共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
A. J. Hall D.S. Tustin H.N. De Silva C.J. Stanley 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):424-430
SummaryThe size distribution of fruit on an apple tree on any potential harvest date can be estimated by measuring a sample of fruit early in the season and projecting forward in time using standard growth curves. However, ‘Royal Gala‘ apples grown in New Zealand are picked in multiple harvests spread over about three weeks, so the overall size distribution of harvested fruit can differ significantly from that on any single harvest date. On each havest date, fruit are selected for picking according to background colour, not size. By measuring the sizes at harvest of all fruit on selected limbs of eight ‘Royal Gala‘ trees in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, we show that the relationship between the size distributions of picked and unpicked fruit can be described by a single-parameter model. Although size is not used directly in fruit selection, we find that larger fruit still tend to be picked first, with the odds of a fruit being selected approximately doubling for each 20.g increase in size. The mean harvest fruit size is largest for the first harvest, and decreases in later harvests, despite ongoing fruit growth. Because the smaller fruit left on the trees continue to grow, the standard deviation of the overall fruit size distribution from multiple harvests can be expected to be significantly smaller than it would have been had all fruit been harvested on the same date. The model is tested using size and background colour measurements collected on tagged fruit at three sites in two years, including a range of shading and crop load treatments. For most combinations of site, year and treatment, the model predicted the size distribution of picked fruit well, but in a few cases a different parameter value was need to obtain a good fit. 相似文献
3.
4.
In this study, we focused on the possibility of forecasting the development of skin color in apples on the basis of weather forecast by using a machine learning methods. We used supervised learning and generated models via the use of six decision trees. The purpose of the research was to build models that would allow for in-practice-acceptable accuracy in the prediction of the development of fruit skin color (especial a colour parameter a*), for three apple varieties. For cv. ‘Gala, Brookfield’, the most accurate models were generated by using decision tree J48 (89.13% accuracy). For late ripening cv. ‘Fuji, Kiku 8’ and cv. ‘Braeburn, Maririred’, the most accurate model was obtained by using decision tree LMT (91.73 and 96.65% accuracy). The data confirm that the applicability of predictive models strongly depends on the accuracy of weather forecasts. In regard to the seven-day weather forecast, which was used for expert models, the accuracy of the models was, on average, reduced by 10.73%. 相似文献
5.
S.J. Mcartney M. Hoover P.M. Hirst I.R. Brooking 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):536-540
SummaryThe formation of bud scales, transition leaves, true leaves, bracts and flower primordia were observed in buds removed from non-flowering sites on one year old shoots of apple ‘Royal Gala’. Buds were sampled from trees in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand (latitude 398S) during six successive seasons. The onset of flower development varied between seasons from 72 to 99.d after full bloom. Floral development was poorly synchronized within the populations of sampled buds, lasting 22 to 50.d. Differences in the onset and duration of flower development could not be related to seasonal differences in heat accumulation from full bloom. There was significant variation between seasons in the minimum number of appendages observed within buds that exhibited doming, which indicates floral development. In the 1998/99 season, doming was observed in buds that had only 15.7 appendages, whereas in the 1999/2000 season the minimum number of appendages within a bud that had initiated flowers was 17.5. When the data from all seasons were considered, the rate of appendage formation within developing buds was not consistently related to heat accumulation. 相似文献
6.
A. C. Hulme 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(2):142-149
SummaryThe effect of UV-B irradiation at 10°C and 20°C on the quercetin glycosides procyanidins, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin levels in the skin of detached fruit of five apple cultivars was investigated. UV-B responsiveness was compared between sides of the fruit that were outwardly facing (exposed) and inwardly facing (shaded) when on the tree. There were no common effects of UV-B irradiation and temperature across all cultivars. UV-B irradiation increased the quercetin glycoside levels in the shaded side of ‘Gala’, ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘Braeburn’ fruit and only at 20°C. UV-B irradiation of the exposed sides of the five cultivars, of either side at 10°C, and of ‘Pacific Rose’ and ‘Aurora’ at either 10°C or 20°C had no significant effect on quercetin glycoside levels. There was no effect of UV-B irradiation on procyanidin levels at any combination of treatments. However, levels of chlorogenic acid, although one tenth of those of quercetin glycosides and procyanidins, increased markedly with UV-B irradiation. Both exposed and shaded sides of fruit of all cultivars increased in chlorogenic acid levels at 10°C and 20°C after UV-B irradiation. UV-B irradiation increased anthocyanin levels in exposed and shaded sides of fruit of all cultivars at 20°C, and on ‘Braeburn’, and ‘Aurora’ at both 20°C and 10°C. UV-B irradiation at either temperature had no significant effect on either the relative proportions of the glycosides of quercetin (galactoside, rhamnoglucoside, glucoside, xyloside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) or the relative proportions of the procyanidins (Procyanidins B2, B5, epicatechin and catechin). The effect of UV-B irradiation was variable, depending on cultivar, previous light exposure, temperature and class of flavonoids examined. 相似文献
7.
M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2017,59(4):245-252
In times of recession with a 7–10% inflation rate, drop in consumption and loss in value of the Real currency, Brazil as the third largest fruit producer with 46 mil t fruit on 2.2 mil ha (2013), exports ca. 3% of its production worth ca. 765 mil (2013) – 807 (2014) US $, of which 80% is destined for Europe – the fruit export target for the future is 1 bil US $. Apple (cv. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’) production under Southern hemisphere conditions (26–31°S) in Brazil rose from 0.6 mil t in 2002, peaked at 1.4 million t on 39,600?ha in 2011/12, declining in 2012/13 to 1.05 mil t due to orchard reductions in Fraiburgo as a result of lack of chilling, 1.16 mil t in both 20131/4 and 2014/15 and then 0.8 mil t in 2015/16 on 36,090?ha, resembling average apple yields in Germany on 31,400?ha.Apple orchards are essentially free of fire blight and codling moth, but with 1700?mm annual precipitation, they are affected by the scab and Glomorella fungi. Climate change affects apple production: Lack of chilling, caused by cold winters, induces vertical vegetative branches, flat speckled fruit with long pedicels (fruit stalks; cv. ‘Gala’), sunburn (cv. ‘Fuji’). Warm autumns result in a lack of fruit colouration in both varieties and prevent the cultivation of high chill apples, pears and plums.Three major fruit, orange (7.5?kg), banana (6.8?kg) and apple (cvs ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’; 4.2?kg apples/head/year; 2014) dominate the overall fruit consumption of 31.4?kg fruit/head/year compared with 36?kg beef, 34?kg pork and ca. 10?kg poultry resulting in ca. 80?kg meat/head/year in Brazil.In the last three years, a new range of storable apple varieties like ‘Venice’ and ’Daiane’ as well as ‘M 58/07’ and ‘M 10/09 – these latter two, still without a variety name – have been, like ’Eva’ added to the existing new breeds from EMBRAPA as very early variety (harvest in January; low chill; 150 CH) and to the summer varieties ‘Condessa’, ’Monalisa’ and ’Princesa’ (all 300–450 CH) without storability; red mutants of ‘Gala‘ (‘Gala, Maxi’ from RASIP) and of cv. ‘Fuji’ (‘Fuji Suprema’) both with 500–600 CH have been bred for growing in Brazil’s higher altitudes. The new cultivars provide medium-sized fruit, bright red peel colour and sweet taste with little acid and a sugar: acid ratio of 25–55:1, as required by Brazil’s domestic market, but so far lack market acceptance and a marketing concept. 相似文献
8.
Yusuf Ucar Abdullah Kadayıfcı Mehmet Atilla Aşkın Abdullah Kankaya Ulaş Şenyiğit Fatma Yıldırım 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2016,58(3):169-175
This study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on the yield and quality parameters of dwarf trees of the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ in the first and second year of cultivation. Irrigation water was applied at 3?, 5?, 7?, and 10-day intervals as much as the amount of water consumed from the field capacity. Statistical analysis revealed that the effects of irrigation frequency on yield were significant. Since the trees used in the experiment showed mainly vegetative growth, the effects of irrigation frequency on the fruit quality characteristics varied. Irrigation water amount was applied as 355.7–446.5 mm and 359.2–538.9 mm to the experimental treatments in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The evapotranspiration measured was in the range 400.7–491.5 mm in 2007 but in the range 440.2–600.5 mm in 2008, while the yields in the same years ranged from 1.54 to 2.84 t ha?1 and from 2.61 to 6.06 t ha?1. Water use efficiency varied between 2.40 and 4.80 t ha?1mm?1 in the first year of the experiment but between 3.45 and 7.08 t ha?1mm?1 in the second year. The I2 treatment, in which the highest yield and water use efficiency were recorded in both years of the experiment under the experimental conditions, was determined as the irrigation scheduling. 相似文献
9.
为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现,以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材,调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形,砧木粗度大于高纺锤形,2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形;单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高,2017 年无差异;并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形;并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形,2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形,同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形;两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异,并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为,矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形,可以显著削弱树体高度,减小行间冠幅,树体生长及枝量增长速度快,长枝比例低,易成花,果实产量上升潜力大。 相似文献
10.
From 2001 to 2005 the influence of the dwarfed apple rootstocks M?9 (clone: Burgmer 984), Fleuren 56, Supporter 1, P?16, P?22, J-TE-F, J-TE-E and M?27 on growth, yield and fruit size of the apple varieties ‘Elstar, Elshof’, ‘Boskoop, Herr’ and ‘Jonagored’ was investigated on the locations Auweiler, Dresden-Pillnitz, Osnabrück and Wurzen in Germany.All rootstocks induced a less vegetative growth as the rootstock M?9. In comparison with M?9 the crown volume of the trees ranged from 92% (Supporter 1) to 52% (M?27). The highest yield potential showed the rootstock P?16. Her specific yield (kg/m3) was 17% higher than the specific yield of M?9. All rootstocks produced a lower individual fruit size as M?9. J-TE-E and J-TE-F produced the lowest specific yield. 相似文献
11.
贵州中部地区苹果的光合特性及其对产量和品质的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以贵州中部地区4年生‘红富士’和‘皇家嘎啦’苹果品种为试材,探索了树冠不同层次、部位叶片的光合特性、影响光合速率（Pn）的主要环境因子及Pn与产量和品质的关系。结果表明,‘红富士’的光合能力（14.87 μmol · m-2 · s-1）强于‘皇家嘎啦’（13.57 μmol · m-2 · s-1）;两品种的Pn日变化曲线均呈双峰型,出现午休现象,其主要成因为中午的高光强（PAR）及气孔导度（Gs）下降;Pn受PAR影响最大,叶温（Tl）次之,而大气相对湿度（RH）和空气CO2浓度影响不大;树冠的PAR及Pn对果实产量及外观有重大影响,单果质量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比等品质指标与PAR及Pn呈显著正相关,而PAR及Pn对维生素C含量的作用不明显。 相似文献
12.
The objective of the present study was to thin apple flowers without use of chemicals, in order to improve fruit quality, reduce labour for hand thinning and overcome alternate bearing. The newly developed device comprises three rotors with adjustable angles and vertically rotating ropes, which remove excess apple flowers. Eleven year-old cv. ‘Braeburn’ apple trees were thinned at flower opening (BBCH growth stage 61) with the new device in Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany. Adjacent untreated, hand-thinned or chemically (benzyladenine-)thinned apple trees of the same rows served as controls. Tree branches remained un-damaged by the vertically rotating ropes. Slight leaf damages of less than 8% were observed at the fastest rotor speed of 320?rpm, which also gave the best thinning results. The portion of class one fruits >?70?mm was increased by 10% without yield loss and by up to 20% with yield losses of ca. 5–10%, depending on the settings, relative to the untreated control. This was equivalent to fruit mass gains of 10?g without yield loss and of 20?g with 10%–20% yield loss with economic gain in both cases. The single or double-sided mechanical thinning required 1.2?h ha?1 or 2.4?h ha?1 at a tractor speed of 2.5?km h?1 and reduced the subsequent hand thinning by respectively 20% or 45% (by 7?h or by 15?h/ha or its cost by 50–135 €/ha). The new device gently removed up to one third of both peripheral and central flowers at a cost of less than 100 €/ha and with a negligible risk of over-thinning and without effect on return bloom. 相似文献
13.
‘冀砧1号’是由‘SH40’的实生后代中选育出的苹果矮化砧木。嫁接基砧及品种接穗亲和性良好,成活率90%以上。作中间砧嫁接‘天红2号’,定植翌年始花,开花株率可达70%,4年生树高2.56 m,产量可达27 000 kg ? hm-2。成龄树树高是对照SH40的75%左右,枝展是SH40的75% ~ 85%,中短枝占总枝量的80%以上;果实平均单果质量221.9 g,可溶性固形物含量14.5% ~ 16.5%,硬度8.67 kg ? cm-2,产量可保持在45 000 ~ 52 500 kg ? hm-2。适宜在河北省中南部或气候类似的区域应用。 相似文献
14.
This work compares the primary energy requirement for apples marketed in Germany in April which were either home-grown in Germany or imported from overseas. The primary energy requirement was calculated for apples (cv. ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) picked during mid-October near Bonn, Germany, with subsequent 5-month on-site CA storage at ca. 1°C until mid-March. This was compared with energy requirements for apples of the same cultivar grown in a Southern hemisphere winter in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand or Grabouw-Elgin, Western Cape, South Africa, picked in March, and with subsequent 28- or 14-day transport, respectively, on reefers to Antwerp for sale in April in Germany. The primary energy required for cultivating Braeburn apples in New Zealand (ca. 2.1 MJ/kg apple fruit) represented 38% of their overall primary energy requirement, compared with 2.8 MJ/kg fruit in Germany or South Africa, with smaller harvests of 40 t/ha cf. 90 t/ha in New Zealand. Braeburn and Golden Delicious apples grown and stored locally in Germany consumed nearly 6 MJ/kg fruit, which included ca. 0.8 MJ/kg for 5-month CA storage during the winter. This compared favourably with 7.2–7.5 MJ/kg for overseas shipment from New Zealand or South Africa, i.e. a 22–27% greater energy requirement for imported fruits. The CA storage of home-grown apples in Germany partially compensated for the energy required to import the fresh fruit from overseas. To compensate fully for imports from South Africa or New Zealand, home-grown apples had to be stored locally for ca. 9 or 18 months, respectively, i.e. in the latter case beyond the next harvest. The lower primary energy required for domestic apple fruit is discussed with respect to providing local employment, fruit orchards preserving the countryside, fruit quality, food safety and quality assurance schemes such as QS and EUREP-GAP, food security of local fruit, and networking favouring regional produce. 相似文献
15.
16.
为分析苹果试管种质端粒长度与繁殖能力、衰老的关系,探索端粒长度与苹果试管种质离体保存年限的关系,对保存多年的不同继代次数的3个苹果品种试管苗进行了表型、增殖能力以及端粒长度的研究。结果表明:保存了8~33年的‘富士’、保存8~27年的‘金冠’和保存8~25年的‘嘎拉’苹果茎尖试管苗继代增殖能力大部分没有变化,表型未发生明显变化;3个品种不同继代次数30 d苗龄试管苗叶片端粒长度均差异不显著;继代73代苗龄分别为10、30、50和90 d的试管苗叶片端粒长度变化因品种而异,‘富士’‘嘎拉’差异不显著,‘金冠’50 d苗龄的最长,90 d苗龄的最短;继代71代苗龄30 d的‘金冠’试管苗茎段端粒长度显著高于叶片,茎段和愈伤组织、叶片和愈伤组织之间差异不显著,‘嘎拉’表现为愈伤组织>叶片>茎段。苹果试管苗端粒长度变化与其增殖能力、表型及同一继代周期内衰老程度的变化相吻合。 相似文献
17.
Yusuf Ucar Abdullah Kadayıfcı Mehmet Atilla Askın Abdullah Kankaya Ulas Senyiğit Fatma Yıldırım 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2016,58(3):159-167
This study was conducted in 2007–2008 to determine the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield, quality and water-yield relationships of young dwarf ‘Gala, Galaxy’ apple trees in Isparta-Turkey. Irrigation water was applied based on a ratio of class A pan evaporation (rates of 0.0 (kcp0), 0.25 (kcp1), 0.50 (kcp2), 0.75 c (kcp3), 1.00 (kcp4) and 1.25 (kcp5)) with 5-day intervals. The effects of irrigation regimes on yield and fruit weight were statistically significant. Seasonal evapotranspiration was measured as 246.5–608.2 mm and 289.3–631.9 mm in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Water use efficiency lead to a yield ranging from 0.0023 to 0.0055 t ha?1mm?1 and from 0.0033 to 0.0111 t ha?1mm?1 and irrigation water use efficiency varies from 0.0009 to 0.0073 t ha?1mm?1 and from 0.0045 to 0.0186 t ha?1mm?1 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The annual average yield response factor, ky, was 1.22. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the irrigation schedule for the 0.75 kcp3 treatment, applying 0.75 of evaporation from class A pan, could be used in the irrigation of young dwarf apple trees without evident reduction in yield and that high water use efficiencies could be obtained. 相似文献
18.
苹果矮化砧木新品种‘青矮1号’ 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
苹果矮化砧木‘青矮1号’是以‘M2’为母本,‘M9’为父本杂交选育而成。树冠较小,节间长1.6 cm。嫁接基砧的成活率84.0%,嫁接品种的成活率87.8%,3年生矮化中间砧果苗出圃率73.8%。嫁接的‘红富士’盛果期树高2.93 m,冠径3.10 m;嫁接口无肿大,不发生气根,品种/中间砧的干周比值0.95;2年生结果株率61.5%,7 ~ 14年生树平均产量43 380 kg · hm-2,果实可溶性固形物14.9%,硬度8.3 kg · cm-2,果形指数0.86。适宜在山东、河北、山西、陕西等矮化苹果主产区应用。 相似文献
19.
S. Mcartney M. White I. Latter J. Campbell 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(3):441-448
SummaryShade and chemical thinning treatments were applied to mature ‘Royal Gala’/M.26 apple trees either alone or in combination to study their effects on the pattern of abscission and growth of spur fruit. Natural fruit drop occurred in two distinct waves in both years; the first wave peaked 20 d after bloom (DAB) at a weekly abscission rate of c 15% in both years. The second wave of fruit drop in 2001 occurred earlier and was more intense than in the previous season. Application of NAA as a bloom thinner increased the maximum weekly abscission rate during the first wave of fruit drop in both years. Chemical fruit thinning treatments (Carbaryl in 2000, BA or delayed lime sulphur in 2001) had no effect on abscission or growth of spur fruit. Covering trees with 80% shade cloth for 3 d (2000) or 5 d (2001) stimulated a wave of fruit abscission that peaked c 10–15 d after removal of the cloth. Shade during the period from 20–25 DAB stimulated more fruit drop than earlier shade treatments, resulting in weekly abscission rates as high as 70%.There were no additive effects of combining thinning chemicals and shade treatments on abscission of fruit from spurs. However, additive effects of shade and thinning treatments were observed when measured as whole-tree crop density values, indicating that abscission of fruit from one-year wood was stimulated when low light conditions preceded application of (fruit) thinning chemicals. Shading trees from 34–39 DAB in 2000 resulted in a transient reduction and subsequent increase in the rate of dry-matter accumulation in fruit that were retained. Considerable challenges lie ahead in developing models of fruit growth that can account for the inter-dependent effects of light and crop load on fruit abscission and development that exist within an orchard environment. 相似文献
20.
‘青矮3号’是1978年从苹果矮化砧木M9的自然实生苗中选育而成的半矮化砧木新品种。其树冠中等,长势中庸;作中间砧嫁接红富士树,3年生树全部结果,7 ~ 14年生树平均产量42 270 kg · hm-2（M26嫁接树为34 785 kg · hm-2）,丰产性强;嫁接树的果实着色好,品质优,果形指数、果实硬度和可溶性固形物分别为0.87、7.8 kg · cm-2、14.3%,与M26嫁接树相当。嫁接红富士的盛果期树,树高3.83 m,冠径3.57 m,为M26嫁接树的130%,属半矮化砧木;干性强,可不设立柱栽培;适宜在山东、河北、山西、陕西等苹果主产区应用。 相似文献