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1.
Fruit body , basidiospore and mycelialmorphology ,and the structure of the ectomy-corrhiza formed with the host plant , arei mportant characteristics for identifying variouskinds of ectomycorrhizal fungi . AGERER[1]described the microstructure of ectomycorrhizaformed byPiceirhiza internicrassihyphisandPicea abiesas thick-walled hyphae in themycelial mantle , some of which grew inparallel . WANGet al[2 ,3]studied structuresdissected from ectomycorrhizae ofBoletusedulis,Tricholoma matsutakea…  相似文献   

2.
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3.
Summary

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is an important crucifer vegetative crop in Japan. We studied the morphological and anatomical characteristics of radish roots over a 6-week period using three radish cultivars with three different root shapes: long-type (Lt), round-type (Rt), and thin-type (Tt). We found that significant differences in the thickness of the roots first appeared 4 weeks after sowing. In Lt and Rt plants, the roots thickened rapidly, especially in the middle section that is composed of the lower part of the hypocotyl and the upper part of the taproot. The taproot increased in length in Lt plants, but failed to elongate in Rt plants. In Tt plants, the roots showed much smaller increases in mean diameter and length. Transverse sections through the taproots showed significant differences, both in cell number and in cell size 4 weeks after sowing. Lt and Rt plants contained more cells in the secondary xylem and phloem than Tt plants, and cell expansion was also greater in the storage roots of the Lt and Rt cultivars. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the development of radish roots of different shape.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

A method is suggested for quantitative determination of ‘Mineola’ tangerine “maturity” based on four parameters sugar:acid ratio, acid content, ethanol content, and fruit weight. A high correlation (r=0.9) was found between maturity and “taste acceptability”—a combination of four parameters of taste: sweetness, sourness, aroma and edibility.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

The effects of environmental conditions, planting date and crown size on the timing, intensity and duration of cropping in the strawberry Fragaria × ananassa cv. Elsanta were investigated. Temperature was positively correlated with the rate of progress to fruiting whereas crown size had no effect. The first fruit reached harvest maturity after an estimated 891 day-degrees had elapsed above a base temperature of 2.9°C for waiting bed plants and 831 day-degrees above a base temperature of 2.4°C for cold stored plants. Temperature was negatively correlated with total yield, berry number and average berry weight for both waiting bed and cold stored plants of different crown sizes. Yield, berry number and average berry weight were positively correlated with crown size. The effect of temperature on the yield components appeared to be due to its effect on vegetative growth of the plants: canopy development was more limited at warmer temperatures. These results can be used to generate models to predict the effect of growth environment on cropping in strawberry.  相似文献   

6.
Fruit pigmentation in ripening cv. ‘Gala, Schniga’ apples was monitored under the influence of fertigation weekly during 21 July–31 August 2009, i.e. 34 days before and 7 days after the optimal harvest date in Slovenia. The soil was a heavy loam clay with high humus content (2.8 %) and high acidity (low pH 4.9). The spectral indices NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and NAI (Normalized Anthocyanin Index) were obtained by a PA 1101 on attached fruit on the transition between the ground and blush colour of the fruit surface. NAI increased slowly from 0.25 to 0.6 two weeks prior to optimum maturity. NDVI values fell from 0.9 to 0.2 before and during ripening, with significant changes starting ca. 3 weeks before and during the week after the optimum harvest date. Fertigation delayed fruit ripening viz harvest date by ca. 4 days. Fertigation delayed changes in the intensity of the fruit’s epidermal pigments, expressed as NDVI for 1 week and NAI for 4 weeks, respectively, but had no significant effect on fruit colour or NDVI and NAI values at the optimal harvest date. At this time, those fruits from the fertigated trees were firmer with a lower starch index compared with the un-fertigated control. Statistically, highly significant correlations were found (p?≤?0.01) (r?=?0.35 to r?=?0.91, R2?=?0.11–0.83) between all the studied spectral and standard parameters i.e. fruit fresh firmness, soluble solids content and starch index.  相似文献   

7.
In this study, the interaction between crop load and irrigation level on yield, fruit size, skin color and stem-end splitting fruit ratio in the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ grafted on rootstock M9 were investigated. Six irrigation programs were applied during the whole growth season: deficit irrigation (rates of 0.25 kc, 0.50 kc, 0.75 kc), full irrigation (rate of 1.00 kc), excess irrigation (rate of 1.25 kc) and non-irrigation (rates of 0.00 kc of “Class A” pan evaporation coefficient). Four crop loads in each irrigation application were performed by hand thinning after the June drop as a- a low crop load (3 fruits cm?2 TCA), b- a medium crop load (5 fruits cm?2 TCA), c- a heavy crop load (7 fruits cm?2 TCA), and d- an un-thinned crop load (>?7 fruits cm?2 TCA). The total tree yield increased with crop load and irrigation levels. Fruit size was significantly increased by the low crop load. Irrigation increased the fruit size compared to non-irrigation treatment. Further 0.75 kc, 1.00 kc and 1.25 kc irrigation treatments significantly increased the fruit length. Irrigation reduced the fruit flesh firmness. While the low crop load increased the skin red color, it decreased the fruit skin brightness. The yellowness of skin decreased with increasing in the irrigation amount. Irrigation reduced the skin brightness and yellowness, but it increased red color. Crop load and irrigation significantly affected the stem-end splitting fruit ratio. While the splitting fruit ratio increased with a decrease in the crop load, it decreased with an increase in irrigation amount, relatively. Consequently, the low and medium crop load treatments would be beneficial to increase the ratio of marketable fruits without any significant losses in yield for ‘Gala’ apple, especially under 0.75 kc deficit irrigation treatment.  相似文献   

8.
Summary

The apple rootstocks M.9, M.26, and MM.106 were evaluated for their efficiency in bringing ‘Discovery’ apple trees into production. The experiment, carried out over a ten- year period compared two planting densities at 1666 and 3333 trees per ha. Tree vigour differences between rootstocks were measured in term of trunk growth, tree volume, weight of branches pruned off and final weight of the above-ground parts of the trees. Fruit production is presented both as total yield and as the weight of first class fruit. Fruit colour development is also shown. Cropping efficiency is calculated and presented in relation to the different vigour measurements. The results confirm that ‘Discovery’ is slow to come into production. M.9 was the most productive rootstock, but due to vigour differences MM.106 gave the same yields per tree, although the latter had the lower yield efficiency. M.26 performed poorly; its vigour was similar to M.9 but it produced the lowest yields.  相似文献   

9.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,87(1-2):21-32
A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate ecophysiological characteristics and yield–quality performance of cv. “Aglianico” (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines trained to three different trellises at the same intrarow vine spacing and bud load per meter of row length. Bilateral guyot (BG) showed the lowest vine capacity and bilateral spur-pruned cordon (BSPC), with a vertical shoot positioning had the highest total leaf area (LA) and pruning weight. Despite very comparable crop levels among trellises, quality decreased considerably in the bilateral free cordon (BFC) vines with respect to the systems with upright shoot growth. BFC vines showed significantly lower sugar concentration (°Brix), anthocyanins and phenols, and higher pH and K+ according to a pattern frequently associated with excessive within-canopy shading. Shading was aggravated in the BFC vines by canopy rotation, which probably resulted in an increase of LA density per volume unit. Moreover, the BFC canopies had more close-to-horizontal oriented leaves and from veraison onward, placed the most functional median and apical leaves in the lower or less illuminated portion of the canopy. These factors may have combined to diminish total vine photosynthesis in BFC-trained vines. The data also pointed out that the differences among trellises could not have been predicted simply on the basis of widely accepted indicators of crop load (e.g. the yield-to-pruning weight ratio) or canopy density (e.g. leaf area-to-canopy surface area (LA/SA)).  相似文献   

10.
Bal  Erdinc  Torçuk  Ali İzzet  Özer  Cengiz 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2022,64(2):127-133

The study was carried out to determine the effect of melatonin on quality and postharvest life of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) cv. ‘Sweetheart’ during storage. The fruits were dipped at different concentrations of melatonin (0, 250, 500 and 1000?µmol l?1 for 10?min) and distilled water as control. The changes of sweet cherries were assessed at 7?day intervals by evaluating the following quality parameters: firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, respiration rate, color values (L* and chroma), ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that increasing the dose to 1000?µmol l?1 melatonin had a remarkable effect on maintaining the quality of sweet cherry. 1000?µmol l?1 and 500?µmol l?1 melatonin treatments significantly inhibited the decrease in firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenols, total anthocyanin, antioxidant content and reduced color changes and respiration rate. However, the total soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the fruit were not influenced by melatonin applications. These findings indicate that melatonin treatment may be effective in maintaining quality and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruit.

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11.
Capsicum spp. is a commercially important crop of the Solanaceae family, well-known for its multipurpose use as a vegetable, spice, medicinal and ornamental plants. The genus Capsicum is a recalcitrant species in terms of in vitro morphogenesis and plant regeneration. An efficient method was developed for multiple shoot regeneration in 10 cultivars of Capsicum collected from diverse geographical regions of India and Mexico. Seeds germinated in vitro on a half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.0 % sucrose. Nodes of the in vitro germinated seedlings were used as explant for micropropagation. The combination of the 6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, and spermidine was found to be the best for multiple shoot induction. However, the optimum responcse varied accompanied by different cultivers with maximum 8.9 ± 0.52 (Capsi-10) to 15.3 ± 0.69 (Capsi-5) multiple shoot per explant. Depending on the cultivar, multiplied shoots were successfully rooted with maximum 18.4 ± 0.20 (highest for Capsi-9) to 36.8 ± 0.29 (highest for Capsi-5) roots per shoot on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l?1 indole-3-butyric acid, 1.0 mg l?1 α-naphthalene acetic acid, and 1.5 mM spermidine. Finally, the micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized with 40.0–86.7 % survival rate, depending on different cultivars.  相似文献   

12.
Han Y.  Ma Y.  Chen L.  Zhao S.  Song L. 《果树学报》2022,(5):811-825
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13.
This study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on the yield and quality parameters of dwarf trees of the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ in the first and second year of cultivation. Irrigation water was applied at 3?, 5?, 7?, and 10-day intervals as much as the amount of water consumed from the field capacity. Statistical analysis revealed that the effects of irrigation frequency on yield were significant. Since the trees used in the experiment showed mainly vegetative growth, the effects of irrigation frequency on the fruit quality characteristics varied. Irrigation water amount was applied as 355.7–446.5 mm and 359.2–538.9 mm to the experimental treatments in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The evapotranspiration measured was in the range 400.7–491.5 mm in 2007 but in the range 440.2–600.5 mm in 2008, while the yields in the same years ranged from 1.54 to 2.84 t ha?1 and from 2.61 to 6.06 t ha?1. Water use efficiency varied between 2.40 and 4.80 t ha?1mm?1 in the first year of the experiment but between 3.45 and 7.08 t ha?1mm?1 in the second year. The I2 treatment, in which the highest yield and water use efficiency were recorded in both years of the experiment under the experimental conditions, was determined as the irrigation scheduling.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

Grafting is a suitable method to control soil-borne diseases in melon (Cucumis melo L.) crops. To date, several Cucurbita species and their inter-specific hybrids have been tested as rootstocks. However, graft-scion incompatibility and lower fruit quality have prevented their commercial use. The wild accession ‘Pat 81’ ssp. agrestis of C. melo is highly resistant to Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack et Uecker root rot, and develops a root system that is more suitable to withstand infested soils than that of cultivated melon. The potential of ‘Pat 81’ as a rootstock for melons (e.g., ‘Piel de Sapo’ type, C. melo ssp. melo) compared with the popular rootstock ‘RS 841’ (Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita moschata) has been evaluated here. The response of grafted plants to Monosporascus root rot disease, and rootstock effects on plant performance and fruit quality have been investigated using both classical methods and modern technologies (e.g., root image analysis and real-time PCR). The results indicate that, during infection, the root system of ‘Pat 81’ adapts to the needs of the aerial part of the ‘Piel de Sapo’ scion, displays a high level of resistance to M. cannonballus (similar to ‘RS 841’), and provides the plant with more healthy roots, with a higher root/vine biomass ratio compared with non-grafted ‘Piel de Sapo’. In addition, ‘Pat 81’ rootstock retains its favourable root structure (i.e., larger total length and root area) to withstand soil stress. In healthy soils, ‘Pat 81’ rootstocks had less effect on fruit quality than ‘RS 841’, leading to a lower percentage of non-marketable products. The high resistance of ‘Pat 81’, and its reduced effect on fruit quality, point to it as a good rootstock for the grafting of melons to resist M. Cannonballus infested soils.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

Inorganic nutrient concentrations in leaves, xylem sap and fruit from ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis) vines grafted onto eight inter-specific rootstocks [A. deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa; A. eriantha Benth.; A. hemsleyana×eriantha; A. macrosperma C.F. Liang; A. chrysantha Merr.; A. kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim.; A. kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim.; and A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim.] were measured over three seasons. The nutrients analysed were phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B). The objectives of these studies were to identify rootstocks which induced relatively high or low levels of nutrients in the scion cultivar, and to correlate the nutrient concentrations of the fruits with the incidence of storage disorders. The use of inter-specific clonal rootstocks had a substantial effect on the accumulation and concentration of inorganic nutrients in the fruit, leaves and stem sap of ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit vines, but few consistent relationships were observed between fruit nutrient concentrations and the incidence of storage disorders. Vines on A. hemsleyana×eriantha accumulated high levels of P in their fruits, leaves and xylem sap, and high levels of Ca and Mg in their leaves and xylem sap. Vines on A. macrosperma accumulated high levels of K in their fruits and leaves. In general, vines on rootstocks with low vigour (i.e. A. polygama; A. kolomikta) accumulated relatively low levels of nutrients. The incidence of physiological pitting, a mineral-related storage disorder, was higher in fruit with lower Mg concentrations. While rootstock-induced differences in the vigour of vines had an important role in determining nutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves, some rootstocks clearly had a stronger inherent ability to absorb nutrients from the soil than others, independent of their effect on vine vigour.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
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18.
Summary

We have evaluated the influence of four different peach rootstocks (Prunus pumila,‘GF 655/2’ ,‘Missour’ and ‘GF 677’ as a standard) planted in medium-heavy to heavy soil on phenological events (flowering and harvest date), growth, yield, fruit quality and mortality of peach (P. persica L.) scions of cv. ‘Redhaven’. At the end of flowering, there were no significant differences between the different rootstocks in the years 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004. In 2001, trees grafted on P. pumila reached the end of flowering 2 d before trees grafted on the other rootstocks. ‘Redhaven’ fruits ripened on the same day on trees grafted on the different rootstocks. The differences were only between years. The results showed that significantly less vigorous trees, according to their trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume, with the lowest yield, were observed on P. pumila rootstock. The rootstock P. pumila had a significant negative influence on fruit dimensions and mortality was 50%. Trees grafted on ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock produced significantly lower yields than those grafted on ‘GF 677’ or ‘Missour’ rootstocks. Only the ‘GF 655/2’ rootstock had root suckers. Trees grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock were significantly more vigorous than on the other rootstocks, and produced the highest yield with good fruit quality. The final canopy volumes of peach trees grafted on the different rootstocks were very different. The most vigorous trees were those grafted on ‘GF 677’ rootstock, where the final tree volume was 12.8 m3. Trees grafted on P. pumila and ‘GF 655/2’ had significantly lower TCSA values than on the other rootstocks.  相似文献   

19.
Summary

Disruption of cut flower water relations due to the growth and proliferation of microorganisms in the vase solution is one of the most important factors causing reduced vase-life and deterioration in cut flowers. These experiments were conducted to study the effects of some biocides in controlling microbial proliferation in vase solutions and on water relations in cut Narcissus tazetta L. cv. ‘Shahla-e-Shiraz’, a native bulbous cut flower of Iran. The stems of ‘Shahla-e-Shiraz’ Narcissus cut flowers were exposed to 17 treatments: aluminium sulphate (at 100, 200 or 300 mg l–1), citric acid (at 150, 300 or 450 mg l–1), 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (at 200, 300 or 400 mg l–1), sodium hypochlorite (at 400, 600 or 800 mg l–1), calcium hypochlorite (at 400, 600 or 800 mg l–1), sterilised distilled water, or tap water (control). Generally, the least effective compounds in controlling microbial proliferation were low concentrations of aluminium sulphate or citric acid. 8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate treatments were most effective, and the vase solution did not contain any microbes until day-6. Vase solution contaminants were yeasts, Bacillus ssp., Staphylococcus ssp., Actinomycetes and Aspergillus ssp. Yeasts and bacilli were the most common microorganisms. Severe symptoms of phytotoxicity such as bud abortion and yellowing in aluminium sulphate-treated flowers, stem proximal-end browning and shrinking in 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate-treated flowers, and bleaching of soaked parts in sodium hypochlorite treatments, were seen. Most solution was taken up in 150 mg l–1 citric acid, while the reduction in fresh weight was least in 200 mg l–1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate. The correlation between microbial counts and growth rate with solution uptake was slightly negative, but their correlation with fresh weight loss was slightly positive.  相似文献   

20.
AIM: To observe the effect of immune-activated platelets and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) on the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with activated platelets and LDL. METHODS: The platelets were activated by ADP. The co-culture system of HUVECs with immune activated platelets and/or LDL were established. The activity of COX-2 and expression of PPAR-α at mRNA and protein levels in HUVECs were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The concentration of PGE2 was measured by ELISA for representing the COX-2 activity. The PPAR-α activity was determined by a nuclear factor assay kit. RESULTS: The COX-2 activity and mRNA expression of PPAR-α, the protein levels of COX-2 and PPAR-α and PGE2 concentration in activated platelets group were significant higher than those in un-activated platelets group (all P<0.01). No difference of PPAR-α binding activity was observed between two groups. LDL didnt affect the COX-2 activity and PPAR-α expression, but significantly promoted the stimulating effect of immune-activated platelets. CONCLUSION: Immune-activated platelets significantly promote COX-2 activity and PPAR-α expression in HUVECs, but dont change the PPAR-α binding activity. LDL at general concentration does not affect the expression and activity of COX-2 and PPAR-α, but promote the effect of activated platelets on HUVECs.  相似文献   

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