaves and in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilizer doses it significantly exceeded production from all other fertilization treatments (827–841 g plant−1). Following the three crop seasons the residual availability of N, P and K was clearly enhanced in the soil receiving the organic compared to the inorganic fertilization. Nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves was far below the upper limits set by the European Commission in all fertilization treatments throughout the three crop seasons, a result attributed mainly to the sufficient level of light intensity and duration throughout the year in Southern Greece. 相似文献
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SummaryIncreasing need for salt-tolerant turfgrasses continues due to population growth in arid and semi-arid regions where potable water is limited, while soil and existing water sources are salty. Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. L. C. Rich) is widely used in these areas. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the salt-tolerance of ten cultivars of bermudagrass under a high saline soil and water environment. Five salinity levels of irrigation water (3.30, 6.93, 10.2, 14.8 and 17.8 dS m–1) were prepared and 30 pots were surfaced-irrigated at each salinity level for 1 year. Overall top growth, root growth, K content and K:Na ratio were reduced by 75%, 45%, 77% and 94.5%, respectively; while leaf-firing, shoot Cl and shoot Na concentrations were increased by 4%, 498% and 356%, respectively, when the salinity increased from 3.3 dS m–1 to 17.8 dS m–1. Regarding the salt-tolerance of cultivars, ‘Tifway’ was superior in top growth, percentage leaf-firing, Na uptake and K:Na ratio, ‘ISF2’ in root growth, and ‘Tifdwarf’ in Cl uptake. Although ‘Tifway’ showed the greatest reduction in root dry weight, it had the lowest level of leaf-firing and lowest reduction in top growth, which could be due to having the lowest Na uptake. Cultivars exhibited marked differences in their response to salinity; however, no mortality was observed, indicating that all cultivars tolerated the salinity levels used in the experiment. 相似文献
10.
Apurba Bandyopadhyay Dipak Kumar Ghosh Maheswarappa Halli Parameswarappa Jagadish Timsina 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2019,19(1):57-74
Fertigation has the potential to reduce extra chemical load by improving nutrient and water use efficiency of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), but studies demonstrating the fertilizer reduction through drip irrigation in comparison to conventional ring basin method are rare in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. A long-term field experiment was conducted during 2007–2013 in West Bengal, India, to study the effect of fertigation on coconut var. DXT. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments (control – no fertilizers and water applied with drip irrigation; 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), each applied with drip irrigation; and 100% of the RDF and water applied with ring basin method of irrigation (i.e., conventional method)). Nuts yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (24.44 t ha?1 year?1) followed by 100% of RDF, each drip irrigation (23.79 t ha?1 year?1) compared to control (21.89 t ha?1 year?1). Copra yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (3.19 t ha?1) compared to 100% of RDF (3.12 t ha?1) and no fertilizer (1.87 t ha?1). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of soil increased by 4.9%, 10.4% and 9.4%, respectively, with 75% of RDF applied through drip irrigation. Microbial population showed inverse relationship with amount of fertilizer application. The most water-use efficient fertigation treatment was 75% RDF (13.48 kg copra m?3) followed by 100% RDF (13.18 kg copra m?3) with drip irrigation as compared to conventional way soil application of fertilizers through ring basin method of irrigation (4.23 kg copra m?3). Role of N on yield variability was most prominent by both available soil N status (R2 = 0.49**) and leaf N concentration (R2 = 0.51**). The study indicated that there is a great scope for reducing the N, P and K fertilizers by up to 25% of the present RDFs for coconut when applied through drip irrigation compared to ring basin method of irrigation for its higher productivity and profitability through efficient use of nutrients and water in the Eastern IGP of South Asia. 相似文献
11.
J. R. Acosta-Motos S. álvarez J. A. Hernández 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):487-494
SummaryThe influence of irrigation with different sources of reclaimed water on physiological and morphological changes in Myrtus communis plants was investigated to evaluate their adaptability to such conditions. M. communis plants, growing in a growth chamber, were subjected to four irrigation treatments over 4 months (120 d): a control [tap water (0.8 dS m–1), leaching 10% (v/v) of the applied water] and three reclaimed water irrigation treatments, namely 1.5 dS m–1 leaching 25% (v/v) of the applied water (RW1), 4.0 dS m–1 leaching 40% (v/v) of the applied water (RW2), and 8.0 dS m–1 leaching 55% (v/v) of the applied water (RW3). After treatment, all plants were irrigated with tap water, as for the control plants, for a further 2 months (60 d). At the end of the first period (4 months), none of the myrtle plants showed any adverse change in biomass and the average total dry weight (DW) increased by 53% in treatment RW2. However, at the end of the treatment and recovery period (180 d), accumulations of Cl– ions, and especially Na+ ions, negatively affected the growth of all RW3 plants. Plants irrigated with all three reclaimed water samples had increased difficulty in taking-up water from the substrate (i.e., they had lower leaf water potential and relative water content values). RW2 plants showed a better response in their gas exchange parameters. The use of reclaimed water decreased leaf K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios, but no chlorosis or necrosis were observed. The three reclaimed water samples had different effects on the myrtle plants depending on the specific chemical properties of the water. Leaching was found to be important to minimise the negative effects of salinity in the irrigation water. 相似文献
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Protected horticultural crops as well as those planted in open fields particularly in the Mediterranean region have to cope with increasing salinization of irrigation water. High salinity of the supply water has detrimental effects on soil fertility and plant nutrition and reduces crop growth and yield. This study was conducted to determine if pre-inoculation of transplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alleviates salt effects on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv. Marriha) when irrigated with saline water. Tomato seeds were sown in polystyrene trays with 20 cm3 cells and treated with AM fungi (AM) or without (nonAM) Glomus mosseae. Once the seedlings were reached appropriate size, they were transplanted into nonsterile soil in concrete blocks (1.6 m × 3 m × 0.75 m) under greenhouse conditions. The soil electrical conductivity (ECe) was 1.4 dS m−1. Plants were irrigated with nonsaline water (ECw = 0.5 dS m−1) or saline water (ECw = 2.4 dS m−1) until harvest. These treatments resulted with soil EC at harvest 1.7 and 4.4 dS m−1 for nonsaline and saline water treatments, respectively. Root colonization with AM fungi at flowering was lower under saline than nonsaline conditions. Pre-inoculated tomato plants with AM fungi irrigated with both saline and nonsaline water had greater shoot and root dry matter (DM) yield and fruit fresh yield than nonAM plants. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AM fungi inoculation was 29% under nonsaline and 60% under saline water conditions. Shoot contents of P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe were higher in AM compared with nonAM plants grown under nonsaline and saline water conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in AM than nonAM plants grown under saline water conditions. Results indicate that pre-inoculation of tomato transplants with AM fungi improved yield and can help alleviate deleterious effects of salt stress on crop yield. 相似文献
15.
Root aeration improves yield and water use efficiency of tomato in heavy clay and saline soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water logging and salinity of the soil alter both the physical and biological environment of plant roots. In two experiments, we investigated the effects of imposed aeration on yield and the physiological response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) variety Improved Apollo growing under protected conditions over a range of salinities (the salinity experiment), and under constant field capacity (FC) or drier soil conditions (the moisture experiment). Subsurface irrigation with aerated water (12% air in water) stimulated above-ground growth, and enhanced the reproductive performance through earliness for flowering and fruiting compared with the control. Fruit yield of tomato with aeration in the moisture experiment was increased by 21% compared with the control (4.2 kg versus 3.7 kg per plant), and the effect of aeration on fruit yield was greater in FC than in the drier treatment. Fruit yield was increased by 38% in saline soil due to aeration compared with the non-aerated control. Increasing salinity from 2 to 8.8 dS m−1, and 10 dS m−1 reduced fruit yield by 18% and 62%, respectively, but 4 dS m−1 did not suppress yield. Aeration in both the experiments increased plant water use and water use efficiency (WUE), expressed as weight per unit of applied water. Biomass WUE was greater by 16% and 32% in the moisture and salinity experiments, respectively. The increased yield with aeration was also accompanied by an increased harvest index (HI) defined as the proportion of dry fruit biomass to total dry biomass, greater mean fruit weight, high fruit DM, and increase in leaf chlorophyll content and shoot: root ratio, and a reduced water stress index (computed from the difference between air and leaf temperature). The benefit gained from aerating irrigation water was not only observed under conditions where air-filled porosity may be low (e.g., in poorly structure sodic soils, or at field capacity in clay soils), but also in drier soils. 相似文献
16.
David H Suchoff Christopher C Gunter Jonathan R Schultheis Richard L Hassell Frank J Louws 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2019,94(1):102-109
Grafting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) onto disease resistant rootstocks has grown in use in North America over the past two decades. Rootstocks have traditionally been bred and used for their resistance packages to numerous soil-borne diseases but some rootstocks appear to improve scion yield and vigour in comparison to non-grafted plants in conditions lacking disease challenge. In this study, the tomato rootstocks ‘Maxifort’ or ‘RST-106’ were used to determine if vigour improved ‘Tribute’ scion traits, especially yield, and if marketable yield could be maintained in grafted plants at reduced nitrogen fertiliser inputs. Plants were grown in an open-field plasticulture production system at five rates of nitrogen from 0 kg ha?1 to 224 kg ha?1 applied via drip irrigation. Marketable yield was significantly affected by nitrogen rate and rootstock in both years. ‘Tribute’ grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstock had the greatest, most consistent impact and increased marketable yield 15% and 30% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, compared to the non-grafted ‘Tribute’. Our findings suggest that some rootstocks can increase scion growth and yield but do not differentially respond to decreased nitrogen rates. 相似文献
17.
The capability of the ‘Ball-Berry’ model (BB-model) in predicting stomatal conductance (gs) and water use efficiency (WUE) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves under different irrigation regimes was tested using data from two independent pot experiments in 2004 and 2007. Data obtained from 2004 was used for model parameterization, where measurements of midday leaf gas exchange of potted potatoes were done during progressive soil drying for 2 weeks at tuber initiation and earlier bulking stages. The measured photosynthetic rate (An) was used as an input for the model. To account for the effects of soil water deficits on gs, a simple equation modifying the slope (m) based on the mean soil water potential (Ψs) in the soil columns was incorporated into the original BB-model. Compared with the original BB-model, the modified BB-model showed better predictability for both gs and WUE of potato leaves on the parameterization data set. The models were then tested using the data from 2007 where plants were subjected to four irrigation regimes: non-irrigation (NI), full irrigation (FI), partial root-zone drying (PRD), and deficit irrigation (DI) for 3 weeks during tuber initiation and earlier bulking stages. The simulation results showed that the modified BB-model better simulated gs for the NI and DI treatments than the original BB-model, whilst the two models performed equally well for predicting gs of the FI and PRD treatments. Although both models had poor predictability for WUE (0.47 < r2 < 0.71) of potato leaves, the modified BB-model was able to distinguish the effects of the irrigation regimes on WUE being that the WUE was generally greater for PRD than for FI and DI plants. Conclusively, the modified BB-model is capable of predicting gs and of accounting for the differential effects of irrigation regimes on WUE of potato leaves. This information is valuable for further simulating potato water use thereby optimizing WUE under field conditions. 相似文献
18.
负水头供不同营养液对温室樱桃番茄生长和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用负水头灌溉装置,通过调节装置的供水吸力值来持续稳定地控制栽培基质的湿度,供给不同浓度磷酸二氢钾（KH2PO4）营养液配方进行樱桃番茄基质栽培试验,研究营养液中不同磷酸二氢钾浓度对樱桃番茄株高、茎粗、产量、水肥利用效率和根系活力的影响。结果表明：在负水头供水控水技术条件下,适当提高营养液中磷酸二氢钾浓度,有利于增加樱桃番茄株高、茎粗,效果显著;同时可以提高果实产量、水分利用效率和N、K利用效率以及根系活力。负水头供给营养液樱桃番茄栽培生产中,2.5 S处理即340 mg•L-1的KH2PO4浓度可作为推荐用量。 相似文献
19.
SummaryEffects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and soil moisture content were determined on the emergence of lettuce seedlings in controlled environment conditions. The effect of various nitrogen fertilizers and potassium chloride were also studied on emergence of lettuce and carrot seedlings in the field. Seedling emergence declined with increasing rate of applied nitrogen fertilizer, irrespective of the form supplied. However, fewer seedlings emerged with ammonium nitrate under dry soil conditions compared with organic sources, whereas the opposite was true in soil with a high moisture content. There was little effect of applied potassium chloride on seedling emergence. Factors affecting emergence of seedlings in soil amended with organic and inorganic N fertilizers are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Hideyuki Tanaka Koji Murai Takao Nakanishi Takahiro Tezuka Shuji Shiozaki 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2018,93(6):652-658
We stored plug seedlings of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Momotaro) under limited fertilisation (LF) for 12 weeks, and evaluated growth and development during storage and after planting. Seedlings in the LF treatment were grown in substrate containing starter fertiliser and irrigated with water. Controls (CT) were irrigated with nutrient solution. Stem growth, leaf growth, and biomass accumulation slowed or ceased during storage of LF seedlings, while CT seedlings showed increases in these parameters. At 2 weeks after planting, the stem length of LF seedlings was shorter than that of CT seedlings, but the two seedling types had similar numbers of leaves. At harvest, LF and CT plants had similar numbers of leaves under the fruit trusses, but the trusses formed at lower heights in LF than in CT seedlings. LF and CT plants produced similar numbers of fruits and similar yields from the first to third trusses. These results indicate that tomato plug seedlings can be stored for more than 2 months under LF. 相似文献