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1.
长期施肥对氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
【目的】氨氧化古菌对土壤氮素转化有着重要的作用。本研究以长期定位施肥黄泥田土壤为研究对象探讨了长期不同施肥模式对土壤氨氧化古菌数量和多样性的影响,为制定合理的施肥制度提供理论基础。【方法】试验在福建省农科院试验站上进行,以30年长期定位施肥的红壤性水稻土为研究对象采用荧光定量PCR和克隆文库技术,研究了长期不同施肥模式对氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)丰度及群落结构的影响。试验设4个处理:1)不施肥(CK);2)单施氮磷钾肥(NPK);3)氮磷钾肥配施牛粪(NPKM);4)氮磷钾肥配施秸秆(NPKS)。小区面积为12 m~2每个处理设3个重复。土样采集时间为2012年10月份(水稻收获后),测定土壤养分和氨氧化古菌的数量及多样性。【结果】1)与CK相比,NPKM和NPKS处理显著增加了土壤有机质含量,NPKM和NPKS处理之间无显著差异。2)与CK相比施肥均能提高土壤全氮含量;NPKM和NPKS处理能够显著提高土壤全磷含量,NPKM处理全磷含量最高;仅NPKS处理能显著增加全钾含量。3)与CK相比,长期施肥均能提高土壤有效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)的含量,并且NPKM处理AN和AP含量最高,NPKS处理中AK含量最高。4)与CK相比,长期施肥均对土壤pH值无显著影响。5)与CK处理相比,NPKM和NPKS处理的amoA基因拷贝数显著增加增加幅度分别为168.4%和95.7%;单施化肥处理与CK无显著差异。土壤氨氧化古菌数量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全磷、有效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关。6)长期不同施肥处理影响土壤氨氧化古菌的种群结构,单施化肥增加了土壤AOA的多样性,而化肥配施有机肥则降低了AOA的多样性。7)本试验中得到的土壤氨氧化古菌amoA基因序列均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeote)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeote)。本试验所得氨氧化古菌绝大多数与来自土壤、沉积物的amoA基因克隆非常相似,少数与水体环境相似。【结论】不同培肥模式下,土壤中氨氧化古菌均为不可培养的古菌,包括泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota),然而水稻土壤养分和氨氧化古菌丰度及群落结构变化显著。单施化肥的作用不明显,有机无机肥配施有利于土壤有机质和养分的积累以及氨氧化古菌的生长增加了氨氧化古菌优势菌群的比例。 相似文献
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长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
以农业部耕地保育福建观测实验站的长期肥料试验为平台,研究了长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施NPK(NPK)、NPK配施牛粪(NPKM)及NPK配施秸秆(NPKS)的土壤酶活性均有不同程度的提高,其中NPKM可显著提高转化酶活性,NPKS可显著提高脲酶活性。施肥均不同程度地提高了土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌的数量,尤其是放线菌数量,提高幅度均达到显著性水平;NPKS可显著提高土壤细菌数量,NPKM可显著提高土壤真菌数量。施肥均会对真菌群落产生重要影响;单施化肥对土壤细菌群落的影响不大,增施有机物料会对细菌群落产生明显影响;施用牛粪会对放线菌优势群落产生影响。以上结果表明,有机无机配施更有利于提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,提升土壤生物肥力。 相似文献
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不同施肥模式对南方黄泥田耕层有机碳固存及生产力的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
【目的】探讨南方丘陵黄泥田不同施肥对耕层土壤有机碳固存及生产力的影响,促进区域农田固碳减排和作物高产。【方法】基于32年的长期定位试验,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+全部稻草还田(NPKS)处理下,历年水稻产量、代表性年份耕层土壤有机碳含量及固碳速率的变化。【结果】NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理下水稻历年平均产量分别较CK高67.1%、88.1%和84.2%,差异显著,且NPKM、NPKS处理与NPK处理间亦具有显著差异。NPK、NPKM与NPKS处理耕层土壤有机碳历年平均含量比CK高8.9%~36.8%其中NPKM最高且亦显著高于NPKS与NPK处理。与初始土壤相比各处理有机碳含量增加1.84~5.26g/kg。以每10年为评价周期,NPKM、NPKS处理的固碳速率与CK及NPK差异均显著,其中双季稻年份NPKM与NPKS处理固碳速率分别是CK的2.38倍和1.98倍,是NPK处理的1.59倍与1.32倍但NPK处理与CK间差异不显著。稻田系统年均有机碳输入与有机碳固存间存在极显著幂函数关系,施肥土壤有机碳含量变化与籽粒产量变化间亦呈极显著正相关。【结论】南方黄泥田化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥稳步提升水稻产量。长期不施肥土壤有机碳仍可维持低幅度增长,随着土壤有机碳含量升高,固碳效率逐步降低。化肥配施有机肥或配合秸秆还田较单施化肥明显提高了土壤的固碳速率二者均是提高黄泥田生产力与固碳能力的双赢措施。 相似文献
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长期施肥对南方黄泥田冬春季杂草群落及其C、N、P 化学计量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第27年,研究了不同施肥处理对冬春季稻田杂草群落及其C、N、P化学计量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥(CK)相比,化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)及单施化肥(NPK)处理的杂草Shannon均匀度指数(E)降低0.03~0.07个单位,NPKM与NPKS处理还同时降低了Margalef物种丰富度指数(DMG),而表征综合量度的Shannon多样性指数(H′)则降低0.02~0.16个单位。各施肥处理的杂草生物量较CK增加89.6%~214.7%。不同施肥处理还提高了杂草N、P、K养分含量,尤其是NPKM处理,各施肥处理养分积累顺序表现为:NPKM>NPKS>NPK。此外,各施肥处理降低了杂草C/N与C/P计量比值。植株C/N、C/P、N/P与土壤C/N、C/P、N/P及生物量间呈一定的显著相关。不同施肥处理影响杂草多样性及其养分吸收,施肥处理的杂草养分储量可观,培肥潜力大。杂草的C、N、P计量比一定程度上可反映土壤C、N、P计量特征。 相似文献
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长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
8.
《农业工程学报》2018,(Z1)
有机质的数量和性质决定了土壤微食物网结构和功能。施用有机肥和秸秆还田是低产黄泥田的主要培肥措施,为研究这2种不同性质有机质对低产黄泥田土壤生物肥力的影响,该文比较了等碳量施用有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤微生物、原生动物和线虫群落结构的影响,并以线虫区系分析为工具,比较这2种有机质对土壤微食物网结构和功能的影响。试验设对照(不施肥,CK)、化肥(NPK)、化肥+有机肥(NPKM)、化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)4个处理。2 a短期试验结果表明:与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理提高了细菌通道(细菌、原生动物、食细菌线虫)、真菌通道(真菌、食真菌线虫)、植物通道(植物寄生线虫)生物类群丰度,NPKS处理也促进了大部分生物类群丰度,但提升效果低于NPKM处理。施肥(NPK、NPKM、NPKS)降低了线虫群落成熟度指数、结构指数,提高了基础指数,但彼此差异不显著,且各施肥处理均在线虫区系剖面第二象限,表明各施肥处理对土壤微食物网的干扰程度较低。各施肥处理中细菌足迹、植物足迹远高于真菌足迹,表明施肥带来的碳主要通过细菌通道和植物通道进入土壤微食物网。总之,与秸秆还田相比,施用有机肥对土壤微食物网群落结构的影响更大,但两者对土壤微食物网功能的影响差异不显著。该结果可为黄泥田土壤微食物网结构研究提供参考。 相似文献
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不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了研究不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性的影响,本文以砂姜黑土长期(30年)定位施肥试验为研究对象,利用荧光实时定量PCR技术和酶活性测定方法,对不同施肥模式下的土壤养分变化,微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性进行了系统分析。结果表明:相比长期不施肥和撂荒处理,施肥管理可有效提升5-10cm土壤有机质,碱解氮,速效钾,速效磷,总氮,总磷;此外,相比不施肥、撂荒、猪粪+化肥和牛粪+化肥处理,单施无机肥和无机肥配施秸秆还田可显著降低土壤pH值。土壤微生物的丰度与土壤有机质、养分含量和土壤酸度有着密切的关系。使用有机物料处理的土壤真核微生物丰度显著增加,土壤酸度的变化可显著影响土壤微生物的群落结构和降低氨氧化古菌数量。牛粪处理的多种土壤酶活性显著增强,其他施肥处理酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质和土壤养分含量密切相关。因此,无机肥(化肥)和有机肥(猪粪或牛粪)的配合使用对于保持土壤微生物丰度和活跃的土壤酶活性十分重要。本试验研究了不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性,土壤酶活性变化规律及其和土壤速效养分的关系,探讨长期施肥管理模式对土壤酶活性的影响以及土壤酶活性作为土壤肥力质量指标的可能性,以期为评价长期不同施肥模式的土壤肥力水平高低提供有效的指标,从而为促进土壤良性循环提供科学依据和较好的施肥管理措施。 相似文献
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长期施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
为探讨长期不同施肥对旱地红壤细菌群落的影响,以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站的冬小麦—夏玉米定位试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、施化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)和化学氮磷钾+有机肥配施(NPKM)4个处理,于试验开展25年(2015年)小麦收获后采集各处理0~20 cm的土壤样品,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落进行测定,并深入揭示影响旱地红壤细菌群落的关键因素。结果表明:(1)长期不同施肥显著改变了旱地红壤的化学性质,N和NPK处理的土壤pH显著降低至4.02和4.15,而NPKM处理的土壤pH显著上升至5.99。NPK和NPKM处理均显著改善土壤肥力,但后者效果明显优于前者,而N处理对土壤肥力的提升效果微弱。(2)长期不同施肥改变了旱地红壤优势菌的相对丰度,非度量多维度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明不同处理的土壤细菌群落发生显著变化。(3)与CK相比,N处理的4种多样性指数(物种丰富度、Chao1指数、系统发育多样性和香农指数)显著降低了21.4%~49.4%,而NPKM处理显著增加了7.0%~66.9%,NPK处理也会使系统发育多样性和香农指数显著降低10.3%和13.0%。(4)逐步回归分析表明土壤pH是决定优势菌相对丰度及4种多样性指数的首要因素,多元回归树分析(MRT)探明土壤pH共解释了83.1%的细菌群落变异,不同处理间细菌群落转变均由土壤pH驱动。(5)STAMP分析发现,N、NPK和NPKM处理与CK分别有11、14和8个显著差异细菌属。综上所述,长期施肥后旱地红壤细菌群落主要受土壤pH的影响,而土壤肥力的作用相对较弱,长期施用化学氮肥造成的红壤酸化的负面效应已远超肥力改善的正面效应。因此,旱地红壤施肥应以防治土壤酸化为前提,长期化肥有机肥配施是一项适宜的施肥措施。 相似文献
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In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
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I. V. Rodushkin T. I. Moiseenko L. P. Kudryavtseva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(2):731-736
The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn). 相似文献
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The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been
indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also
been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome
number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of
Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed. 相似文献
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M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
17.
J. K. Leary N. V. Hue P. W. Singleton D. Borthakur 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(3):215-223
Gorse (Ulex europaeus) infestation occupies over 4,000 ha of agriculture and conservation lands on the southeastern slope of Mauna Kea on the Island
of Hawaii. The aim of this investigation is to identify ecological features associated with this weed invasion by comparing
the gorse-infested areas to the surrounding uninfested areas of this landscape. The soils within the gorse infestation are
more acidic, resulting in higher levels of KCl-extractable Al and lower levels of Mehlich III-extractable Ca, Mg, Mn, and
Zn. Yet, gorse accumulates higher concentrations of Ca, Zn and, Cu than the kikuyu grass (Pennesitum clandestinum), which is ubiquitous throughout the site. The Ca:Al and Mg:Al molar charge ratios of the soils are lowest within the epicenter
of the gorse infestation, while the molar ratios are highest in the gorse apical stem tissues. All gorse plants are nodulated
and have higher nitrogen contents than the surrounding kikuyu grass. Furthermore, the δ15N of the gorse stem tissues approaches 0‰, suggesting that nitrogen is being symbiotically fixed from the atmosphere. Characterization
of the Bradyrhizobium isolated from gorse nodules shows similarities and distinctions to Bradyrhizobium isolated from the endemic legume koa (Acacia koa) within the same location. Population densities of the indigenous Bradyrhizobium are higher within the gorse rhizosphere than the kikuyu grass. Soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and symbiotic nitrogen
fixation distinguish gorse-infested areas from the surrounding uninfested areas. These observations suggest that gorse has
a competitive advantage over kikuyu grass under conditions of soil nutrient deficiency. 相似文献
18.
Ten leguminous trees, four exotic species (Australian Acacia) and six indigenous species (three Sahelian Acacia spp. and three Sesbania spp.), were grown for 4 months in a natural Sahelian soil inoculated with or without the endomycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices. In control trials, the determinant factor structuring the soil nematode fauna was the plant species, related plants having a similar influence on the nematode community in the soil. Soil nematode abundance increased from exotic acacias (3.3 g-1 dry soil) to native acacias (11.5 g-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (17.6 g-1 dry soil). Plant feeding nematodes (mainly Scutellonema and Tylenchorhynchus) were significantly less abundant under exotic acacias (1.4 g-1 dry soil) than under native acacias (7.2 g-1 dry soil) or Sesbania species (7.3 g-1 dry soil). Bacterial feeding nematode density increased from exotic acacias (1.2 g-1 dry soil) to native acacias (3.0 g-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (7.7 g-1 dry soil) as total densities. However, the differences in the structure of the nematode communities between plant groups were suppressed in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus. In fact, no difference in nematode densities remained between plant groups when G. intraradices developed in several dominant taxa belonging to different trophic groups, particularly: Tylenchorhynchus, Apelenchina, Cephalobus and Dorylaimoidea. This study clearly indicated that inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices diminished the plant-specific effect on the structure of the soil nematode community. 相似文献
19.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
20.
One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre,
Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes
of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were
observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China
is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars
bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces
were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China
does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources. 相似文献