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1.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(4):579-583
In several countries, there is a well-developed market for Red-Legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) eggs for incubation. Although Red-Legged partridge eggs produced at game farms are sold with a guaranteed average hatchability, there is a marked seasonal variation in fertility and hatchability. Therefore, an average incubating hatchability value cannot be generalized across the whole breeding season. In this research, the influence that the laying date has upon the fertility and hatchability of incubated eggs and the hatchability of the fertile eggs incubated at a farm of Red-Legged partridge was analyzed. It was found that the laying date did indeed influence the fertility and hatchability of the incubated eggs. Fertility and hatchability were greater in the eggs set in the incubator between mid February and late March than those of the eggs set in late April and early May. Hatchability of fertile eggs was greater in the eggs set in the incubator in mid March and lower in the eggs set in late April. The higher values obtained during the middle of the laying period and the lower ones obtained at the end of the laying period cause the game farms’ need to inform their potential customers of the eggs’ expected hatchability as a function of their laying date. 相似文献
2.
1. This study was conducted to examine some egg characteristics and determine the effects of eggshell thickness and eggshell porosity on water loss and hatchability of eggs in ostriches. 2. Shell thickness did not correlate significantly with hatchability. However, eggs of low shell thickness lost more mass (13.03%) than those with intermediate (11.22%) and high (10.36%) shell thickness. Mass loss during incubation was higher in hatched (11.98%) than unhatched eggs (11.09%). Shell thickness was negatively correlated to egg mass loss (r = -0.65). 3. The pore density was correlated with hatchability. Hatchability was 50% lower in eggs with low pore densities (40.93%) than with high densities (80.94%). Pore density was positively correlated with egg mass loss (r = 0.63). Incubation mass losses of hatched and unhatched eggs were not significantly different. 4. Mean eggshell water vapour conductance (G) value and shell conductance constant (k) were 87.77 +/- 4.21 mg H2O/d/Torr and 2.44 respectively (n = 15). 5. Because of eggshell functional properties and resulting low egg mass loss hatchability is low when ostrich eggs are artificially incubated. The mass of eggs used in the experiment was relatively high and their eggshell water vapour conductance was low. As a result, egg incubation mass loss was lower than it should be. It is concluded that incubator humidity should be low (25%) to allow enough mass loss during incubation from the eggs. 相似文献
3.
1. Eggs from a layer-type breeder flock (Baladi, King Saud University) between 50 and 63 weeks of age were used in three trials to study the effects of electrical field (EF) during incubation on albumen and yolk heights, incubation temperature, egg weight loss and hatchability traits. The effects of egg size and eggshell characteristics on hatchability traits of eggs incubated under EF were investigated. 2. Eggs were weighed and graded into three weight classes (small, medium, and large). The physical dimensions, eggshell characteristics, and conductance of eggs were examined. The incubator was divided into two compartments for the control and EF treatments. Two aluminium plates were fitted on the inside walls of the EF compartment, face to face, and connected to a step up electric transformer. Eggs were exposed constantly to the EF during the first 18 d of incubation at the level of 30 kV/m, 60 Hz. 3. Egg size influenced the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs. Large eggs had higher egg weight, egg surface area, egg volume, eggshell conductance, and eggshell weight and lower yolk weight percentage than medium or small size eggs. Small eggs had lower egg length and higher egg density than large or medium size eggs. Large eggs had higher eggshell thickness than small size eggs. 4. EF incubation of eggs raised incubation temperature by 0.06 degrees C, and increased the percentage of egg weight loss, hatchability, and weight of hatching chicks and reduced the early embryo deaths, and length of incubation by approximately 9.8, 19.6, 1.7, 62.1 and 2.1%, respectively. 5. There was no significant difference between the two incubation treatments in the heights of albumen and yolk of incubated eggs, percentages of late embryo deaths, and pips with live and dead embryos. Hatchability traits were not significantly influenced by egg size. 6. It was concluded that EF incubation of eggs increased hatchability, chick-hatching weight, and reduced the length of incubation of Baladi eggs. Differences in the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs did not influence hatchability traits of eggs under EF incubation. 相似文献
4.
季节和产蛋周龄对青脚麻鸡种蛋孵化性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验选择600只青脚麻种母鸡,按24-28周龄、29-35周龄、36-42周龄及43周龄以上4个不同产蛋周龄和春夏秋冬4个不同季节分别收集种蛋进行孵化,研究不同季节和不同产蛋周龄对种蛋受精率和孵化率的影响。结果发现,不同产蛋周龄对青脚麻鸡种蛋的孵化性能有一定的影响,处于产蛋期29-35周龄的种鸡所产种蛋孵化性能最好;不同季节对青脚麻鸡种蛋的孵化性能也有一定的影响,秋季的孵化性能最好。 相似文献
5.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide disinfection during incubation of chicken eggs on microbial levels and productivity. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Hatchery sanitation has a significant impact on chick quality. The proper use of disinfectants is essential. Aerosol bacterial counts, egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality, and broiler productivity were measured in eggs exposed to hydrogen peroxide fogging and compared with eggs not exposed to disinfectant during the incubation period. Hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated in the presence of a severe challenge with Staphylococcus aureus-contaminated eggs. A significant reduction was found in aerosol bacterial counts within the hatcher when incubators were fogged with 3% hydrogen peroxide when compared with water-fogged machines even in the face of high bacterial challenge. Eggs exposed to hydrogen peroxide lost a significantly greater amount of moisture during incubation, but hatchability was not affected. The use of hydrogen peroxide as a hatchery sanitizer did not affect broiler livability, body weight, or feed conversion but did reduce the incidence of retained yolk sacs in 42-day-old chickens. 相似文献
6.
Shafey TM 《British poultry science》2004,45(2):223-229
1. Eggs from two layer-type breeder flocks (ISA-W vs Leghorn) between 30 and 45 weeks of age were used in 4 trials to study the effects of lighted incubation on embryonic growth from 5 to 18 d of age and hatchability per cent (HP). The physical dimensions, eggshell characteristics and conductance (EC) of eggs of the two strains were compared. 2. Eggs were set in an incubator on trays either in the dark-control or under two tubes of 20-watt white fluorescent light during the first 18 d of incubation. The light intensity ranged from 1230 to 1790 lux at the surface of the eggs. Eggs were transferred to dark hatching compartments at d 19 of incubation. 3. The genetic make-up of birds influenced the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs. ISA-W eggs had higher weight, surface area (ESA), volume (EV), width, EC, shell volume and HP, and lower ESA:EV ratio, per cent shell, shell density and dead embryos than those of Leghorn eggs. 4. Lighted incubation increased daily embryonic growth (mg/d) and HP by 3.9 and 5.9%, respectively, when compared with the dark-control incubation. 5. The physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs influenced the effects of lighted incubation on embryonic growth and HP. Lighted incubation increased embryonic growth and HP of ISA-W eggs. The increase in embryonic growth and HP of the Leghorn eggs was not significant. 6. The genetic make-up of birds influenced the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of their eggs and these differences in the characteristics of hatching eggs influenced embryonic growth and HP when incubated under light. 相似文献
7.
1. Four experiments were carried out on eggs from broiler breeding flocks between 26 and 60 weeks of age. The effects of storage and incubation conditions on hatchability were tested.
2. Collecting eggs hourly rather than five hours after lay slightly reduced hatchability (P<0.10). Pre‐storage fumigation of almost un‐contaminated eggs had no effect on hatchability even after storage for 8 d. Storing eggs in unsealed polythene bags did not affect hatchability of eggs stored for 5 or 8 d.
3. Eggs stored for 2 d hatched better when held at 18 °C than at 15 °C (P<0.05). Eggs stored for 8 d at 15 °C hatched better than eggs stored for 8 d at 18 °C (P< 0.01). Best hatchability was in eggs stored in unsealed polythene bags at a room temperature of 15 °C. When older eggs were allowed 30 to 40 min more in the setter for each day of storage, the decline in hatchability was 0.5 to 0.6 percentage units per day in storage as compared with a decline of 1.2 percentage units per day when eggs of different storage times, up to 8 d, were set simultaneously.
4. Those eggs which showed a weight loss during incubation of near average for their relative humidity (RH) treatment tended to hatch better than others except under conditions of very low RH (0.36), when best hatchability was associated with lower than average weight loss.
5. In eggs from a young flock (28 to 44 weeks of age) hatchability of fertile eggs was depressed by 1 percentage unit with an increase in RH of 0.17, and by 1 percentage unit with each decrease of 0.06 in RH from a control RH of 0.53. In eggs from the same flock between 48 and 60 weeks of age hatchability was depressed by 1 percentage unit with each 0.037 increase in RH from 0.44 to 0.70.
6. Eggs from a young flock (34–49 weeks) hatched significantly better when maintained at 0.82 rather than at 0.66 (P<0.05) or 0.95 (P<0.10) RH during the hatching period from 19 to 21 d of incubation. Eggs from an older flock (51–61 weeks) hatched better at 0.82 and at 0.‐92 than at 0.72 RH during the same period, but the differences were not significant. 相似文献
8.
The breeding performance of captive willow ptarmigan on different diets has been studied. The nutritional factors tested were protein concentration, natural feed supplement and grass meal and flavonoid admixture, and effects on egg numbers, fertility, hatchability, chick weights at hatching and 0–14 days mortality have been recorded.The breeding performance of ptarmigan hen in captivity showed great individual variations. Egg numbers were not statistically different in groups fed the different diets. Hens fed a 15 % crude protein died tended to produce smaller chicks with significantly lower viability than chicks from hens fed a 20 % crude protein diet. Supplement of natural feed tended to increase the number of chicks hatched through a combination of tendency to higher egg numbers and improved fertility. These tendencies were, however, statistically nonsignificant. Inclusion of 34 % grass meal to the diet also tended (non-significantly) to improve fertility and hatchability, while inclusion of flavonoids had no positive effect on reproduction.Eggs from captive hens showed significantly lower fertility, and a tendency to lower hatchability than eggs from wild hens. The former difference was probably caused by the close cage confinements for the captive ptarmigan, while the latter condition probably was due to different start of incubation, most of the eggs from wild hens being started naturally. 相似文献
9.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2014,23(2):244-251
The current research was conducted to determine the comparison of hatchability and some egg quality characteristics in spotted and unspotted partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs. The research was carried out on 51 male and 102 female chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) aged 50 wk, which were raised at the Research and Application Farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Selcuk University. In total, 244 spotted and 261 unspotted eggs were used in the research. The hatching eggs were stored at 75% RH and 13°C for 14 d. Thirty spotted and 30 unspotted eggs laid on the same day were used for the evaluation of egg quality characteristics. Egg weight, chick weight, egg weight loss during the hatching period, shape index, hatchability, and some egg quality characteristics were evaluated at the end of the research. Spotted eggs exhibited a higher fertility and hatchability, as well as a lower percentage egg weight loss and embryonic mortality when compared with unspotted eggs. No significant differences were observed between spotted and unspotted eggs for egg weight, chick weight, shape index, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color green-red chromaticity (a*), albumen pH, and yolk pH. Spotted eggs had higher eggshell color a*, eggshell color blue-yellow chromaticity (b*), and eggshell strength, as well as a lower eggshell color light-dark chromaticity (L*), yolk color L*, and yolk color b* scores when compared with unspotted eggs. It was demonstrated that spots on the eggshells of chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) improved their hatchability by affecting various quality characteristics of their eggs. It was concluded that spotted eggs are more suitable for hatching. 相似文献
10.
Effects of storage time on hatchability of artificially incubated Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) eggs
(1) A study was conducted to determine the effects of the length of the storage period on the hatchability of artificially incubated Greater Rhea eggs. Hatchability was evaluated in eggs gathered daily from a captive population and in eggs collected less frequently from a semi-captive population. (2) Eggs form both sites were either immediately incubated after being collected or were stored for 1 to 9 d prior to incubation. (3) The maximum number of days for which an egg could be stored without depressing hatchability (with respect to non-stored eggs) was longer in the eggs collected daily. (4) Eggs collected daily and stored for 4d or more showed total hatchability (28%) and fertile hatchability (43%) which was approximately 30% lower than non-stored eggs or eggs stored for 3 d or less. In the semi-captive population, the total and fertile hatchability of non-stored eggs and of eggs stored for one day were 40% greater than of eggs stored for 2 to 9 d (20 and 34%, respectively). (5) The period for which Greater Rhea eggs could be stored without depressing hatchability varied depending on the frequency of egg collection: non-daily egg collection reduces the possible period of storage. 相似文献
11.
Ostriches’ reproduction behaviour and mastery of natural incubation under farming conditions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This study describes the ostriches’ behaviour in natural incubation and two key elements to improve this way of reproduction:
artificial introduction of eggs in the nest and modifying the nest location when not adequate. Six females and 3 males were
observed during four reproduction seasons. The results show that it is possible to lead ostriches change the nest. Eggs incubation
was the male and the main female’s responsibility; the second female of the trio shared this task in 85% of cases. Presence
of eggs incited ostriches to sit in the nest. Incubation per se began when the couple took turns in a regular way to perform
this role; mating and laying stopped. Hatching was marked by a higher aggressiveness among parents who watched over the nest
to ensure the hatching of late eggs and continued to sit in the nest as long as there were eggs. The mean fertility and hatchability
of set eggs were 58.68 and 41.55% respectively. Fertile eggs had less than 12 days of storage when introduction into the nest.
Viability at 3 months of the chicks kept with their parents was higher than that of the chicks reared by our care (82% and
57% respectively). 相似文献
12.
Effect of intensity of eggshell pigment and illuminated incubation on hatchability of brown eggs 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The effects of intensity of brown eggshell pigment (light (LBP), medium (MBP) and dark (DBP)) and light intensity during incubation (low and high, 900 to 1380 and 1430 to 2080 lux, respectively) on eggshell characteristics, embryonic growth, hatchability traits, chick hatching weight and hatching time were investigated using eggs from a meat-type breeder (Hybro) flock at 32, 36 and 41 weeks of age in three trials. With eggs of similar weights the intensity of brown pigment was not associated with eggshell weight and thickness, and did not influence embryo weight and egg weight loss during incubation. The shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by young hens influenced the percentage hatchability (HP) of eggs incubated under light. Illuminated incubation improved HP of LBP eggs (compared with MBP and DBP eggs) from 32- and 36-week-old hens, but had no significant effect on HP of eggs from 41-week-old hens. Light intensity during incubation did not influence egg weight loss. High intensity of light during incubation reduced HP and increased early death percentage (EDP) in the LBP and MBP groups, and did not influence HP and EDP in the DBP group. Brown eggshell pigment and intensity of light during incubation did not influence hatching time. It is concluded that the shade of brown pigment, intensity of light during incubation and age of the breeder hens influenced the hatchability performance of embryos from brown eggs. Light during incubation improved the hatchability of embryos in light brown eggs laid by young hens and the shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by older hens did not influence hatchability under illuminated incubation. High intensity of light during incubation reduced hatchability of light and medium brown eggs, but not the dark brown eggs. 相似文献
13.
(1) Fertile hatchability was superior from a broiler breeder flock at 29 weeks of age than at 68 weeks of age because of decreased mortality at all stages of embryo development. (2) Eggs that were either turned or not turned during the 0 to 7 d, 8 to 14 d and 15 to 18 d periods in the 8 possible combinations showed that the absence of turning from 0 to 7 d of incubation caused a decrease in fertile hatchability and an increase in all stages of embryonic mortality, and an incidence of Malposition II (head in small end of shell) that was more pronounced in a 68-week-old flock than a 29-week-old flock. (3) When eggs from 33- and 35-week-old broiler breeder flocks were either turned or not turned from 0 to 2 d, 3 to 4 d, 5 to 6 d or 7 to 8 d in the 16 possible combinations, the absence of turning from 3 to 8 d, or 0 to 2 d alone or in combination with other time periods reduced fertile hatchability and increased embryonic mortality and percentage of Malposition II. (4) The most critical period for turning commercial broiler hatching eggs during incubation was from 0 to 7 d with the single most critical 2-d period being 0 to 2 d. 相似文献
14.
Improving turkey poult quality by correcting incubator humidity to match eggshell conductance 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
One of the most important factors determining hatchability of avian eggs is their proper water budget during incubation. We show here that water budget changes of turkey eggs effect not only hatchability but also poult quality. In addition to an increase in hatchability of 3.3%, poult quality was increased by 7.3%. This was achieved by sorting eggs into low (less than 18.5), medium (18.5 to 22.0) and high (greater than 22.0) eggshell mass-specific water vapour, conductance categories and incubating them in matching incubation humidities of 21.8, 26.6 and 31.4 Torr, corresponding to relative humidities of 45, 55 and 65% at 37.5 degrees C, respectively. A total diffusive water loss of 11.5% (range 10 to 14%) of the initial egg mass in 25 d of incubation yielded maximal hatchability and poult quality. 相似文献
15.
1. Eggs were stored for two different times at varying temperatures. The effects on hatchability, chick weight at hatch and hatching time were examined in two broiler breeder lines from 33 to 58 weeks of age. 2. Short storage (1 to 3 d). Storage at 20 degrees C compared with 16.5 degrees C reduced hatchability of all eggs set. No effect was observed on hatchability of fertile eggs, hatching time or chick weight. 3. Long storage (9 to 11 d). Storage at 16.5 degrees C compared with 10 degrees C decreased both hatchability of fertile eggs and chick weight at hatch. Incidence of early embryonic death increased and incubation time decreased at 16.5 degrees C compared with 10 degrees C. 4. Chicks from morning eggs were heavier than those from afternoon eggs irrespective of storage conditions. 5. Hatchability (all eggs set and fertile eggs) and chick weight varied with hen age irrespective of storage conditions. During long storage, hatching time varied with hen age independently of breeder line, storage temperature or egg laying time. 6. Hatchability (all eggs set and fertile eggs) was higher in line A than in line B. Line B eggs hatched later and produced heavier chicks than line A eggs irrespective of storage time. 相似文献
16.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(1):82-88
The reproductive performance of 2 commercial turkey breeder lines was examined using reciprocal crosses between sires and dams of each line. One line had been selected using artificial inseminations performed at biweekly intervals, whereas the second line had been selected using inseminations performed at weekly intervals. The hypothesis was proposed that sires and dams of the 2 lines differ because of different abilities for sperm to penetrate the inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) and fertilize eggs.Fertilized eggs to hatch poults for the experiment were obtained from the primary breeders and were incubated using conditions recommended by the industry. Hens (n = 72) and toms (n = 15) from each strain were identified and reared in preparation for a reproductive cycle using commercially accepted standards. Beginning just prior to the onset of egg production and at weekly intervals thereafter, half of the hens were inseminated with semen from males of the same line, whereas the remaining half received semen from the opposite line. Eggs were collected from the pens daily and set in incubators to determine fertility and embryo survival. At biweekly intervals 3 eggs per pen were used for counting sperm penetration holes in the IPVL. Data were collected for fertility, hatchability, and time that embryos died for each of the pens. Dam and sire affected IPVL penetration independently. A dam by sire interaction influenced fertility, whereas hatchability was affected only by dam. Thus, it is concluded that selection of dam and sires for commercial breeders alters IPVL sperm penetration ability of hens as well as egg-binding ability of sires. 相似文献
17.
1. A study on artificial insemination of Beltsville Small White turkeys investigated the effect on bacterial load and fertility of vaginal douching with diluents containing Gentamicin 400 microg/ml and different semen extenders. 2. Irrespective of the extenders used, vaginal douching with Gentamicin reduced the microbial load of the vagina with resultant improvement in fertility and hatchability and corresponding reduction in embryonic mortality. 3. Eggs from hens inseminated with semen extended with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) diluent along with vaginal douching showed a trend towards higher per cent fertility and per cent hatchability of total and fertile eggs set compared to other extenders, though this was non-significant. 相似文献
18.
19.
本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋重与蛋形指数对籽鹅种蛋孵化效果的影响,进而总结出种蛋筛选的最佳方案,为籽鹅个体、家系种蛋的选留及籽鹅的繁衍、孵化、生产提供科学参考。选取二年籽鹅种蛋2 469枚,蛋重为94.8~154.4 g,平均蛋重（123.3±9.5）g;蛋形指数为1.24~1.63,平均蛋形指数1.45±0.05。采用2因素4水平试验设计,将所有种蛋按蛋重与蛋形指数分成16个孵化组（蛋重与蛋形指数分别分为4个水平）,测量每枚种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数,并在蛋壳上做好编号,在相同孵化条件、同一孵化设备中进行两次孵化试验。结果表明,①蛋重<118.0 g组种蛋受精率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,125.0~131.9 g组次之,且受精蛋孵化率随着蛋重增大升高;125.0~131.9 g组种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重最大。②蛋形指数在1.47~1.51组种蛋受精率及种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>1.51组次之;1.47~1.51组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,1.42~1.46组次之。分析以上结果可得出：籽鹅种蛋蛋重对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重有显著影响（P<0.05）,以籽鹅蛋重在125.0~154.4 g为宜;蛋形指数对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率亦有显著影响（P<0.05）,对种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重无影响（P>0.05）,以蛋形指数在1.47~1.51为宜。籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重的影响均存在交互作用。其中,蛋形指数对种蛋孵化健雏率的影响较蛋重强,其作为单一因素对鹅雏出生重无影响。以上结果表明,以蛋重或蛋形指数任一因素作为种蛋筛选的依据都不科学,应综合考虑以达到种蛋优选的目的。 相似文献
20.
Effect of breeder age and breeding season on egg production and incubation in farmed ostriches 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
(1) This research was carried out to investigate changes in egg production and hatchability as influenced by age and breeding season of 10 trios (two females, one male) of ostrich (Struthio camellus) during 1998 to 2002. (2) Breeding season affected number of eggs laid per female per season, average egg weight, length of laying period and clutch sequence. (3) The number of eggs laid per female per season was 25 in the first breeding season and 57 by the fifth breeding season. The laying period lasted 169 d in the first season whereas it was 210 d by the fifth season. The breeding season became longer year by year. (4) The number of clutches was two in the first season, three in the second and 4 in the later breeding seasons: the mean interval between cycles was 9 to 10.6 d and the mean number of eggs in one cycle varied from 12 to 14.4. (5) The breeding season affected the hatchability of fertile eggs, chick weight at hatching, hatchability of total eggs, fertility, malpositioned embryos, deformed chicks and assisted chicks during hatching. The first 4 variables increased and the last three decreased, with each breeding season. (6) Weight loss of eggs and length of incubation were unaffected by the breeding season. Hatchability which was 64.3% in the first season increased progressively and reached 73.1% in the fifth breeding season. 相似文献