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1.
In order to determine the proper time to harvest paprika pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits to obtain maximum extractable color, two maturity indexes were evaluated. Most consistent results were obtained when fully shriveled fruits were harvested.Foliar applications of ethephon (50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm) were made on two cultivars, ‘Paprika-505’ and ‘Paprika-D.Z.’. Total extractable color and capsanthin content were determined using fully shriveled pericarp tissue. Some flower and leaf abscission was caused by treating plants with 500 ppm ethephon and leaves of plants treated with 200 or 500 ppm ethephon turned yellow. Ethephon stimulated ripening and increased the total extractable color and capsanthin levels of paprika fruits. ‘Paprika-505’ contained more total extractable color and capsanthin than ‘Paprika-D.Z.’ as a result of ethephon treatment.  相似文献   

2.
Summary

Shoot-tip explants were excised from axenic and non-axenic plant cultures of two cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landrace lines from Assiut (ASS) and Qina (QIN), Egypt. Explants were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin. The two landraces performed similarly throughout the study. Shoot-tip explants from axenic cultures were superior to those prepared from non-axenically grown plants regarding the percentage of explants that produced micro-shoots and the number of micro-shoots that proliferated. The maximum number of excisable micro-shoots was produced on medium with 1 µM BA. Up to 20 micro-shoots per explant were excised from cultures on this medium. The largest number of micro-shoots obtained on medium containing kinetin was five. Most (80–90%) micro-shoots formed roots on medium with 1 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The survival rate ex vitro was as high as 70%. A high concentration of BA (4 µM) induced calli, retarded elongation of the micro-shoots and reduced both the number of roots formed on subsequent rooting medium, and plant survival ex vitro. This study supports the feasibility of in vitro cloning of cumin using shoot tips for germplasm collection, conservation and exchange.  相似文献   

3.
Summary

The influence of different growth regulators and additives on shoot multiplication from nodal explants of Psoralea corylifolia was investigated. Prolific shoot multiplication was achieved within 4 weeks of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 μM benzyladenine (BA), 5 μM ascorbic acid (AA), 100 mg l–1 casein hydrolysate (CH) and 5% (v/v) coconut water (CW). Shoots elongated on half-strength MS basal medium devoid of inositol, but containing 5 μM 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), 10 g l–1 sucrose and 8 g l–1 agar. Elongated shoots rooted on half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with 3 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 10 g l–1 sucrose and 7 g l–1 agar within 5 d of culture. The in vitro-raised plants were established successfully in 2:1:1 (v/v/v) garden soil:farmyard soil:sand, and maintained in a growth chamber with 100% survival. Acclimatised plants were transferred to a glasshouse and established successfully in the field. Flowers and fruits appeared after 4 months and resembled those on source plants. This system could be used for rapid commercial propagation of P. corylifolia for conservation strategies and to produce phytomedicines.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) cultivars Early Urbana and Red Clode were grown in the field at adverse temperatures (stress regimes) until they set fruit in two growing seasons (Autumn and Spring) during 1999 and 2000 in Ahwaz (Southern Iran). To test the effectiveness of auxins in enhancing fruit set, racemes of tomato were sprayed during early fruit set with 25, 50 and 100 mg l–1 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) followed by two additional applications at three intervals. The control plants were treated with deionized water. At harvest, racemes from autumn and spring plantings that were treated with 4-CPA had more large fruits than the control racemes. In both growing seasons, neither cultivar showed a significant difference in fruit set in plants treated with IBA, compared with controls. The ratio of fruit/flower in all racemes treated with 4-CPA increased significantly compared with the other treatments. However, auxin treatments did not significantly affect the number of flowers per raceme. Plants treated with 4-CPA produced the highest yield of marketable fruit. The greatest increase in total yield and parthenocarpic fruit occurred with 4-CPA treatments. Also, there was little difference between concentrations of 4-CPA on fruit set in both cultivars. It may be concluded that the response of fruit setting in tomato to either low or high temperatures regimes was auxin dependent and that 4-CPA was more effective than IBA.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

Seeds of an andromonoecious muskmelon, cv. Piel de Sapo, were sown between the 5th and the 10th days of each month of 1986 and plants were kept in a glasshouse in Zaragoza (Spain). Plants were treated with 0, 150, 250 and 500 mgl?1 ethephon solutions at three stages of development: two leaves, anthesis of the first male flower and anthesis of the first pistillate flower respectively. Plants sown in January, February, March and April achieved higher feminization rates than plants sown in May, June and July. Plants sown in September, October and November did not produce any pistillate flowers. When the plants were sown in December, the feminization rate was intermediate. When control plants had high feminization rates, treatments with 150 mg l?1 ethephon solutions produced maximum feminization, while when these plants had low feminization rates, higher ethephon concentrations (250 or 500 mg l?) were needed.  相似文献   

6.
A study was made of the influences of gibberellic acid (GA3), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) on leafy inflorescences — and of GA3 on entire trees — on fruit-set and fruit-weight of Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco).Applying GA3 to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ (seedless Clementine) between anthesis and 14 days after anthesis increased fruit-set and weight of the fruits at harvest. No significant differences in effects were observed between the application to leaves, to flowers or to leaves and flowers simultaneously. GA3 induced the development of parthenocarpic fruits of cultivar ‘Monreal’ (Clementine with seeds) and a fruit-set similar to that obtained with self-pollination. Spraying GA3 (5–200 mg/l) to entire trees of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased the number of fruits per tree and decreased the average weight of the fruits. However, the commercial yield per tree increased with the concentration of GA3 employed.The application of 2,4-D and BA to inflorescences of cultivar ‘Fino’ increased fruit-setting and weight of the fruits, although not as efficiently as GA3, both the concentration and the time of application being more critical.  相似文献   

7.
‘Alaska’ and ‘Redwing’ azaleas having dormant flower buds were sprayed with gibberellins (GA3 or GA4 + 7) alone and in combination with thiourea, N6 benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin weekly for 3 or 4 weeks to test the efficacy of these materials in breaking bud dormancy. Additional plants received 6 weeks of cold storage at 4.5°C or glasshouse day temperatures of 21°C and above. The 2000 and 3000 mg l?1 GA3 and Ga4 + 7 sprays were better than 1000 mg l?1 in promoting flowering, with ‘Redwing’ responding better than ‘Alaska’. GA-treated plants flowered in fewer days than those receiving cold storage. Flower diameter and pedicel length increased with higher levels of GA, and flower uniformity was comparable to cold-stored plants on most GA-treated ‘Redwing’-plants. Thiourea, BA and kinetin applied alone had no effect and considerable cytokinin activity was highest in GA-treated buds 14–21 days after treatment application. No increase in activity occurred on plants not receiving GA.  相似文献   

8.
An effective protocol was developed for in vitro regeneration of Psoralea corylifolia through enriched cotton moistened-liquid (CML) and solid culture systems. Prolific adventitious shoot buds were achieved from hypocotyl explants of 2-week-old cultures on enriched CML Phillips and Collins (L2) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ), benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and bavistin (BVN). Combination of 2 μM TDZ, 0.5 μM BA, 100 mg l−1 BVN and 2 μM NAA produced a greater number of adventitious shoots per explant (93.5) when transferred to half-strength enriched solid L2 medium. Regenerated shoots (40–50 mm in length) were exposed simultaneously for rooting as well as hardening in moistened (1/8-L2 basal salt solution with 5 μM IBA and 100 mg l−1 BVN) soil mixture and vermiculite (3:1, v/v). The plants were subsequently established in the field. The survival percentage differed with seasonal variations.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of three levels of a widely used tea nursery fertilizer mixture containing ?, ?,ρ?, Mg and SO4 and hormones on growth and apical dominance were studied using free-growing plants of two vigorous TRI clones.

At the highest level of fertilizer (F2) the plants showed earlier bud-break and an increase in the number and duration of active phases, with a reduction of the dormant phases. These resulted in more growth and dry matter accumulation and in more lateral shoot growth than was obtained with lower levels of fertilizer (FO and Fl). Leaf production on both main and side shoots was increased at the higher levels of nutrition. The results showed that vigorous clones may benefit from higher levels of fertilizer application than the presently recommended rates.

Gibberellic acid (200 ppm) alone or with benzyl adenine (25 ppm) tended to cause earlier bud-break at FO and Fl but not at F2. The percentage bud-break obtained at F2 was, however, similar to that obtained at FO and Fl with the above hormones. GA3 or GA3+BA also increased the height of the plant, the response persisting for at least a month starting a fortnight from the first application. Neither BA (25 ppm) applied alone nor IAA (200 ppm) stimulated bud-break, but IAA increased the height of the plants at the higher levels of fertilizer used. There was an interaction between fertilizer and hormones during the period when the hormones were effective in increasing height.

A relationship was found between the growth of the shoots, natural and induced, and that of the roots. The active plant had about twice the amount of feeder roots as the dormant plant.  相似文献   

10.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,106(3):415-426
The effect of silver nitrate on shoot differentiation and shoot growth was examined in order to improve the regeneration efficiency of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kirmizi) in vitro. Nodal explants of in vitro-grown seedlings were used to test various concentrations and combinations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), gibberellic acid (GA3) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). Addition of AgNO3 up to 48.0 μM to the culture medium improved the regeneration frequency and shoot growth, and reduced basal callus formation in all regenerated explants. The highest regeneration frequency (100%) was recorded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 9.0 μM BA, 0.2 μM GA3 and 24.0 or 48.0 μM AgNO3 in combination. The best proliferation response in terms of both shoot formation and low callus production was obtained in the medium containing a combination of 9.0 μM BA, 0.2 μM GA3 and 12.0 μM AgNO3. Regenerated shoots, coming from three cycles of subculturing in proliferation media, were rooted in half-strength MS medium containing 12.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and eventually established in peat and perlite. The development and optimization of an effective micropropagation protocol that is presented in this paper can give an important contribution to improve the quality of pistachio plants and, as a consequence, of orchard production in Middle East countries.  相似文献   

11.
Summary

A series of trials in Tasmania examined the thinning effects of ethephon and NAA on ‘Red Fuji’ apple. In the ethephon trials, concentrations from 25 to 600 ppm were applied at full bloom (FB) or 14 days after full bloom (AFB) to trees on either seedling or M.M.106 rootstocks. The NAA trial involved spraying concentrations of 5, 10 or 15 ppm at FB or 14 days AFB to trees on seedling rootstocks. Ethephon thinning of ‘Red Fuji’ was similar at FB and 14 days AFB. The dependence of fruit thinning on ethephon concentration was described by fitting non-linear response curves. These relationships were stronger and less variable for M.M.106 than seedling trees. Ethephon proved a satisfactory thinner for trees on both rootstocks. At the high spray volume used, the preferred concentrations at both FB and 14 days AFB would be 25 or 50 ppm for seedling and 100 or 200 ppm for M.M.106 rootstocks. NAA under-thinned at 5 ppm and over-thinned at 10 and 15 ppm at both FB and 14 days AFB. No firm recommendation can be given for NAA as a thinner of ‘Fuji’ at this stage.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of 50% shading and NO3:NH4 ratio (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, quality and N metabolism in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var Camarosa) was evaluated. Both fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly lower when a high concentration of either NO3 (100%) or NH4 (75%) was the sole N source in the nutrient solution. In unshaded plants, increasing of both NH4 and NO3 ratio in the nutrient solution reduced photosynthetic (Pn) rate, however in shaded plants the reduction of Pn became more pronounced at a higher ratio of NH4 in the nutrient solution. The yield in terms of fresh and dry weight of fruit per plant was significantly increased at the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO3:NH4) treatments. Fruit size was significantly affected by the treatments, so that the biggest fruits in both shaded and unshaded plants were obtained under the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO3:NH4) treatments. Total soluble solid (TSS) in unshaded plants was increased with increasing NH4 ratio in the nutrient solution, however in shaded plants it was reduced at high NH4 ratio in the nutrient solution. In both shaded and unshaded plants, higher concentration of NH4 significantly reduced the post-harvest life of the fruits. The increase of tissue N concentration was nearly proportional to the NH4 concentration in the nutrient solution. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was increased by increasing NH4 from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH4 in the solution. Shading increased NH4 concentration so that the shaded plant had nearly twice as high NH4 concentration in the leaves. The increase of NH4 concentration induced by shading could be partially the reduction of NH4 assimilate because of the shortage of carbohydrate.  相似文献   

13.
Summary

Meristems of ginger with or without leaf primordia were induced to form shoots on three-quarter strength Murashige-Skoog’s (MS) medium containing sucrose 6%, coconut milk (CM) 20%, ascorbic acid (AA) 100 mg l?1, glutamine (GL) 400 mg l?1, activated charcoal (AC) 250 mg l?1, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 0.5 mg l?1, indolebutyric acid (IBA) 0.4 mg l?1 and agar 0.8%. Meristem-derived shoots exhibited consistent multiplication on three-quarter strength MS medium containing sucrose (3%), AA (100 mg l?1), AC (100 mg l?1), BAP (4–5 mg l?1) and agar (0.8%). Liquid media (agitated or static) were less effective than a solid (agar-gelled) medium for micropropagation. Kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) incorporated at various levels (0.01–0.8 mg l?1) with or without added BAP and IBA neither improved plantlet formation nor enhanced shoot multiplication. The in vitro plants were successfully established in vivo and the rhizome yield was comparable with that of plants grown by conventional methods.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

This study addresses the effects of air temperature and plant growth regulators on anthocyanin synthesis, sugar content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Anthocyanin in chicory was synthesised at the highest level under 15°/10°C (day/night) temperatures, followed by 20°/15°C, and 25°/20°C; while synthesis was inhibited > 90% at 30°/25°C, resulting in an almost green colour. Sugar contents paralleled anthocyanin development under the same temperatures. The plant growth regulators, abscisic acid (ABA), ethephon and uniconazole all stimulated anthocyanin synthesis, with uniconazole treatment showing the greatest effect. Gibberellic acid (GA3) inhibited anthocyanin development, while GA3 in combination with uniconazole alleviated this inhibition.

PAL activity was higher at 15°/10°C or 20°/15°C (day/night) temperatures when plants were treated with ABA, ethephon or GA3, than at 25°/20°C and 30°/25°C (day/night) temperatures. These results suggest that, under lower temperatures, plant growth regulators may play an important role in anthocyanin synthesis and PAL activity in chicory.  相似文献   

15.
Applications of growth regulators to detached peach laterals in winter had variable effects on flower bud abscission. GA3 and GA4+7 increased bud abscission while IAA, BA and ABA inhibited abscission. Ethephon had a variable effect. Interactions were obtained between the compounds generally with IAA or GA playing the major role. GA had a peak of activity during a critical period in late winter indicating a variation in responsiveness. Variations in sensitivity to GA were obtained for different cultivars. Field applications of GA3, GA4+7, and ethephon to Elberta peach trees in winter, alone and in various combinations, promoted bud abscission.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of ethephon latex stimulant mixed in coconut oil and applied to immature green fruits of Co.2 papaya was studied in respect of papain yield and quality of fruits. Papain yield could be increased four-fold over the control by the application of ethephon latex stimulant at 34 mM in coconut oil. Ethephon also improved the quality of papain, and also the quality of fruits by increasing total sugars and reducing sugars and decreasing acidity.  相似文献   

17.
A trial on ‘Fuji’ apples at the Grove Research Station in southern Tasmania during the 1991/92 season studied the thinning effect and interactions between ethephon and benzyladenine (BA) when BA was applied as a secondary thinner after a full bloom (FB) application of ethephon. The spray treatments were a factorial combination of eight application times of BA (11,13,15,17,19, 21, 23 or 25 days after full bloom (AFB)) with ten concentrations (20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180 or 200 mg I“1). An unsprayed control and an ethephon control were included. Target thinning results were achieved 19- 23 d AFB with concentrations of 140-160 mg I“1. A corollary of this successful thinning was an increase in fruit weight and size. Return bloom was improved significantly where thinning was successful. There was no effect on fruit firmness, soluble solids or lateral branching. Drawbacks were an increase in the incidence of russet and a reduction in pip number at the optimum thinning times and concentrations.  相似文献   

18.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,105(4):475-482
The present study was conducted to evaluate the regeneration ability of Damask rose. Single-node explants were surface sterilised with 10% chlorox for 15 min and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (Kin) separately or in combination with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Combination of 2.5–3 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IBA was the most suitable treatment for proliferation. In vitro derived shoots were subcultured four times on the fresh medium within a 4-week period. Other treatments such as explant orientation (horizontal, vertical and oblique) and explant wounding were also examined but did not affect shoot multiplication rate significantly. Several experiments were carried out to stimulate in vitro rooting of Damask rose. Application of different media such as MS, 1/2 MS, 1/3 MS and 1/4 MS with different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), IBA and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) did not produce satisfactory results. Quick-dip method using sterilised 0–2000 mg/l IAA, IBA and NAA solutions was also studied. Other treatments such as using various concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in combination with various concentrations of IAA, IBA and NAA, and using various concentrations of sucrose and agar did not produce any roots. The best treatment for rooting of shoots was 2.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 2 weeks in MS medium and then transferring the explants to MS medium without any growth regulator. Plantlets were acclimatised in a soil mixture consisting of peat moss and sand 1:1 (v/v) and successfully transferred to the greenhouse after 3 weeks.  相似文献   

19.
A micropropagation method is described for olive (Olea europea sativa L.) ‘Kalamon’ using single-node explants collected from shoots produced from olive ovules grown in a growth chamber. Shoot proliferation was obtained on OM modified medium supplemented with 0.5 mg r1 cystine, 10 mg I-1 pantothenic acid calcium, 0.5 mg I-' gibberel- lic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg T1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 10 mg I-1 zeatin riboside, or 7.5 mg I-1 benzyladenine (BA), or 10 mg I-1 N6-2-isopentenyladenine (2ip). Explants were rooted on a medium similar to that for shoot development, but without cytokinins and with a-naphthaleneacetic acid (a-NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1, 2 and 3 mg I-1 for both auxins. a-NAA at all concentrations was more effective than IBA. Shoot proliferation and rooting were improved by the addition to the nutrient media of 20 mg I-1 and 50 mg I-1 crude extract from olive ovules, respectively. Rooted explants were transferred to pots containing equal volumes of peat and vermiculite; about half survived.  相似文献   

20.
A protocol for in vitro propagation of the wild three-lobed sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) (Synonym, Salvia triloba L.) was developed. Shoot tips were excised from in vitro seedlings and established on MS, Nitch and Nitch (NN), or B5 medium. For shoot proliferation, in vitro nodal and apical explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.25–2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), or thidiazuron (TDZ). Proliferated microshoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 2.7–11.4 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Results indicated that shoots established at 100% regardless of media type, however, shoot height, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for explants established on MS medium compared to NN or B5. Number and height of proliferated shoots, nodes per shoot, and leaf number were highest for nodal explants cultured on a medium containing 0.75 μM BA. Microshoots cultured on a medium supplemented with 2.7 μM IBA exhibited the highest rooting percentage compared to those cultured with IAA or NAA. Essential oil composition in microshoots and shoots of greenhouse-grown plants was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major essential oils detected in both plant materials were α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol. No α-thujone or β-thujone was detected. The content of essential oils, camphor, and borneol were higher in the microshoots than in shoots of greenhouse-grown plants.  相似文献   

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