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1.
研究了糠醛渣(FR)经不同强度绿液-过氧化氢预处理脱木质素后,与木薯渣(CR)混合进行同步糖化发酵生产乙醇,通过改变原料底物浓度、纤维素酶用量和添加无患子表面活性剂来优化混合底物同步糖化发酵条件,并分析了发酵过程中乙醇和副产物的浓度变化。结果表明,在糠醛渣预处理条件为:底物质量浓度5g/L、温度80℃、H_2O_2用量为0.6g/g、绿液用量为2mL/g(以糠醛渣计)预处理时间3h,在此条件下糠醛渣木质素脱除率可达56.5%。同步糖化发酵产乙醇条件为无患子皂素表面活性剂添加量0.5g/L,纤维素酶用量12FPU/g,纤维二糖酶用量15IU/g,预处理后的糠醛渣与木薯渣混合作底物(质量比为2∶1),底物质量浓度200g/L时,发酵120h最终乙醇质量浓度可达56.6g/L,乙醇得率为86.3%。同步糖化发酵过程中添加无患子皂素表面活性剂不仅降低了纤维素酶用量,还可延缓副产物乳酸的形成,减小甘油生产波动。 相似文献
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玉米芯经碱预处理后,采用米根霉对其发酵制备L-乳酸,同时考察分步糖化发酵(SHF)和同步糖化发酵(SSF)两种工艺。实验结果表明,水洗碱预处理玉米芯酶水解性能优于未水洗碱预处理玉米芯,水洗过程可显著提高米根霉发酵性能。分步糖化发酵工艺下,米根霉于40℃下发酵48 h,可将含有31.84 g/L葡萄糖、6.38 g/L木糖的酶解液转化为14.65 g/L的L-乳酸,L-乳酸得率为0.29 g/g(以绝干物料计,下同);同步糖化发酵工艺下,米根霉40℃发酵36 h将底物质量浓度为50 g/L的水洗碱预处理玉米芯高效转化为L-乳酸,L-乳酸得率为0.44 g/g。 相似文献
4.
为研究水溶性硫酸盐木质素对不同预处理杨木酶水解的影响,将硫酸盐木质素(KL)进行分级处理形成水溶性硫酸盐木质素(KL5)后,分别添加到纤维素酶(CTec2)水解体系中,考察KL与KL5对绿液(GL)、酸性亚硫酸氢钠(AS)及亚硫酸钠-甲醛(SF)预处理杨木底物浆料酶水解糖化效率的影响。结果表明:在GL预处理条件下,随着KL5用量的增加,各聚糖转化率和酶水解反应速率均显著提高,当KL5用量为0.1 g/g时,底物总糖转化率达到最大值83.1%,但添加KL会抑制酶水解糖化效率;在AS和SF预处理条件下,底物中添加KL5后各聚糖转化率与GL预处理酶水解各聚糖转化率相似;在较低浓度条件下,KL5对GL预处理酶水解效率的促进作用明显优于Reax 85A和PEG 4000添加剂。改性工业废渣硫酸盐木质素作为酶水解助剂能够明显提高酶水解糖化效率,为高效利用过程废液废渣组分、减少水解酶的用量成本提供理论依据。 相似文献
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微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维结构及其氰乙基化反应的影响 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
研究了微波强化碱预处理对二次纤维(SF)化学结构、超分子结构、物理特性的影响,并通过与丙烯腈反应分析微波强化对二次纤维氰乙基化反应性能的影响,初步探讨了微波强化作用机理。结果表明,微波强化碱预处理二次纤维(WASF)的化学组分和晶型没有发生改变,但纤维素分子中的氢键受到部分破坏,结晶度下降,纤维变得疏松,表面和内部结构受到一定的损伤,保水值和可及度增大,反应活性提高。与碱预处理相比,微波强化碱预处理显著提高了二次纤维的氰乙基化反应性能,在同一辐射功率下,延长微波强化时间有利于氰乙基化反应,微波强化碱预处理氰乙基化二次纤维的含氮率由10.85%提高至17.80%。 相似文献
6.
于初始底物质量浓度100 g/L,酶解6 h、12 h分别补料50 g/L条件下,以总底物质量浓度200 g/L的绿液预处理玉米秸秆,先预酶解24 h后同步糖化发酵48 h,体系中乙醇质量浓度47.58 g/L,乙醇得率为0.42 g/g(以纤维素计,下同)。而不经预酶解直接同步糖化发酵72 h,体系中乙醇质量浓度48.57 g/L,乙醇得率为0.43 g/g。与基于补料预酶解的半同步糖化发酵相比,补料同步糖化发酵技术工艺简单,适合于高浓度底物绿液预处理玉米秸秆的生物转化。 相似文献
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《林产化学与工业》2017,(5)
以小麦秸秆为原料,采用蒸汽爆破预处理(SP)、碱法预处理(AP)以及两者协同预处理的方式分别进行预处理,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法,分析了预处理前后麦秆形态和化学成分的变化规律,研究了碱处理与蒸汽爆破的不同组合对麦秆成分及后续酶解的影响。研究表明:相比先碱法后蒸汽爆破预处理(ASP),先蒸汽爆破后碱法预处理(SAP)的麦秆中纤维素质量分数高达88.15%,半纤维素和木质素质量分数分别减少到5.55%和4.13%。SEM和FT-IR分析结果及低底物浓度酶解结果表明,与其他预处理方法相比,SAP对麦秆的物理结构破坏程度更大,对木质素的去除效果更显著,纤维素的酶解转化率也明显优于其他预处理样品。以分批补料的手段对各预处理后麦秆进行高底物浓度酶解,SAP样品在底物质量浓度高达180 g/L时,酶解120 h,纤维素转化率可达80.53%。蒸汽爆破与碱处理的不同组合方式对麦秆的预处理效果不同,SAP的方法能极大的提高麦秆的酶解效率。 相似文献
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预处理对纤维素酶降解影响的研究 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
以酸、碱及蒸汽爆碎预处理的蔗渣、杨树作底物，进行纤维素酶解（５０℃、２４ｈ）试验，其中以碱预处理的蔗渣得糖率为最高。通过测定不同原料不同预处理方法得到的水解液的总糖、糖组分及紫外吸收；分析不同预处理所引起的植物纤维组成变化、同时对预处理前后的蔗渣和杨树进行了Ｘ－衍射分析测定，从结晶度的变化综合分析了预处理对纤维素酶降解的影响，并对植物纤维生物量的全利用进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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纤维素酶在玉米芯上的吸附及其水解作用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对纤维素酶在玉米芯纤维底物上的吸附特征及其水解作用进行了研究.纤维素酶组分中的外切型β-葡聚糖酶(C1酶) 、内切型β-葡聚糖酶(CMC酶)和纤维二糖酶(CB酶)在同一纤维素底物上具有不同的吸附性质,底物的粒度、预处理条件、pH值、温度等因素对纤维素酶的吸附具有不同的影响.在特定的酶解条件下(底物质量分数10 %,pH值4.8,50 ℃),C1酶、CMC酶组分主要吸附在玉米芯纤维底物上,而CB酶组分则大部分游离在液相中.利用纤维素酶的吸附特性,在玉米芯酶解工艺中实现了纤维素酶的回收复用.当玉米芯纤维底物质量分数为10 %,纤维素酶初始用量为每克底物15 FPIU ,酶解48 h后滤去水解液,保留纤维素残渣并加入新鲜底物,同时补加纤维二糖酶(每克底物4 IU)和少量纤维素酶(每克底物7.5 FPIU),继续酶解48 h,如此重复进行.连续重复7批的试验结果表明:这一酶解工艺简便易行,纤维素酶的用量可节约50 %, 同时纤维素的酶解得率平均可达80 %以上.这一研究结果在可再生纤维素资源酶法糖化利用方面具有重要意义. 相似文献
10.
生活垃圾全量化应急服务项目中DTRO浓缩液处理常采用MVR蒸发,蒸发的预处理主要为“双碱法”,用以去除污水的硬度,延缓蒸发器的清洗周期,提高生产运行效率。由于垃圾渗滤液中氨氮和碱度较高,“双碱法”直接预处理所需药剂费用较高,为此,设计了一种新型预处理方法,通过试验表明：优化后的预处理药剂费用从180元/t降至120元/t;两种预处理方法,在同一硬度条件下蒸发,对结垢底物状态和沸点升的影响可以忽略,但优化预处理的废水中泡沫大量减少,消泡药剂使用量减少,冷凝液水质更接近排放标准。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献