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1.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(3):289-303
In a 2-year field study, strawberry cvs. ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Korona’ were exposed to three different levels of NaCl salinity supplied as aqueous solutions characterised by electrical conductivities of 0.3 dS/m, 2.6 dS/m, and 5.1 dS/m. Salinity in the rhizosphere reduced plant growth by up to 44% in ‘Korona’ and 90% in ‘Elsanta’. A rather distinct cultivar difference represented the reduction in leaf area per plant of 85% in the second year of experiment in ‘Elsanta’ compared to 29% in ‘Korona’. Strawberry can be regarded as a Na+ excluder, because Na+ content of both strawberry cultivars remained below 3 mg g−1 dry mass at all salinity levels. Cl− content increased considerably, up to 70 mg g−1 dry mass in ‘Korona’ and 80 mg g−1 dry mass in ‘Elsanta’ plants. ‘Korona’ retained most of its Cl− in roots and crowns, whereas in ‘Elsanta’ the maximum was detected in petioles. ‘Korona’ was able to accumulate up to 33% higher Cl− content in the roots than ‘Elsanta’. Macronutrient deficiency due to NaCl salinity was not observed and in comparison to ‘Elsanta’, higher Cl− content in roots of ‘Korona’ did not coincide with an impairment of macronutrient uptake. Salinity stress reduced fruit yield by up to 27% in ‘Korona’ and 64% in ‘Elsanta’. Fruit quality, characterised as taste, aroma, and texture by a consumer-type panel, decreased by more than 24% in ‘Elsanta’, but in ‘Korona’ differences were insignificant. Total soluble solids (Brix) and the ratio Brix/TA (TA, titratable acid) decreased significantly by about 20% in ‘Korona’ and 35% in ‘Elsanta’. To summarise, the ability of ‘Korona’ to retain Cl− in the root system more effectively than ‘Elsanta’ resulted not only in a 41% lower leaf Cl− content at the highest salinity level and a better growth under NaCl stress, but also in a relatively higher fruit yield and fruit quality.  相似文献   

2.
Summary

The effects of four soil NaCl levels (0, 1 600, 3 200, and 4 800 μg g?1) on the growth, chemical composition and plant water relationships of pistachio cvs Badami, Fandoghi and Kale-ghoochi were studied in an arid calcareous soil in a glasshouse experiment. Fandoghi was less tolerant to NaCl salinity probably because of higher uptake and/or transport of CI and Na ions, lesser osmoregulatory ability, and greater reductions in the top and root dry weights with respect to the CI concentration in the soil saturation extract. The 50% reduction in the top and root dry weights were obtained, respectively, at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 9.3 and 10.0 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Badami’, 7.9 and 7.9 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Fandoghi’ and 9.6 and 10.0 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Kaleghoochi’. Growth of tops and roots was stopped, respectively, at ECe values of 18.7 and 20.6 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Badami’; 15.9 and 15.5 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Fandoghi’, and 19.2 and 20.4 mmhos cm?1 for ‘Kale-ghoochi’.  相似文献   

3.
Summary

A crop-scale experiment between March and October 2000 investigated the effects of split-root salinity stress and rooting volume on the expansion of leaves, fruit yield and quality in two standard round fruited cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill) Solairo and Espero, grown in rockwool. To implement the treatments, a split-root method was utilized whereby different levels of salinity (expressed as EC), adjusted by the addition of NaCl, was administered to two halves of a root system. The split-root high EC (2.8/8.0 dS m–1) treatment enhanced fruit quality by increasing the concentrations of sugar, acid, total soluble solids and reducing the incidence of visual defects such as uneven ripening and gold-spot. Split-root high EC did however reduce leaf area that corresponded with low K concentration in the leaf tissue. The split-root method utilized doubled the rooting volume compared with the standard single rockwool slab, but this extra rooting capacity had no detectable effect on leaf expansion, yield or fruit quality. Although there was little impact on yield for ten weeks after the imposition of the high EC split-root treatment, mean reductions in weekly yield occurred thereafter and were of the order of 9 and 13% for ‘Solairo’ and ‘Espero’ respectively through to the end of the experiment. The fall in yield was due, in part, to a decrease in fruit size. Whilst water uptake was reduced it was unclear how the effects on leaf growth and fruit yield were mediated in the shoot. Possible processes that coordinate responses to root-zone salinity stress are discussed. The potential use of the split-root system in commercial production is considered.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

The effects of ‘cash’ [a novel 2:5:1 (w/w/w) mixture of calcium sulphate, ground sunflower heads, and humic acid] as a soil amendment on the growth, fruit yield, and leaf nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on reclaimed saline soil (EC = 9.4 dS m–1) were investigated. A glasshouse experiment was performed in a completely randomised design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g ‘cash’ kg–1 soil) each with four replicates. The results indicated that ‘cash’ increased both the shoot dry weight (DW) plant–1 and the root DW plant–1, the free proline contents of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The use of ‘cash’ also increased the number of fruit plant–1, fruit yield pot–1, and fruit vitamin C contents, although total soluble solids (TSS) contents were not affected. The contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the Ca:Na ratios of leaf tissues increased with all application rates of ‘cash’. Leaf phosphorus (P) contents showed no response to any applied level of ‘cash’. Leaf sodium (Na) contents declined gradually with an increase in the level of ‘cash’ applied to the soil. We concluded that ‘cash’ has a pronounced positive effect on the growth and fruit yield of tomato plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. ‘Cash’ therefore has the potential to be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops such as tomato to overcome the adverse effects of salinity in newly-reclaimed soils.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors: genotypes in 11 levels (Tuono, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokoufeh, Sahand, ‘Ferragnès,’ 1–16, 1–25, A200, 13–40 budded on GF677 rootstock, and GF677 (without budding)) and irrigation water salinity in five levels (0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 g/l of natural salt (equal electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.8 dS/m, respectively) and with 4 replication for each treatment in research greenhouse of Seed and Plant Institute in years 2013 and 2014. The results showed that with increasing salinity concentration, growth indicators include the branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, leaf density on the main branch, leaf area and leaf area ratio, relative humidity content, chlorophyll index, chlorophylls a, b, total, scion fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight have been reduced in the all genotypes studied, but percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, root fresh and dry weight ratio to scion fresh and dry weight, relative ionic percentage, and cell membrane injury percentage of leaves were increased. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that salinity stress affected on the young trees by increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reduced variable fluorescence (Fv) in the plants and reduced variable fluorescence ratio to maximum fluorescence of 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in Sahand cultivar and GF677 rootstock. The result showed that type of scion was affected in obstruction of Na+ absorption by the roots and their transported to leaves, as well as was affected in increasing uptake of K+ by the roots and their transported to leaves. In this research, GF677 is well tolerated to water salinity to 4.9 dS/m but with higher range of salinity showed stress effects. The result showed that type of genotypes budded on GF677 rootstock was very effective in tolerant to salinity. Overall, ‘Ferragnès’ was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could tolerate salinity 3.6 g/l (Ec: 7.3 dS/m). Also, Sahand was recognized as the most sensitive cultivar to salinity stress.  相似文献   

6.
Four different NaCl concentrations in the irrigation water, 0.8, 3, 6 and 9 mol m−3, were applied as experimental treatments to beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in completely closed hydroponic systems in a greenhouse. Initially, the Na and Cl concentrations increased rapidly in the root zone, as indicated by the values measured in the drainage water, and this resulted in corresponding increases in the Na/water and Cl/water uptake ratios. However, as these ratios approached equilibrium with the NaCl/water ratios in the irrigation water, the Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone converged to maximal levels, which depended on the treatment. The highest Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone and the corresponding NaCl concentrations in each treatment were used to establish relationships between the external NaCl concentration and the Na/water or Cl/water uptake ratios, which proved to be exponential for Na but linear for Cl. These relationships were then used in a previously established model [Savvas, D., Kotsiras, A., Meletiou, G., Margariti, S., Tsirogiannis, I., 2005a. Modeling the relationship between water uptake by cucumber and NaCl accumulation in a closed hydroponic system. HortScience 40, 802–807] to enable the prediction of the Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone in relation to the cumulative water uptake. The curves predicted by the model followed a convex pattern, with an initially rapid increase in Na and Cl concentrations in the root zone followed by a gradual levelling out as the cumulative water consumption rose. The measured Na and Cl concentrations in the drainage water were more accurately predicted at the higher NaCl concentrations in the irrigation water, although those predicted at 0.8 mol m−3 of NaCl were considered acceptable for use in commercial practice. Bean showed a high efficiency of Na exclusion from the upper leaves, while Cl was readily translocated to the young leaves as the external Cl concentration rose. Plant growth decreased with increasing salinity in a way similar to that reported for beans constantly exposed to comparable salinity levels.  相似文献   

7.
The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of long-term irrigation with water at three different levels of salinity on Barnea olive trees with a view to optimize vegetative growth, productivity and oil quality. The study was carried out on trees growing in the Negev desert of Israel. The intermediate salinity (4.2 dS m−1 EC) inhibited growth significantly only in the first year after planting, while from the second year onward retardation of vegetative growth as compared with the control treatment (1.2 dS m−1 EC) was slight and non-significant. However, the high salinity (7.5 dS m−1 EC) retarded tree growth significantly. Furthermore, the intermediate treatment led to significant increase in tree productivity relative to the other treatments, and also to an increase in olive oil yield. In conformity with the greater number of fruits produced, the olives of the 4.2 dS m−1 EC treatment tended to be smaller.No significant differences were found between saline- and control-water irrigated trees in terms of olive oil basic quality parameters, such as free fatty acids, peroxide value, and fatty acid profile. The saline treatments increased the levels of certain antioxidant components (polyphenols and Vitamin E) in the oil extracted from the olives as compared with the control. The data obtained clearly show that, of the three water salinities tried, the moderate level of 4.2 dS m−1 EC is best suited for production of olives and olive oil under the conditions prevailing in the central Negev, at least during the first 9 years from planting. The sustainability of Barnea cultivation under moderately saline water is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
To study the effect of soil application of potassium humate (KH) (0, 70 and 140 Kg ha?1) on agronomic, biochemical attributes, and yield and its components on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ‘Bronco’ grown under two sites having different level of salinity (EC = 3.00 or 5.00 ± 0.20 dS m?1). Two field trials were conducted at the Agriculture Test Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, in 2014 and 2015. The obtained results indicated that addition of KH increased all of the studied growth parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and canopy dry weight. Moreover addition of KH significantly increased membrane permeability measurements. KH significantly increased chemical composition related to salt tolerant either inorganic e.g. N, P, K, and decreased Na and Cl contents of leaves or organic components e.g. chlorophyll a + b, carotenoids, anthocyanin total phenolics, total flavonoids and proline. DPPH radical-scavenging activity and yield and its components were increased. The soil application of KH was found to be highly effective at improving the growth and yield of bean plants by alleviating the inhibitory effects of soil salinity stress.  相似文献   

9.
Plant biostimulants are an emerging trend of crop management products which can enhance nutrient uptake, plant growth and productivity under various abiotic stresses. The ability of diluted bee-honey extract (DHE) to enhance the tolerance of onion plants to salinity stress has been investigated. Two-season field experiments were consecutively conducted in 2015/16 and 2016/17 to study the effect of 25–50 g/L DHE foliar application on growth, yield, physio-biochemical attributes, and antioxidative defence of two onion cultivars (i.e. GizaRed and Giza-20) grown on a saline soil (EC = 8.81 dS m?1). Results exhibited that DHE significantly increased biomass production, bulb yield and water use efficiency, leaf photosynthetic and pigments contents. Additionally, DHE applicati\on also improves osmoprotectants, membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of both onion cultivars in comparison with untreated control plants. In general, both cultivars showed a similar response to the DHE. Results of this study highlighted the potential impact of DHE as a promising plant bio-stimulant for overcoming the harmful effects of soil salinity stress by increasing the activity of plant antioxidative defence systems  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. F144) were irrigated with low concentrations of mixed salts; the highest level (E.C. 7 dS m–1) simulated conditions used to produce quality tomatoes in the Negev highlands. CO2 enrichment (to 1200.mmol mol–1, given during the daytime) increased plant growth at the early stage of development. However, later growth enhancement was maintained only when combined with salt stress. In the absence of CO2 supplementation, overall growth decreased with salt (7 dS m–1) to 58% and fresh biomass yields to 53% of the controls. However, under elevated CO2 concentrations total plant dry biomass was not reduced by salt stress. CO2 enrichment of plants grown with 7 dS m–1 salt increased total fresh fruit yields by 48% and maintained fruit quality in terms of total soluble salts, glucose and acidity. Fruit ripening was about 10.d earlier under CO2 enrichment, regardless of salinity treatment. It is suggested that a combined utilization of brackish water and CO2 supplementation may enable the production of high-quality fruits without incurring all the inevitable loss in yields associated with salt treatment.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Salinity is an important environmental problem, especially in arid and semiarid regions of the world. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity on the initial development of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)using five levels of irrigation water with electrical conductivity (ECw) levels: 0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 dS m_1. Salinity inhibited plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of additional stems and the dry weight of roots and shoots. Tissue collapse on the stems was also noted. At the end of the experiment it was observed that 50% of plants irrigated with ECw 4.0 dS mr 1 died. Roots of pitaya were as sensitive as shoots to saline effects.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

The influence of irrigation with different sources of reclaimed water on physiological and morphological changes in Myrtus communis plants was investigated to evaluate their adaptability to such conditions. M. communis plants, growing in a growth chamber, were subjected to four irrigation treatments over 4 months (120 d): a control [tap water (0.8 dS m–1), leaching 10% (v/v) of the applied water] and three reclaimed water irrigation treatments, namely 1.5 dS m–1 leaching 25% (v/v) of the applied water (RW1), 4.0 dS m–1 leaching 40% (v/v) of the applied water (RW2), and 8.0 dS m–1 leaching 55% (v/v) of the applied water (RW3). After treatment, all plants were irrigated with tap water, as for the control plants, for a further 2 months (60 d). At the end of the first period (4 months), none of the myrtle plants showed any adverse change in biomass and the average total dry weight (DW) increased by 53% in treatment RW2. However, at the end of the treatment and recovery period (180 d), accumulations of Cl– ions, and especially Na+ ions, negatively affected the growth of all RW3 plants. Plants irrigated with all three reclaimed water samples had increased difficulty in taking-up water from the substrate (i.e., they had lower leaf water potential and relative water content values). RW2 plants showed a better response in their gas exchange parameters. The use of reclaimed water decreased leaf K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios, but no chlorosis or necrosis were observed. The three reclaimed water samples had different effects on the myrtle plants depending on the specific chemical properties of the water. Leaching was found to be important to minimise the negative effects of salinity in the irrigation water.  相似文献   

13.
Summary

The effects of exposing eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salt stress (6.1 dS m–1) from planting until the beginning of harvesting, on plant growth, yield and macronutrient status was investigated. The salinity was imposed by adding to a basic nutrient solution either additional nutrients at two cation ratios or NaCl. The results showed that the exposure of plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting reduced both vegetative growth during that time and early fruit yield, but the depression of the latter was more severe. The restriction of the early yield was a result of a reduced mean fruit weight due to a lower fruit water content. The detrimental effects of salinity on the mean fruit weight disappeared 25 d after discontinuing the salinity treatments. As a result, the total yield obtained after five months of harvesting was not influenced by exposing the plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting. The salinity source had no specific effect on plant growth. Moreover, the increase of salinity up to 6.1 dS m–1 did not cause any specific nutritional imbalance or toxicity to the plants, irrespective of the salts used to achieve it. It is suggested that the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution may be raised to 6.1 dS m–1 to control excessive vegetative growth in eggplants grown hydroponically. However, salt treatment should be terminated either at the first harvest, if the total yield is more important than the early yield, or three weeks earlier, if the opposite is true.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl2 and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.  相似文献   

15.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,106(2):147-161
Pepper plants grown in recirculating nutrient solution were exposed to NaCl-salinity (60 mM NaCl, 8 dS m−1) imposed either to the entire or to half of the root system and compared to plants supplied with a standard nutrient solution (1.9 dS m−1). The saline solution was obtained by adding NaCl to the standard nutrient solution. In the split-root treatment, the root compartment not exposed to salinity was supplied with raw water (0.38 dS m−1). Both the stem and the root dry weights were markedly restricted by salinity, irrespective of salinizing half or the entire root system. In the split-root treatment, the dry weight of the root compartment receiving raw water did not differ significantly from that exposed to salinity. The net photosynthesis and the leaf chlorophyll content were restricted by both salinity treatments, but the decrease was more marked when the entire root system was exposed to salinity. In contrast, the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate were equally reduced, regardless of salinizing the entire or part of the root system. The leaf Na and Cl concentrations were raised by the NaCl-salinity, but only in one sampling date the increase was significantly higher when the entire root zone was exposed to salinity, as compared with salinization of half of the root system. Salinity reduced significantly the leaf K, Ca, and Mg uptake but not to levels that could cause nutrient deficiencies. These results indicate that pepper is susceptible to high salinity, predominantly due to reduced stomatal conductance. However, after long-term exposure to salinity the growth may be suppressed due also to inhibition of photosynthesis at chloroplast level. The adverse effects of high NaCl-salinity are hardly mitigated when only a part of the root system is salinized, which indicates that the response is governed by root exposure to high NaCl concentrations and not by inefficiency of the roots to take up water.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low molecular mass antioxidants and NaCl salinity on growth, ionic balance, proline, and water contents of ‘Zard’ olive trees under controlled greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out by spraying 2 mM of ascorbic acid (Asc) and 3 mM of reduced glutathione (GSH) on the plants that were treated with two salinity levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl) on their root medium. Plant growth parameters (leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf number, total fresh weight, and total dry weight) were significantly improved by Asc compared with growth parameters in GSH and control plants. Higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were observed in salt-stressed plants, while Na+ and Cl– concentrations were decreased in the olive leaves that were sprayed with Asc. Salinity in the root zone caused a considerable decline in both K+ concentration and K/Na ratio. K+ concentration and K/Na ratio were significantly increased by application of Asc on plant leaves. Salinity caused an increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) compared with the control plants. Lowest EL and tissue water content (TWC) was obtained in Asc-sprayed plants, whereas TWC was increased in salt-stressed plants. Plants were subjected to salt stress and showed a higher relative water content (RWC) than the control plants. Salt stress induced proline accumulation in olive leaves. In conclusion, exogenous application of Asc is recommended to improve tolerance of olive plants under saline conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Subject Index     
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,103(4):515-525
Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor with limited persistence and low toxicity that has recently been registered as a shoot growth retardant for apples in North America (Apogee®) and Europe (Regalis®). We investigated the response of six different pear cultivars (‘Rosemarie’, ‘Forelle’, ‘Packham's Triumph’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Early Bon Chretien’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’) to ProCa in the Western Cape, South Africa, over the period 1999–2003. ProCa treatments ranging from 50 to 250 mg l−1 were applied between one and three times per season and were compared with girdling and control treatments. ProCa application reduced shoot growth in all of the cultivars. ‘Forelle’, was least responsive and showed a reduction in 2002/2003 but not 2001/2002. ‘Rosemarie’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Packham's Triumph’ and ‘Golden Russet Bosc’ were most responsive, with shoot growth being reduced by up to 50% of the control for the latter two cultivars. The response to number of applications and ProCa concentration was not consistent across cultivars. ‘Early Bon Chretien’, for example, only responded to high ProCa concentration, whereas ‘Rosemarie’ was very responsive at the lowest ProCa concentration. ProCa application improved fruit set but decreased final fruit size in some of the cultivars, particularly in ‘Rosemarie’. It also caused a decrease in return bloom in ‘Forelle’ and ‘Packham's Triumph’. The response of different cultivars to girdling, in terms of shoot growth and fruit set was highly variable. Girdling tended to increase final fruit size and return bloom. ProCa shows potential as a shoot growth retardant for the pear cultivars investigated, but the response of reduced fruit size in some cultivars requires mitigation. Future research on combined girdling and ProCa treatments may be instructive.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Vegetatively propagated plants of three strawberry cultivars-‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’-were grown for 20 weeks in rhizoboxes filled with 1.85 kg of sterilized mineral soil. Ten plants were treated with an N-P-K foliar fertilizer (F, control), or inoculated with a substrate containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma viride and rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR-Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) without any fertilization (M), or inoculated with the mixture of microorganisms and treated with the foliar fertilizer (MF). Total plant biomass was increased by the M treatment in all cultivars. M treatment resulted in higher total root length and number of root tips in ‘Senga Sengana’, whereas the other two cultivars showed different responses of root morphology. Shoot/root ratio was decreased by the M and MF treatments in comparison with control plants. Foliar fertilization of inoculated plants caused different growth responses in the three cultivars and a general decrease of root growth. After the MF treatment, the biomass of ‘Senga Sengana’ increased and the biomass of ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’ decreased. Inoculation with the mycorrhiza-PGPR substrate increased rhizosphere pH irrespective of foliar fertilization. Plant mineral content was highly modified by the treatments in all the cultivars examined. In particular, changes were noted in N, P, K, Fe, B and Mn uptake. The results show an interaction between foliar fertilization and root inoculation with microorganisms, as well as genotype-dependent influences, on growth responses and rhizosphere pH of strawberry plants.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

Single-truss tomato plants grown hydroponically (wet-sheet culture) were exposed to a salinity (EC) of 5.0 dS m21 or 8.0 dS m21 at two fruit ripening stages, the immature green stage and the decolouring stage. These salinities were achieved by adding NaCl to the standard solution, which had an EC of 2.4 dS m21. Increased salinity at the immature green stage improved fruit quality more than increased salinity at the decolouring stage but decreased fruit yield more. The reduction in fruit yield was due to a decrease in fruit weight but not in fruit number. Salinity increased the concentration of soluble solids, citrate, ascorbic acid, K, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lycopene, and carotene in the fruit, but the absolute amount of these constituents per fruit was decreased or not affected. These results suggest that the improvement in fruit quality induced by the salinity is caused by the reduction of water import into the fruit. The effectiveness of both salinities was significantly bigger when it was applied at the earlier development stage, suggesting that mature fruit would be less sensitive to strength of the EC.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Four European (Vitis vinifera L.) winegrape cvs., ‘Semillon’, ‘Pinot Noir,’ ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and one American (Vitis aestivalis Michx.) winegrape cv. ‘Cynthiana’, were subjected to three temperature regimes in growth chambers set at 20/15°C, 30/ 25°C, or 40/35°C, for 16/8 hr day/night to determine the influence of temperatures on vine growth and development. In general, the best temperature for shoot and root growth 28 days after temperature treatments was 20/15°C for ‘Semillon’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Cynthiana’, and 30/25°C for ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Chardonnay’. Although 40/35°C reduced number of leaves, shoots, tendrils, and internodes, total leaf area (LA), and total shoot biomass of all the cultivars, the reduction was more pronounced in ‘Cynthiana’ than in the European cultivars. The average reduction in number of leaves at 40/35°C for the European cultivars was 47%, compared with 92% for ‘Cynthiana’. The two types of grapes adapted differently to high temperature. Shoot growth in the European cultivars continued under high temperature, whereas growth ceased in ‘Cynthiana’. Roots of ‘Cynthiana’, however, were less susceptible to the adverse effect of high temperatures than were the shoots. This study shows that the European cultivars were relatively more tolerant to high temperature than the American cultivar and they have a potential for production of wine in the climate of south central Kansas.  相似文献   

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