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1.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of salinity levels (control, 6, 12 and 18 dS m?1) on germination, seedling growth, some agronomic traits and proline accumulation in leaves of nine wheat varieties adapted to semi‐arid areas of Jordan. The tested wheat materials included eight durum wheat varieties (Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1, Safra Ma’an, Katma, Al‐Samra and F8) and one bread wheat variety (Diel Harthon). Final germination percentage, shoot and seminal root length, and all growth and yield parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by increasing salinity level. Proline content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by increasing salinity. There were significant variety × salt interactions (P < 0.05) on final germination percentage, seminal root length, grain yield and yield‐related traits indicating that the varieties responded to salt differently. Sham 1 did not show any decrease in germination ability at the different salinity levels. Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Al‐Samra and Diel Harthon showed a nonsignificant reduction in germination potential at low and intermediate salt levels. Safra Ma’an and Al‐Samra showed the lowest reduction in seminal root length at low salt level and consequently exhibited the lowest stress susceptibility index ‘S’ values. Grain yield‐based stress susceptibility index ‘S’ indicated that Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Katma, Al‐Samra, F8 and Diel Jardoon were more salt tolerant than Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1 and Safra Ma’an. In conclusion, a similar salt tolerance was observed at different growth stages in Haurani 27, Acsad 65 and Al‐Samra. Consequently, these three varieties could be considered as salt tolerant and accordingly they are suitable for durum wheat improvement. Furthermore, Sham 1 had the highest ability to germinate at high salinity level indicating that it has a genetic potential for salt tolerance, at least at this stage of its life cycle.  相似文献   

2.
The response of four varieties each of durum wheat (DZ-04-118, DZ-320, DZ-918 and TOB-2) and tef (DZ-01-354, DZ-01-787, DZ-01-1445, and DZ-Cr-37) to P application levels was examined in a sand culture study conducted in a glasshouse for 4 weeks. Results showed that plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and plant P uptake were increased by increasing levels of P application from 0 to 5 (tef) and 0 to 10 mg P 100 g−1 (wheat). Varietal differences were also observed in all parameters, except in shoot dry weight of the four durum wheat varieties. In general, all modern varieties of the two crops showed better growth and P uptake than the corresponding traditional varieties. The short period study proved that variations generally existed in the P responses of durum wheat and tef varieties which may be confirmed by long-term study up to maturity. Inclusion of more populations in similar studies may help to identify P efficient genotypes.  相似文献   

3.
Four bread wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance were selected to evaluate ion distribution and growth responses with increasing salinity. Salinity was applied when the leaf 4 was fully expanded. Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) concentrations and K+/Na+ ratio in different tissues including root, leaf‐3 blade, flag leaf sheath and flag leaf blade at three salinity levels (0, 100 and 200 mm NaCl), and also the effects of salinity on growth rate, shoot biomass and grain yield were evaluated. Salt‐tolerant genotypes (Karchia‐65 and Roshan) showed higher growth rate, grain yield and shoot biomass than salt‐sensitive ones (Qods and Shiraz). Growth rate was reduced severely in the first period (1–10 days) after salt commencements. It seems after 20 days, the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass and grain yield was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na+‐specific effects within the plant. Grain yield loss in salt‐tolerant genotypes was due to the decline in grain size, but the grain yield loss in salt‐sensitive ones was due to decline in grain number. Salt‐tolerant genotypes sequestered higher amounts of Na+ concentration in root and flag leaf sheath and maintained lower Na+ concentration with higher K+/Na+ ratios in flag leaf blade. This ion partitioning may be contributing to the improved salt tolerance of genotypes.  相似文献   

4.
Crop tolerance to salinity is of high importance due to the extent and the constant increase in salt-affected areas in arid and semi-arid regions. Pearl millet (Pennistum glaucum), generally considered as fairly tolerant to salinity, could be an alternative crop option for salt affected areas. To explore the genotypic variability of vegetative-stage salinity tolerance, 100 pearl millet lines from ICRISAT breeding programs were first screened in a pot culture containing Alfisol with 250 mM NaCl solution as basal application. Subsequently, 31 lines including many parents of commercial hybrids, selected from the first trial were re-tested for confirmation of the initial salinity responses. Substantial variation for salinity tolerance was found on the basis of shoot biomass ratio (shoot biomass under salinity/ non-saline control) and 22 lines with a wide range of tolerance varying from highly tolerant to sensitive entries were identified. The performance of the genotypes was largely consistent across experiments. In a separate seed germination and seedling growth study, the seed germination was found to be adversely affected (more than 70% decrease) in more than half of the genotypes with 250 mM concentration of NaCl. The root growth ratio (root growth under salinity/control) as well as shoot growth ratio was measured at 6 DAS and this did not reflect the whole plant performance at 39 DAS. In general, the whole plant salinity tolerance was associated with reduced shoot N content, increased K+ and Na+ contents. The K+/Na+ and Ca++/Na+ ratios were also positively related to the tolerance but not as closely as the Na+ content. Therefore, it is concluded that a large scope exists for improving salt tolerance in pearl millet and that shoot Na+ concentration could be considered as a potential non-destructive selection criterion for vegetative-stage screening. The usefulness of this criterion for salinity response with respect to grain and stover yield remains to be investigated.  相似文献   

5.
The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.  相似文献   

6.
Soil salinity is a major problem in today’s agriculture. Quinoa has become an important crop because it exhibits high levels of salinity tolerance. In addition, its seeds contain an excellent balance of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins for human nutrition. The quinoa germplasm includes almost 2500 accessions, some of which have been tested under salt stress. Here, we report the effect of NaCl on the germination of 182 previously untested accessions. When seeds were irrigated with saline water at 30 dS m?1 EC, the stress appeared to be too high: all accessions showed less than 60 % germination. In contrast, irrigation with 25 dS m?1 EC saline water allowed over 60 % germination in 15 accessions. These latter accessions’ agricultural traits were then evaluated. The overall coefficients of variation indicated that quinoa genotype and salt treatment dramatically influence root dry mass per plant, but do not noticeably affect the length of the plant’s life cycle. Unexpectedly, salt treatment resulted in increased plant height, leaf dry mass and grain yield. Using Euclidean distance for the simultaneous selection of these five agricultural traits, accessions 100, 136, 127 and 105 proved to be the best performing genotypes under salt stress.  相似文献   

7.
Soil salinity is the serious problem of the arid and semi-arid tracts of the world. It causes great losses to agriculture by lowering the yields of various crops. However, such soil may be utilized either after reclaimation or by growing tolerant plant species. The degree of salt tolerance varies not only with plant species but the different varieties of the same species show variation in salt tolerance. Germination and seedling stages have a bearing on plant development at later stages of growth and ultimately crop yield. Therefore, in the present investigation, twelve varieties of oats viz., Colabagh, Kent, JHO-801, JHO-802, JHO-810, JHO-815, JHO-816, S-3021, S-2688, Chauripatti, UPO-201 and Sierra were tested for their relative salt tolerance to increasing levels of salinity in those combination of salts which nearly exist in the natural salt affected soils. Seeds were sown in petri dishes and were exposed to five salinity (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 me/L. of salts) levels. The germination percentage, root and shoot length and dry weight of the seedlings decreased with increase in salinity. In general, varieties JHO-815, JHO-802, JHO-816 and UPO-201 were found to be more tolerant at germination and seedling stages.  相似文献   

8.
Whole-plant-response of four sorghum accessions to increasing mM NaCl concentrations of 0, 100, and 150 was assessed at three growth stages (GS-1, GS-2, and GS-3), in a sand-culture experiment. Accession comparisons were made on the basis of absolute and relative salt tolerance values. Increasing salinity significantly reduced plant height at GS-1, whilst shoot and root dry weight were less affected. The effect of NaCl on these characters was greater at GS-2 and GS-3, and accessions differed significantly in their responses to salinity. On the basis of plant height data, Giza 114 had the highest absolute salt tolerance at all three growth stages. However based on shoot and root dry weight data, Double TX and Giza 114 were both significantly more NaCl-tolerant than INRA 133 and INRA 353 at GS-2. Based on relative salt tolerance values of shoot and root dry weight, and plant height, Double TX and Giza 114 were more affected by salinity at GS-3 than INRA 133 and INRA 353. INRA 133 and INRA 353 exhibited progressively higher tolerance at all growth stages, and produced more grains than Double TX and Giza 114 , and consequently had higher grain yield per plant. NaCl salinity had little effect on grain weight. Plant sensitivity to NaCl at three growth stages differs in the four accessions, and is genotype-specific. This suggests that there is considerable variation in salt tolerance in sorghum at the adult stage which may be exploited through selection and breeding of plants to effect further improvement in salinity tolerance in this species.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of salinity on the nodulation, N-fixation and plant growth of selected chickpea- Rhizobium symbionts was studied- Eighteen chickpea rhizobial strains were evaluated for their growth in a broth culture at salinity levels of 0 to 20 dS m−1 of NaCl + Na2SO4. Variability in response was high. Salinity generally reduced the lag phase and/or slowed the log phase of multiplication of Rhizobium. Nine chickpea genotypes were also evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and early seedling growth in Petri dishes at five salinity levels (0–32 dS m−1). Chickpea genotypes ILC-205 and ILC-1919 were the most salt-tolerant genotypes. The selected rhizobial strains and chickpea cultivars were combined in a pot experiment aimed at investigating the interactive effect of salinity (3, 6 and 9 dS m−1) and N source (symbiosis vs. inorganic N) on plant growth. Symbiotic plants were more sensitive to salinity than plants fed mineral N. Significant reductions in nodule dry weight (59.8 %) and N fixation (63.5 %) were evident even at the lowest salinity level of 3 dS m-1. Although nodules were observed in inoculated plants grown at 6 dS m-1, N-fixation was completely inhibited. The findings indicate that symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than both Rhizobium and the host plant, probably due to a breakdown in one of the processes involved in symbiotic-N fixation. Improvement of salinity tolerance in field grown chickpea may be achieved by application of sufficient amounts of mineral nitrogen.  相似文献   

10.
大豆农家品种资源芽期耐盐性鉴定及耐盐品种筛选   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
栽培大豆属于中度耐盐植物,盐胁迫导致其正常的生长发育进程受到抑制。本研究测定了NaCl处理下,18份大豆农家品种资源的发芽率、发芽势、株高、胚轴长、根长、侧根数、干物质积累等指标。明确了NaCl胁迫条件下,发芽率、发芽势、株高、胚轴长、根长、侧根数、干物质积累等指标均呈降低趋势。筛选出耐盐品种G08,盐害指数18.00%。证明了发芽势、发芽率、株高、胚轴长、根长与品种间耐盐性呈显著相关关系,能更好的反应大豆的耐盐性。为大豆耐盐种质创制提供丰富的数据参考和亲本材料,为完善大豆种质资源耐盐性研究和提高盐渍土壤利用效率提供资料依据。  相似文献   

11.
Salinity is one of the major limitations to wheat production worldwide. This study was designed to evaluate the level of genetic variation among 150 internationally derived wheat genotypes for salinity tolerance at germination, seedling and adult plant stages, with the aim of identifying new genetic resources with desirable adaptation characteristics for breeding programmes and further genetic studies. In all the growth stages, genotype and salt treatment effects were observed. Salt stress caused 33 %, 51 % and 82 % reductions in germination vigor, seedling shoot dry matter and seed grain yield, respectively. The rate of root and shoot water loss due to salt stress exhibited significant negative correlation with shoot K+, but not with shoot Na+ and shoot K+/Na+ ratio. The genotypes showed a wide spectrum of response to salt stress across the growth stages; however, four genotypes, Altay2000, 14IWWYTIR‐19 and UZ‐11CWA‐8 (tolerant) and Bobur (sensitive), exhibited consistent responses to salinity across the three growth stages. The tolerant genotypes possessed better ability to maintain stable osmotic potential, low Na+ accumulation, higher shoot K+ concentrations, higher rates of PSII activity, maximal photochemical efficiency and lower non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ), resulting in the significantly higher dry matter production observed under salt stress. The identified genotypes could be used as parents in breeding for new varieties with improved salt tolerance as well as in further genetic studies to uncover the genetic mechanisms governing salt stress response in wheat.  相似文献   

12.
Four varieties, one each of triticale, wheat, rye and barley were grown in nutrient solution without and with the addition of 75 and 150 mM NaCl. Plants were exposed to salinity for two weeks and growth and ionic relations of plants were measured. Growth of four cereals varieties was affected to different degrees with salinity and shoot fresh weight/dry weight ratios decreased with increase in salt concentration in root medium. Shoots of barley variety accumulated high content of Na and Cl which were primarily due to higher rates of net ion transport from root to shoot. Higher accumulation of Na and Cl in barley variety shoot accompanied by better relative growth rates indicated plant's ability to compartmentalize ions in vacuoles.  相似文献   

13.
Screening of wheat genotypes as salt tolerance through seed germination and early seedling growth is crucial for their evaluation. Seeds of 20 wheat genotypes were germinated in Petri dishes on a sand bed irrigated with saline (15 dS m-1) and control solutions for 10 days and also tested at different salinity levels (control, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS m-1) which were artificially developed in the soil for 30 days. At 10 days, germination percentage, rate of germination, co-efficient of germination, germination vigor index, shoot length, root length, and seedling dry weight were found to be affected due to salinity. Salt tolerance index (STI) for seedling dry weight maintained a significant positive correlation with rate of germination, germination vigor index, shoot length, and root length, which indicates that these parameters could be used as selection criteria for screening wheat genotypes against salt stress. Significant differences in shoot length, root length, and seedling dry weight in 30-day-old seedlings were observed among selected wheat genotypes as well. From the overall observation of germination characters and early seedling growth, it was concluded that the wheat genotypes including Gourab, Shatabdi, Bijoy, Prodip, BARI Gom 26, BAW 1186, and BAW 1189 showed better salt tolerance as compared to others.  相似文献   

14.
Summary When grain sorghum is grown in saline soils, one cause of low yield is poor crop establishment. The objectives of this study were to assess the response of grain sorghum to salinity in the germination-emergence stages, study the inheritance of salt tolerance at this stage, and determine the relative contribution to final emergence of salt effects during imbibition, and after onset of germination. Twelve inbred lines and 18 F1 hybrids, resulting from an incomplete 6×6 factorial mating design, were tested for germination and emergence in folded paper at 10 salt concentrations, from 1.8 to 36 dSm-1. The mean EC50 (the electrical conductivity at which the variable score declines by 50%) for emerged seedlings production was 21.2 dSm-1. Large genotypic differences were observed for salt tolerance at germination and emergence stages, which were not related to the viability of seeds, and poorly related to seed weight (considered as an estimate of intrinsic seed vigor). In the hybrids, these differences were due to SCA and female GCA for emergence, and female GCA for germination, though the male GCA was also significant for both characters. Line per se performance was significantly correlated to individual GCA estimates for emergence, but not for germination. Heterosis was only detected in three crosses for final emergence and in one cross for germination. The genetic differences in final emergence were mainly due to effects occurring after the onset of germination rather than a consequence of effects during imbibition.  相似文献   

15.
Chickpea is considered sensitive to salinity, but the salinity resistance of chickpea germplasm has rarely been explored. This study aimed to (i) determine whether there is consistent genetic variation for salinity resistance in the chickpea minicore and reference collections; (ii) determine whether the range of salinity resistance is similar across two of the key soil types on which chickpea is grown; (iii) assess the strength of the relationship between the yield under saline conditions and that under non‐saline conditions; and (iv) test whether salinity resistance is related to differences in seed set under saline conditions across soils and seasons. The seed yield of 265 chickpea genotypes in 2005–2006 and 294 cultivated genotypes of the reference set in 2007–2008 were measured. This included 211 accessions of the minicore collection of chickpea germplasm from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The experiments were conducted in a partly controlled environment using a Vertisol soil in 2005–2006 and an Alfisol soil in 2007–2008, with or without 80 mm sodium chloride (NaCl) added prior to planting. In a separate experiment in 2006–2007, 108 genotypes (common across 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 evaluations) were grown under saline (80 mm NaCl) and non‐saline conditions in a Vertisol and an Alfisol soil. In 2005–2006 in the Vertisol and 2007–2008 in the Alfisol, salinity delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced both shoot biomass and seed yield at maturity. There was a large variation in seed yield among the genotypes in the saline pots, and a small genotype by environment interaction for grain yield in both soil types. The non‐saline control yields explained only 12–15 % of the variation of the saline yields indicating that evaluation for salinity resistance needs to be conducted under saline conditions. The reduction in yield in the saline soil compared with the non‐saline soil was more severe in the Alfisol than in the Vertisol, but rank order was similar in both soil types with a few exceptions. Yield reductions due to salinity were closely associated with fewer pods and seeds per pot (61–91 %) and to lesser extent from less plant biomass (12–27 %), but not seed size. Groups of consistently salinity resistant genotypes and the ones specifically resistant in Vertisols were identified for use as donor sources for crossing with existing chickpea cultivars.  相似文献   

16.
用不同浓度的ZnCl2对盐胁迫下成县迟蒜鳞茎种子进行处理,对大蒜鳞茎种子萌发、幼苗生长和幼苗中渗透调节物质的含量及4种抗氧化酶活性进行了测定.结果表明,在单一NaCl胁迫下,大蒜鳞茎种子萌发和幼苗的生长受到严重抑制,添加不同浓度ZnCl2后,大蒜鳞茎种子萌发率和幼苗的耐盐性明显增强.添加浓度为10-5 mol/L时,大蒜鳞茎种子萌发率、萌发指数和芽长、根长、发根数以及幼苗鲜重、苗干重、根鲜重、根干重和根体积、抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性达到最大,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量降到最低.因此,外源ZnCl2缓解NaCl胁迫对大蒜鳞茎种子萌发和幼苗伤害的最适浓度为10-5 mol/L.  相似文献   

17.
The rice eultivars grown in the tropies and sub-tropics can be broadly categorized as aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and modern high yielding varieties (HYV). The first two categories are traditional rice, and are generally palatable. The aromatic rice has better market value than HYV rice, yet farmers are unwilling to expand its cultivation because of the low yield potential. One possibility to expand the cultivation of traditional rice is o t find stress tolerant cultivars for growing in marginal land. The salinity tolerance of nine rice cultivars representing three from each type of aromatic small grains, local coarse grains and HYV types, was analysed at germination and early seedling stage. Seeds were placed for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for nine days at NaCl concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM. NaCl decreased the germination index (GI), speed of germination, seedling height and seedling dry matter weight. Seedling characteristics were decreased more than GI. In general aromatic small grain type showed more salt sensitivity than the other two types. Among the nine cultivars Shakkorkhora (aromatic type) showed the least salt tolerance in relation to germination and seedling characters while the other two cultivars of the same group showed tolerance as high as the tolerant cultivars in other types. Generalization of group salt tolerance of rice, therefore, has little value from the agronomic point of view at least at early growth stage. As the number of cultivars employed in this study was only three from each type it is suggested that more cultivars be considered for the purpose of salt tolerant improvement programme of various types of rice.  相似文献   

18.
水稻主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异   总被引：22，自引：4，他引：18  
以日本晴、武运粳8号、扬稻6号、汕优63为供试材料,设计不施肥、基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥等4个不同氮肥施用时期的处理,研究水稻抽穗期主要根系性状对施氮时期反应的品种间差异及其对产量的影响.结果表明:(1)不同穗型品种根系性状差异明显,小穗型品种在每株不定根数、每株不定根总长上具有优势,大穗型品种在每株根干重、  相似文献   

19.
Three varieties of Pea ( Pimm sativum L.) viz. EC33866 (early), P-116 (medium) and T-163 (late), differing in their flowering and maturity times, were taken for this study. The early variety recorded lower dry matter, CO2 exchange rate and lower yield. The harvest index (HI) was the highest (44 %) in this variety. Though medium and late varieties did not differ significantly in dry matter accumulation and pod yield, they differed in their HI. The HI in the medium variety is 42 % but in the late variety it is only 36%.
The late variety maintained high leaf area, leaf dry weight, high shoot/root, shoot/nodule and root/nodule ratios, increased nodule dry weight and maximum glycolate oxidase activity. But acetylene reduction activity was low, and the harvest index was lowest. On the other hand, in the early variety the dry matter accumulation was lowest but HI was highest. The major reasons for high HI in this variety were translocation of photosynthates to reproductive organs and lower photorespiration as indicated by low glycolate oxidase activity.  相似文献   

20.
This study was aimed at identification of parental germplasm that could be used for improvement of tolerance to sodium chloride (NaCl) in field pea. An initial screening experiment of 780 globally-distributed Pisum L. accessions identified significant variation in response to applied NaCl, based on plant symptoms. Lines with relatively higher tolerance as compared to commercial varieties grown in Australia were most frequently identified within landraces originating from the central, eastern and southern provinces of China. The most tolerant identified accession was an unadapted landrace ??ATC1836?? originating from Greece. Variation for salinity tolerance was validated using a sub-set of 70 accession lines. Salinity-induced toxicity symptoms were closely associated with reductions of plant growth rate, height, shoot and root dry matter and with increased concentration of Na+ at the plant growing tip. The level of salinity tolerance based on these factors varied substantially and provides an important basis for genetic improvement of field pea for Australia.  相似文献   

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