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1.
A homestead is an integrated production system where trees, crops, livestock and poultry are found in and around the household residence in Bangladesh. It is a potential production unit that provides various product, service and ecological functions. Almost all people in Bangladesh including landless households have homesteads in which they grow trees and crops even in a small piece of land. This study characterizes the species composition, diversity and productivity of the homestead production system in the Teknaf peninsula, southeastern Bangladesh. Survey data collection was from a total of 180 homesteads covering five household categories: large, medium, small, marginal and landless. Vegetable, fruit, timber, and livestock and poultry were common components in the homestead production system. Various types of plants were mainly concentrated in back yards, front yards, boundaries and corners of homesteads. The mean number of tree species per homestead was about 15. In total, 189 tree and shrub species were recorded, and were distinctly high and low in the large (363.7) and landless (55.7) household categories. Species composition, diversity and productivity of homesteads were found to be related to household categories. Richness and diversity of tree and shrub species increased with household size. Betel nut was the dominant tree species followed by mango, jackfruit and coconut. Annual income from homesteads also varied among the household categories, with a mean contribution of the homestead to annual income of about 25 %. A large portion of homestead income came from betel nut trees. There is scope to increase species diversity and income by designing homesteads with the engagement of women and other family members.  相似文献   

2.
This study examines the species composition, diversity and economic importance of homestead forests in the household economy of central Bangladesh. The study documents 57 homestead forest species and their main usage in 90 households across three villages of Gazipur Sadar Upazila. Homestead forests in Bangladesh comprise a mixture of fruit, timber and bamboo species. While superficially homestead forestry appears unimportant in rural livelihoods, in reality the contribution is huge, both as a source of food security and for other necessary household materials. A clear understanding of the physical characteristics and economic role of homestead forests in rural livelihoods is vital for ensuring sustainable resource management. Income and production of homestead forestry on a per hectare basis are found to vary widely between landholding size classes. Significant relationships are identified between forest performance (production and income) and species richness and education level. Homestead forestry appears to be a potential subsistence income generating land-use practice in the study area. The economic scope of homestead forestry can be further enhanced provided the appropriate species composition of the forest is achieved and the education of forest owners is ensured through targeted management and policy interventions.  相似文献   

3.
Because trees cover only 6.4% of the total land area of Bangladesh, while agricultural expansion continues to massively deplete the natural forests, a well-managed homestead forestry practice is vital for reversing the existing trend and promoting the ecological balance of the country. An understanding of the decision-making process of the farmers who practice homestead forestry is important in expanding and improving the practice. This paper seeks to characterize and analyze factors influencing farmers' decisions about tree planting. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were applied to determine the factors that influence the farmers' tree-planting decisions. The analyses demonstrate a number of important conclusions: (i) tree-planting increases with the amount of homestead land owned; (ii) farmers whose main source of income is non-agricultural are more likely to decide to plant trees in the homestead; (iii) purchasing cost of fuelwood has a positive influence on tree-planting decisions; (iv) number of male family member has a positive influence on farmers' tree-planting decisions; and (v) knowledge of the activities of the forestry extension programs has a positive influence on tree-planting decisions. The results of the study demonstrate that, in recent years, farmers' decisions of whether or not to plant trees have been based primarily on economic rather than ecological concerns. It is concluded that there is substantial potential for the improvement of homestead forestry, and that properly managed homestead forestry can alleviate the poverty of rural people by increasing overall household income. To this end, it is suggested that forestry extension workers work more closely with the local people in order to implement homestead forestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
A survey was conducted to examine agrobiodiversity status of farms in the Pokhare Khola watershed of Dhading district in the Middle-Hills of Nepal. A total of 53 farmland tree and one crop species from 22 families were documented. The most commonly found species were fruit and fodder species (on over 60 % farms) including banana (Musa paradisiaca), khasrato (Ficus hispida) and khanayo (Ficus semicordata). Tree density was highest (226/ha) on marginal farms (farm area ≤0.25 ha) and lowest (165/ha) on small farms (farm area 0.26–0.5 ha). For the study area as a whole, the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index was 3.26 and the species evenness index 1.89. Large farms (farm area >1 ha) had the greatest tree species diversity (4.47 ± 0.52) and marginal farms the lowest (2.18 ± 0.37), indicating the positive relationship between farm size and species diversity. A total of six types of cereals and 18 types of vegetable crops were grown in the study area. The major livestock component of each household was chickens (average 8/household) and goats (6/household). The mean value of livestock in the large farm category was estimated as $2235, significantly higher than that of the other three categories. A significant relationship was found between agrobiodiversity and livelihoods, irrespective of annual production, and the critical role of the farmed landscape in agrobiodiversity conservation was apparent.  相似文献   

5.
Tropical and subtropical homegardens often show variation in floristic and structure depending on household characteristics. This research investigated how the household characteristics could influence homegarden vegetation characteristics for 50 randomly selected households in Kalaroa Upazila of Satkhira District, Bangladesh. The central analytical tool to test the relationships between household and homegarden characteristics was multiple linear regression. The results revealed that household landholdings, income, homestead size, and time spent for homegardening were strong predictors of homegarden vegetation characteristics. Economic conditions of the household, experience of the household head, and homegarden investment explained 48 % of the total plant diversity. The combined effects of all significant variables explained about 57 % of the variability in species richness. If homegarden species composition and structure receive attention by concerned authorities, the development of economically viable and ecologically sustainable homegardens can be one aim of the policy guidelines with regard to natural resource conservation and sustainable management basis in Bangladesh could act as a principal source for employment of women in rural Bangladesh.  相似文献   

6.
Trees within the homestead area provide many functions to rural households. However, within the semi-arid regions of southern Africa, there has been only limited examination of the correlates between the socio-economic attributes of rural households and the density, species richness and types of trees they keep. This paper reports on a multivariate analysis of household attributes in relation to homestead tree holdings from six rural villages in South Africa. In terms of density of trees per household, gender of the household head was the only significant correlate, with female-headed households having significantly fewer trees than their male-headed counterparts. This was especially so for the density of indigenous trees. With respect to species richness, a number of interrelated correlates were identified through Principle Components Analysis, the most prominent ones being relative wealth, village location, homestead size and gender. Most species were common between both male- and female-headed households, although there were differences between them for six of the species held by at least five percent of households. However, the differences were not related to species uses or income generation potential. These results indicate that support programmes should be conscious of the differential needs and responses of households according to their different characteristics and circumstances.  相似文献   

7.
Rural inhabitants make considerable use of wild resources from communal areas around their settlements, as well as from arable and residential plots. These wild resources compete with the main crops planted in arable plots and home gardens, but play a significant economic and nutritional role in rural livelihoods. This paper reports upon a conservative financial evaluation of the wild plant resources harvested from home gardens and arable plots by inhabitants of rural village in the Bushbuckridge lowveld (South Africa), and examines their importance relative to other domesticated crops. On average, each household made use of four to five species of wild plants growing on their residential plot, whereas the mean number of crop plants was 3.4. The total value of all plants was R1694 (US$ 269) per household per year, or approximately R4200 (US$ 667) per hectare of home garden per year. Wild plants represented 31% of the value of all plants grown on residential plots, relative to the 69% for domesticated crops (including fruit trees). Approximately 72% of the total value of all plant products was consumed by the household, and the remaining 28% was sold.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

8.
Empirical information regarding the role of homestead forests in household economy is essential in understanding the importance of these resources. Identification of the factors that affect homestead forest production and understanding forest owners' attitudes toward key forest management issues have great significance in making appropriate policy responses to manage these resources on a sustainable basis. In Bangladesh, homestead forests are claimed to play an important economic role in rural livelihoods, but no reliable quantitative information exists. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of homestead forests in the household economy, examine if forest production and income vary across landholding size classes, to explore the relationships of homestead forest production with species richness, education level, and household size, and to assess the attitude of homestead forest owners toward key forest management issues. Results show that homestead forests contribute 15.9% of the household income and generate 51.4 man-days of employment per household per year. Production of homestead forests significantly varies across landholding size classes. It was observed that forest production depends significantly on species richness of homestead forests and the education level of forest owners. However, no such relationship was found between forest production and household size. The study revealed that farming families depend more on forest income than nonfarming families. Attitudes of forest owners toward key forest management issues differ significantly across landholding size classes. For example, although the majority of the forest owners prefer fruit species to timber species, the percentage of respondents decreased as the landholding size class increased, while the opposite trend was observed for timber species. The findings of this study suggest that diversification of forests and extension of education amongst forest owners would improve forest production. Furthermore, forest policy should address the concerns of the forest owners in different landholding classes and focus on their specific requirements to enhance sustainable forest management.  相似文献   

9.
Homestead forests contribute substantially to the rural economy of Bangladesh. Rural people depend on trees and plants for their energy usage, housing, food and other forms of subsistence livelihood. In order to identify the potential role of forests on homestead dwellers, an empirical field investigation was conducted in the four Upazilas of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. It was found that land holdings of the respondents within the four sites are the highest in Mymensingh. The study made an important observation that among all homestead vegetation between 5–6 years old, tree species are generally preferred over plants. This is perhaps due to the efforts of the social forestry extension service to demonstrate that planting trees is an important long-term investment. In all four Upazilas, there was a significant correlation between household annual income and homestead forestry, agriculture and fisheries practice, suggesting that higher income families tend to have larger holdings of homesteads, farms and pond areas. Three Upazilas displayed a strong positive relationship (nearly 45%) between homestead forest areas and annual family income; however, the Fulbaria Upazila showed a very poor relationship (0.2%) in this regard. The results of this study suggest that homestead forests play a positive role in the rural economy, in addition to helping mitigate the increasing problem of deforestation in Bangladesh.  相似文献   

10.
Although homegardens are most often suggested as the refuges for biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes, how the surrounding landscape and socioeconomic characteristics affect this diversity in the tropics has received little research attention. Hence, this study has examined how these factors affect woody species diversity in homegardens of northeast Ethiopia. Three landscapes which are similar in agroecology were selected and in total 54 households were used for both a survey and a woody species inventory in respondents’ homegardens. The homegardens were stratified based on their locations in relation to crop fields and natural vegetation using satellite images from Google Earth. The variation in Shannon–Wiener diversity index among homegardens and the effect of the socioeconomic factors including household wealth status, homegarden area and the households’ types of uses of woody plants on species diversity were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Altogether 53 woody plant species belonging to 35 botanical families were identified. Survey results indicated that the woody species diversity was higher in homegardens situated close to crop land as compared with the diversity in homegardens close to natural vegetation. Higher woody species diversity was recorded in homegardens which are larger in area and where the households’ types of uses of woody plants is higher. Moreover, the woody species diversity was found to be higher in homegardens of the high and medium income households when compared with that of poor households. Overall, results suggest that the concurrent ecological and socioeconomic studies are needed to design conservation strategy and policy for plant biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.  相似文献   

11.
Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha?1 yr?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha?1 yr?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.  相似文献   

12.
A study was conducted on small-scale enterprises based on murta (Schumannianthus dichotoma (Sal.) Willd.) in Gowainghat upazila (sub-district) to investigate their nature, profitability and sustainability. The study area was selected purposively while a general random sampling method was followed to select individual respondents. About 94% people are involved in murta-based enterprises and there is a clear division of labour between males and female. Almost 80% of the manufacturing work is done by females. The average annual income of the artisans is Tk.65733 (USD 939) and 62% of the total income comes from murta-based small enterprises. Fresh water swamp forest and homestead forest are the major sources of raw materials and cost of raw materials ranges from Tk.127 for simple dining mats to Tk.188 for coloured bed mats. Net average profit per article ranges from Tk.127 to Tk.250. However, the sustainability of these enterprises is at risk, due in particular to shortage of raw materials and lack of supportive government policy.  相似文献   

13.
A survey was conducted in 17 selectedthaluks (revenue sub-divisions) of Kerala state to elucidate the floristic structure, composition and the extent of similarities and diversities in the composition of homegardens of Kerala, with particular reference to small (below 0.4 ha), medium (0.5 to 2 ha) and large (>2.0 ha) holding size categories. Besides attempts wer also made to characterize the potential of homegardens to supply commercial timber and fuelwood. Two hundred and fifty two farmers were selected through a stratified random process. In addition to gathering general information on crop and livestock production enterprises, all scattered trees and shrubs (15 cm girth at breast height) on the homestead and border trees except palms and rubber were enumerated.There was tremendous variability both in the number of trees and shrubs present and species diversity of the selected homesteads in different provinces. The small, medium and large sized holdings also exhibited profound variability in the number of woody taxa and individuals present. In total, 127 woody species (Girth at Breast Height (GBH) 15 cm) were encountered. The mean number of woody taxa found in the homegardens ranged from 11 for Pathanapuram to 39 in Perinthalmanna. Floristic diversity was higher in the smaller homesteads. It decreased with increasing the size of holdings. Mean Simpson's diversity index for the homesteads ranged from 0.251 (Kochi) to 0.739 (Kottarakkara) suggesting that floristic diversity of homegardens was moderate to low compared to a value over 0.90 for the species-rich evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The Sorensen's similarity indexes suggested a moderately high degree of similarity for the different tree species encountered in the homesteads of Kerala.No clear cut planting pattern was discernible in the homegardens of Kerala. The homegarden trees and shrubs were either scattered throughout the homestead or on farm boundaries. Farmers tend to prefer timber trees such as ailanthus (highest frequency) and teak besides fruit trees such as mango, jack, cashew and the like. Major homegarden species were represented in all diameter classes. The diameter structure, however, exhibited a slightly skewed (+) distribution pattern, having the highest frequency in the 20–30 cm classes ensuring adequate regeneration status and in that process making homegardens a sustainable as well as dynamic land use system.Standing stock of timber and firewood in the homestead of differentthaluks are presented. Average commercial standing stock of homesteads ranged from 6.6 to 50.8 m3 ha–1 and fuel wood volume was of the order of 23 to 86 m3 ha–1. Implicit in the high commercial timber volume and fuel wood volume is that a substantial proportion of the society's wood demands are met from the homesteads. Palms, however, constituted the dominant component of standing commercial timber and fuel wood volumes accounting as much as 63% and 72%, respectively, of the total wood in these categories.  相似文献   

14.
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a valuable tree species Uganda and elsewhere in semi-arid Africa—for fruit, timber, leaves and shade—but like other indigenous species has been subject to decline in recent years. The success of steps to assist natural regeneration and rehabilitation will depend on the net financial benefits to the rural households, hence there is a need for improved financial information on the costs and returns of growing tamarind trees. This paper compares the financial performance of T. indica production in the open woodland and cropland areas in Uganda. Household surveys were carried out in Kamuli and Kaliro districts in eastern Uganda from July 2004 to February 2005. The estimated mean production of T. indica was 127 and 84 kg/ha/year from open woodland and cropland areas, respectively, a statistically significant difference. The net present value from T. indica products was US$ 893/ha in woodland and US$ 684/ha in cropland. In terms of foreign export earnings, T. indica juice from woodland and cropland was estimated to generate US$ 0.03/ha and US$ 0.02/ha, respectively. Returns from alternative land-use activities of agricultural cropping were highest for maize and lowest for finger millet in both open woodland and cropland sites. Sensitivity analysis revealed that an increase in the real discount rate from 9.86% (base case) to 15% decreases the financial NPVs of both the open woodland and cropland areas by 24%.  相似文献   

15.
崔虎亮  高静  徐强 《广东园林》2021,43(5):87-91
对太原市河流生态廊道和道路生态廊道的草本植被进行调查,分析其植物种类构成和分布格局,探讨城市生态廊道植物多样性及景观效益。结果表明,太原城市生态廊道草本植物有 174 种,隶属于 41 科 20 属,其中乡土植物 107 种,所占比例 61.49%;外来植物 48 种,所占比例 27.59%;入侵植物 19 种,所占比例 10.92%。相关分析表明,距离城市中心越远,调查样点草本植物多样性越高,可见城市化进程降低了城市生态廊道的植物丰富度。总体来看,道路生态廊道草本植被多样性高于河流生态廊道。不同廊道中入侵种占比的分布规律并不一致,河流生态廊道入侵种比例随着城市中心距离的增加而增加;而道路生态廊道恰恰相反,距城市中心越近,入侵种占比反而越大。  相似文献   

16.
Species diversity and ethno-medicinal usage of 39 species of invasive plants were explored in and around two protected areas, Khadimnagar National Park (KNP) and Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctu- ary (RKWS), of northeastern Bangladesh,. Status of invasive plants were investigated in 60 sample plots with 5 different habitat types, including forest, roadside, homestead, fallow land and others (ponds, canals, water logged areas, agricultural land, etc.). Data about the usage of invasive plants in traditional health care were collected through interviewing 110 households. Among the five habitat types, fallow land (28 species) pos- sessed the highest number of species, followed by roadside (25 species), forest (23 species), homestead (22 species) and others (13 species). Based on the survey, invasive plants of study areas were also categorized into five degrees of invasiveness e.g., naturalized, introduced, possibly invasive, moderately invasive and highly invasive. Additionally, there is the linear trend between degrees of invasiveness and use percentage of invasive plants. Total 39 species of invasive plants belonging to 29 fami- lies were recorded, which are generally used to treat 37 diseases, ranging from simple headache to highly complicated eye and heart diseases. The majority of the species used by the local inhabitants were herbs (16 spe- cies), followed by some shrubs (11 species), climbers (5 species), trees (5 species) and grasses (2 species). The use percentage of aboveground plant parts were higher (70.58%) than that of underground plant parts (16.18%).  相似文献   

17.
There are few observations on the role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in shifting from subsistence to commercial plantation-dominated systems with long-term monitoring, despite interests in NTFPs for sustainable development and livelihood dependence. During 1998–2004, we conducted an annual survey of households in the two villages, Baka and Daka, which represent different stages in the shift from a subsistence agroecosystem to a rubber plantation-dominated system in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. Significant negative correlations were observed between gross income and dependence on NTFPs-generated income in both Baka and Daka villages (P = 0.029 in Baka and P = 0.028 in Daka), which is supporting evidence that poorer households derive greater benefits from NTFPs than do wealthy households. When the rubber price dropped during 1998–2001, the NTFPs income of Baka increased greatly from US$59.10 to US$145 per household, or from 6.4% to 26.6% of household gross income. In contrast, in Daka village, NTFPs income increased by insignificant amounts of US$1.6 per household in 1998 to US$23.8 in 2001, but this was compensated by an increase in income from off-farm work of US$11 to US$147 (an increase from 1.8% to 16.2% of gross income per household) from 1998 to 2001 in Daka. NTFPs retained important roles both in alleviating risk associated with monoculture price fluctuations and in generating income for relatively poor people.  相似文献   

18.
经济林在中国社会主义新农村建设中的作用   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
经济林(非木材林产品)在中国丘陵山区的社会主义新农村(乡村社区)建设中具有不可缺少、不可替代的重要作用,因而国家林业局等中央部委决定,从2006年起,在全国开展"创绿色家园建富裕新村"的行动,以绿色显生机,以绿化促文明、促富裕。经济林是五大林种之一,它收益快,效益高,是一种生态效益、经济效益和社会效益结合最好的林种。主要阐述了经济林在社会主义新农村(乡村社区)建设中的两个方面的重要作用:一是保护和建设新农村(乡村社区)的生态环境,创绿色家园,建造人居环境和农、牧、水天然生态屏障,促进人与自然的和谐,构建环境友好型社会;二是依托经济林产品特有的资源优势,依靠科技进步,建立产业化体系,进行批量生产,变资源优势为经济优势,构建资源节约型社会,使丘陵山区社会主义新农村(乡村社区)建设走上可持续发展的文明富裕之路。  相似文献   

19.
以湿地植物多样性调查为切入点,在研究区域科学合理布设调查样点,基于ArcGIS核密度分析法探究湿地分布规律,基于多样性指数计算法对临港湿地浮游植物做出评价,基于物种多样性和谱系多样性,以PSV和PSE指数计算湖北省湿地植物多样性特征。对湖北省湿地面积分布特征、湿地植物群落特征、湿地植物多样性以及湿地植物生活型及生态型进行分析,结果表明,湖北省湿地具有较明显的空间集聚分布特征以及植物多样性差距。提出科学规划植物分布,全方位进行清淤截污,合理控制水位变化等生态修复策略。  相似文献   

20.
以广东省信宜市池洞镇和水口镇桉树人工林为研究对象,通过样地调查,统计和分析了不同坡 位（上坡位和下坡位）和不同密度（低密度 1 350~1 700 株 /ha、高密度 1 950~2 475 株 /ha）桉树林个体生 长量（树高、胸径、单株材积）、林分蓄积量及其林下植被物种多样性（Margale 丰富度指数、Simpson 优 势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Pielou 均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）坡位显著影响桉树林生产力和林 下植被多样性,下坡位桉树树高、胸径、单株材积和林分蓄积量和林下灌木层物种多样性明显高于上坡 位,但下坡位林下草本层物种多样性低于上坡位;（2）密度对胸径和单株材积有显著影响,但不影响树高 和林分蓄积量,高密度桉树林下灌木层和草本层物种多样性均明显低于低密度桉树林。总体而言,肥力条 件更好的下坡位更利于桉树生长,产量更高,坡位对林下灌木层和草本层物种多样性的影响有所不同;高 密度（1 950~2 475 株 /ha）造林时,增产效果不明显,但存在林下植被多样性下降的风险。  相似文献   

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