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1.
Southern stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is a destructive soil fungal disease of peanut in China and other countries. To evaluate resistant germplasm, a total of 256 peanut accessions were investigated on their resistance to southern stem rot in 3 environments by artificial inoculation. Variance analysis indicated that disease index was significantly influenced by environment, genotype and genotype ​× ​environment interactions. Peanut accessions of var. vulgaris type exhibited higher resistance to southern stem rot. Disease index was significantly negatively correlated with linoleic acid content, while positively correlated with oleic acid content. Six resistant accessions were identified, including Hua 28, Shandongzai, ICG 6326, Quanhua 7, Quanhua 9 and Guihua 836, with their disease indexes under 40 and mortality were less than 30% in the three environments. The identified resistant accessions showed the great potential to be applied in resistant peanut breeding, and would be good genetic resources for enhancing the resistance to southern stem rot.  相似文献   

2.
Aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, occurs naturally in maize (Zea mays L.). Aflatoxin is a potent human carcinogen and is also toxic to livestock, pets, and wildlife. When contaminated with aflatoxin, the value of maize grain is markedly reduced. This investigation was conducted to compare ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass in maize single crosses with varying degrees of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation and to determine the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the inheritance of resistance to ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass. Eight germplasm lines with different levels of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were used as parents of a diallel cross. The cross was evaluated for visible ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and A. flavus infection in the grain. A. flavus infection was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Both GCA and SCA were significant sources of variation in the inheritance of the three traits although GCA accounted for a greater portion of the variation among single crosses. The interactions of GCA and SCA with years were highly significant for aflatoxin accumulation, but not significant for A. flavus infection. Estimates of GCA effects were highly significant for both reduced A. flavus infection and reduced aflatoxin accumulation for Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717. Conversely, GCA effects associated with GA209 were significant for reduced levels of A. flavus infection and ear rot, but high levels of aflatoxin accumulation. Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717 should be useful in breeding programs targeting both reduced levels of fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation.  相似文献   

3.
Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus clarum for suppression of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke was investigated in Thailand under greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors included two Jerusalem artichoke genotypes (HEL 246 and JA 37), two levels of T. harzianum and G. clarum (inoculated and blank). The biological control agents were added to the potting medium immediately before seedlings of Jerusalem artichoke were transplanted into it; 20 days later, seedlings were inoculated with S. rolfsii by placing infested sorghum seeds at the base of the stem. The combination of cv. HEL 246 with addition of both G. clarum and T. harzianum had the lowest disease incidence (30%) and required the longest time to permanent wilt (11 days after inoculation). Inoculation of cv. JA 37 and HEL 246 with G. clarum alone gave better control of the disease than did inoculation with T. harzianum alone. The results are the first published report of biological control of S. rolfsii on Jerusalem artichoke.  相似文献   

4.
In recent years, Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. var. ‘Suli’ has been damaged by a disease characterized by the presence of black spots on young fruit in China, which was always followed by severe bitter rot on matured fruits. The etiology of these symptoms and their relationship with the bitter rot was unknown. A colony was routinely isolated from young and matured ‘Suli’ pear fruits showing black spots and rot symptoms, respectively. This fungal colony was identified as Colletotrichum fructicola based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data of 7 regions. C. fructicola was confirmed to be capable of eliciting both black spots and bitter rot symptoms by completion of Koch's Postulates. The results suggested that the disease characterized by the presence of black spots on young fruits is indeed an early stage of the bitter rot observed on matured fruits of ‘Suli’ pear. Variety resistance analysis indicated an obvious resistance variation possessed by the pear varieties generally cultured in China, with black spots only occurring on some pear varieties. Our results also indicated that wounding can break the quiescent infections, enhance the infectivity of C. fructicola, and lead to more rapid rot of young and matured fruits. These results provided a clear clue that C. fructicola can invade some varieties of P. bretschneideri Rehd. directly without entry via wounds, but subsequently turned into quiescent infection and causing black spots on the fruit surface. The quiescent infection acts as a pathogenic factor responsible for bitter rot of matured fruits. The influence of temperature and pH conditions for growth and colony morphology of C. fructicola were also evaluated. The characterization of C. fructicola causing bitter rot of pear (P. bretschneideri) is expected to provide useful information for controlling this economically important disease.  相似文献   

5.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is an important plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm [anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Sacc.] is the causative agent of gummy stem blight (GSB), a disease affecting members of the family Cucurbitaceae. Watermelon seedlings showing varied degree (20–90%) of suspected GSBs were collected from seedling companies in Antalya province, Turkey. The symptoms included angular water-soaked lesions, which turned tan over time; defoliation; dry, pale green stem; stem necrosis; gummy exudates; wilt; and the eventual death of the upper parts of the seedling plants. The growth of the fungal isolate in vitro showed white aerial and olivaceous mycelium, and olive to dark green or black substrate mycelium at the latter period of fungal growth. The colony surface was rough and undulated. The conidia were round-ended, cylindrical, monoseptate, and hyaline. The conidia ranged from 6.4 to 13.6 μm in length and 3.69–4.68 μm in diameter. The isolates were subjected to PCR using three primers, namely, DB-F3/DB-R3, GSBF1/GSBR1, and ITS1/ITS4, which produced fragment sizes of approximately 120, 780, and 560 bp, respectively. The real-time PCR using DB-F3/DB-R3 primer and SYBR Green fluorescence dye produced positive result for the samples tested. The D. bryoniae isolate was pathogenic to all the four different cucurbits tested and were consistently re-isolated from the diseased seedlings confirming their pathogenic status and thereby satisfying Koch's postulates. This is the second report confirming the presence of D. bryoniae in Turkey after its first detection in cucumber in 2015.  相似文献   

6.
《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):125-130
Stem rot, a fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks., is often a serious problem in many important forage legumes including faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Understanding the inheritance of resistance to the disease is essential for effective breeding of resistant cultivars. Experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of resistance to stem rot of faba beans. The F1, F2, and the backcross generations of five crosses between four resistant and four susceptible populations (Alto × Polycarpe, A-90 × Polycarpe, ILB-1814 × A-247, A-90 × A-244, VT × Tanagra) were used. The eight populations were crossed properly in the field, and progenies of F1 and F2, as well as backcross progenies of F1 with each of their parents, were evaluated for resistance to stem rot disease under controlled conditions after artificial inoculation of the plants with carrot root pieces colonized by the fungus. On the assumption that inheritance of stem rot resistance is governed by a single dominant gene, no significant differences were found between the observed and the expected frequencies of resistance for progenies, except for one cross. As the expression of resistance to the disease fits the expected ratios for a single dominant gene model, it is concluded that the inheritance of resistance to sclerotinia stem rot in the evaluated faba bean populations is controlled by a single dominant gene.  相似文献   

7.
In recent years, peanut yield and quality are more seriously affected by pod rot disease in China. However,managing this disease has proven challenging due to the wide host range of its pathogens. In this study, four soil samples were collected from fields with pod rot disease in Hebei Province, and 454 pyrosequencing was used to analyze the fungal communities structure within them. All 38 490 ITS high-quality sequences were grouped into1203 operational taxonomic units, the fungal community dive...  相似文献   

8.
Root and crown rot is the major soil-borne fungal disease in sugar beet. In Europe, the disease is mainly caused by the anastomosis group (AG) 2-2IIIB of the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn). No chemical fungicide to control the disease has been registered in Europe. Therefore, agronomic measures must be optimized to keep the disease severity below an economic damage threshold and to minimize white sugar yield losses. R. solani AG 2-2IIIB infects many other crops besides sugar beet, including maize, where it causes root rot. Sugar beet and maize are frequently grown in the same crop rotation. The proportion of cultivated maize in several European sugar beet growing areas is expected to rise due to a projected increase in demand for renewable resources over the next few years. Although the susceptibility to and tolerance of the disease varies among cultivars in both crops, little is known about the effects of cultivar susceptibility in the pre-crop on a subsequent susceptible crop. The cultivation of R. solani-resistant maize genotypes in rotation with resistant sugar beet might therefore be a useful tool in an integrated control strategy against R. solani, eliminating the need to restrict the desired crop rotation for phytosanitary reasons. A crop rotation experiment with artificially inoculated R. solani was conducted in the field to investigate the pre-crop effects of maize cultivars which differed in their susceptibility to R. solani on a susceptible sugar beet cultivar. We hypothesized that the maize genotype would influence the inoculum potential and performance of a susceptible sugar beet genotype grown after a maize pre-crop, and that this would correlate with the susceptibility of the maize genotype. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of maize genotypes is consistent over a period of years and that cultivated maize genotypes influenced the inoculum potential measured as disease severity in sugar beet. However, disease severity in sugar beet did not correlate with the disease susceptibility of the genotype of the maize pre-crop. Possible reasons for this missing relationship might be differences in the quality of maize residues for the saprophytic survival of the pathogen or a genotype-specific alteration of the antagonistic microbial community. However, our findings showed that in the presence of maize- and sugar beet-pathogenic R. solani, the most favourable maize cultivar for a crop rotation cannot be determined solely on the basis of its resistance level against Rhizoctonia root rot.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of water stress on Fusarium foot and root rot in durum wheat were investigated in growth chamber, greenhouse and field tests in Tunisia. In the seedling stage, emergence of six durum wheat cultivars in the growth chamber was significantly reduced by inoculation with Fusarium culmorum and water stress (P<0.0001), with more disease under drier conditions. Additionally, the tiller number per mature plant, the 1000 grain weight and disease severity in mature stage were reduced by inoculation in greenhouse studies. In a field test, inoculation with F. culmorum significantly reduced the yield (P<0.001), by more than 17% for Om Rabiaa and 38% for Karim, the two cultivars tested. Yield was also significantly affected by precipitation and irrigation levels. The severity of the disease, estimated by the percentage of white heads, was separately affected by the cultivar (P<0.001) and inoculation (P = 0.0004). Percentage of white heads was 1.5 and 2 × higher in inoculated plants than non-inoculated for Om Rabiaa and Karim cultivars, respectively. Disease severity was highest in treatments with the greatest water stress. This is the first detailed study of water stress and F. culmorum on durum wheat in Tunisia, and indicates that cultivar resistance and irrigation management may be important in the management of Fusarium foot rot.  相似文献   

10.
Fusarium basal rot (FBR) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) is one of the most significant production constraint to shallot. Field experiment was conducted in a naturally Foc infested soil at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to evaluate the level of resistance of sixteen shallot genotypes against FBR disease. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. The genotypes significantly varied in their susceptibility to FBR and yield. They were grouped into tolerant, moderately and highly susceptible types. Five genotypes (DZ-Sht-168-1A, DZ-Sht-157-1B, Huruta, Negelle and DZ-Sht-169-1b) were identified to be tolerant as they had reduced disease severity levels from 26.8 to 32.5% and increased mean yield by more than 5 t ha−1 compared to highly susceptible genotypes (DZ-Sht-076-4, DZ-Sht-201-1C and DZ-Sht-054-3A). Among the tolerant genotypes, DZ-Sht-169-1b had greatly reduced bulb rot incidence by 48% in ground storage and 30% in wire mesh shelf as compared to highly susceptible genotype DZ-Sht-201-1C. The tolerant genotypes have high yielding characteristic, and farmers could adopt them for cultivation where FBR is a problem.  相似文献   

11.
Echinochloa crus-galli, a C4 grass, is one of the world’s most serious weeds. Weed management decisions for this species can be derived from knowledge of its seed biology. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of light on germination; seed burial depth and rice residue on emergence and growth; and flooding time and depth on emergence, survival and growth of this species. Light stimulated seed germination but it was not an absolute requirement for germination. The proportion of seeds germinating was greatest for seeds placed on the soil surface (92%), and emergence declined with increasing burial depth in soil; no seedlings emerged from the depth of 8 cm. A burial depth of only 0.4 cm reduced seedling emergence by 50%. Seedling emergence and seedling biomass were reduced by the addition of high level (6 ton ha−1) of rice residue to the soil surface. Early and deep flooding significantly suppressed growth of E. crus-galli seedlings. In flooded conditions, with increased water depth the weed allocated more biomass to shoots at the expense of roots. The information gained from this study could contribute to improve weed control approaches. Soil inversion by tillage to bury weed seeds below their maximum depth of emergence, use of crop residue as mulch and early flooding of the crop could serve as important tools for managing E. crus-galli and other weed species with similar germination requirements. These management options, however, would need to be compatible with other crop management requirements.  相似文献   

12.
In North Carolina (NC), USA, Pythium stem rot on tobacco is caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. During the past 10 years, Pythium stem rot incidence has been reported more frequently in tobacco fields than before. Since 1997, tobacco flue-cured cultivars carrying the Ph gene that confers immunity to race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Ppn) have also been deployed in NC. It has been questioned whether the introduction of cultivars carrying this resistance gene contributes to the increased incidence of Pythium stem rot. We used a strain of P. aphanidermatum expressing the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to investigate the susceptibility of stem and root tissues of four flue-cured tobacco cultivars to Pythium stem rot. Cultivars NC71 (carries the Ph gene) and RJR15 (no Ph gene, but highly resistant to Ppn) were less susceptible (P < 0.05) to P. aphanidermatum than K326 and K346 cultivars that do not carry the Ph gene. Furthermore, different parts of the plant demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.0001) to P. aphanidermatum infection although the significance depended on the cultivar. That is, in K326 and NC71 the highest percent infection was in the adventitious roots, followed by the stems and lastly the true roots, whereas in K346 and RJR15 the highest percent infection was in the adventitious roots, then the true roots and last in the stems. These results do not support the hypothesis that cultivars carrying the Ph gene may be more susceptible to Pythium stem rot than cultivars without the gene. It is likely that other reasons such as the reduction or absence of mefenoxam application in fields where cultivars carrying the Ph gene are planted or reduction in competition for infection cites with Ppn have contributed to the increase of Pythium stem rot incidence in tobacco fields in NC.  相似文献   

13.
Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is the most widespread disease for organic peach production systems in Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the favorable periods for latent infection by M. fructicola in organic systems. The field experiment was carried out during 2006, 2007 and 2008 using the cultivar Aurora. After thinning fruits were bagged using white paraffin bags, and the treatments were performed by removing the bags and exposing the fruit for four days to the natural infection during each of seven fruit stages from pit hardening to harvest. Throughout the entire growing season, the conidial density and the weather variables were measured and related to the disease incidence using multiple regression analyses. At the fourth day after harvest in each season, the cumulative disease incidence was assessed, and it ranged from 40 to 98%. The incidence of brown rot on fruit that were exposed during the embryo growing stage was lower than that of unbagged fruit throughout the entire season in 2006 and 2008. The relative humidity and the conidia density were significantly correlated to disease incidence. Based on our results, M. fructicola can infect peaches during any stage of fruit development, and control of the disease must be revised to account for organic peach production systems.  相似文献   

14.
Efficacy of biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPCB004 was evaluated on the control of anthracnose and phomopsis rot in ‘Solo’ papaya pre-treated with 1-methyl cyclopropene (100 μl) (1-MCP) during storage. This treatment was compared to the untreated control, commercial treatment (washing in chlorinated water), stand alone 1-MCP and PPCB004 treatment. Although fruit pre-treated with 1-MCP delayed the ripening (100% yellow) after cold storage by 9-10 d, it showed higher incidence and severity of anthracnose and phomopsis rot than the fruit subjected to commercial treatment. Application of PPCB004 after 1-MCP pre-treatment (1-MCP + PPCB004) reduced the anthracnose and phomopsis incidence and severity after cold storage (10 °C, 85% RH for 14 d) and ripening at 25 °C. The 1-MCP + PPCB004 treatment helped to retain the fruit firmness, overall quality and uniform yellow skin (100%) and flesh colour after ripening. The PPCB004 was effectively recovered from stand alone PPCB004 and 1-MCP + PPCB004 treated fruit after cold storage and ripening. The PPCB004 population showed an increase by 1 log units after ripening in 1-MCP + PPCB004 treated fruit. After ripening the recovery of PPCB004 population was higher (0.7 log units) in 1-MCP + PPCB004. The total recovery of fungal population on the fruit surface after ripening was lower in 1-MCP + PPCB004 and stand alone PPCB004 treated fruit. It can be concluded that application of B. amyloliquefaciens PPCB004 with 1-MCP pre-treated papaya (at 25-30% skin yellow stage) can significantly reduce disease incidence associated with 1-MCP treatment. This treatment has the potential for commercial application in the ‘organic’ papaya industry.  相似文献   

15.
Biological control agents offer one of the best alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides. This investigation studied the tolerance to fungicides and integrated use of the potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces sp. A6 for control of Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. Streptomyces sp. A6 exhibited strong tolerance towards most of the fungicides used in the study at concentrations higher than those recommended for field applications. The isolate showed enhanced growth and mycolytic enzyme production in the presence of sulphur, mancozeb, carbendazim, fosetyl aluminium and triadimefon. The fungicides mancozeb, sulphur and carbendazim were selected for further studies. Effective concentrations (EC50 values) of the test fungicides that reduced Fusarium spore germination and fungal biomass by 50% were determined. Similarly, the EC50 for inhibiting fungal spore germination and reducing fungal biomass to 50% by Streptomyces sp. A6 and culture filtrate (CF) were also determined. Combining the EC50 dose of the culture and CF with test fungicides was found to be more effective for controlling Fusarium infection in C. cajan compared to the sum of the effects of the individual treatments. Such combined use of biocontrol agent with fungicides can reduce the dosage of toxic fungicides in agricultural fields, thereby reducing environmental risks. Tolerance and synergistic interaction of Streptomyces sp. A6 with frequently used fungicides suggested its potential in integrated pest management. To the best our knowledge, this is the first extensive study on integrated use of Streptomyces species with fungicides.  相似文献   

16.
Fusarium basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae is an economic disease of shallot. Field experiments were conducted at Debre Zeit during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to determine effective fungicides and their method of application for the management of fusarium basal rot of shallot. The field was naturally infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in four replications. Five fungicides, Mirage 50 WP, Folicur 25 EC, Seed plus 30 WS, Penncozeb 80 WP and Ridomil Gold 68 WG were evaluated as seed bulb dressing and bulb dip treatments against basal rot in the field and storage. Bulb dressing with Mirage, and dip treatment in Seed plus reduced the disease incidence by 40% and 43%, respectively over control. These fungicides also resulted in a significant reduction in severity, basal rot affected cull bulbs on shallot. Bulb rot during three months of storage on concrete ground floor and on wire mesh shelves was also reduced by seed bulb treatment over control. The highest increase in yield was obtained from bulb dressing with Mirage (42%) and Seed plus (45%) and from bulb dip treatment in Seed plus (44%) over control. Fusarium basal rot caused 45% loss in yield and 12-30% of bulb loss in the storage. The study showed that basal rot of shallot can be managed effectively by seed bulb dressing or dip treatment in Mirage or Seed plus.  相似文献   

17.
Near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging and hyperspectral image analysis were evaluated for their potential to track changes in fungal contamination on and fungal activity immediately under the surface of whole maize kernels (Zea mays L.) infected with Fusarium verticillioides. Hyperspectral images of clean and infected kernels were acquired using a SisuChema hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system with a spectral range of 1000–2498 nm at predetermined time intervals after infection. Background, bad pixels and shading of acquired absorbance images were removed using exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). When plotting PC4 against PC5, with percentage sum of squares (%SS) 0.49% and 0.34%, three distinct clusters were apparent in the score plot and this was associated with degree of infection. Loading line plots, with prominent peaks at 1900 nm and 2136 nm, confirmed that the source of variation was due to changes in starch and protein. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models, with time as the Y variable, were calculated and also indicated that changes over time were apparent. Variable importance plots (VIP) confirmed the peaks observed in the PCA loading line plots. More systematic future experiments are needed to confirm this, but it can already be concluded that early detection of fungal contamination and activity is possible.  相似文献   

18.
Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PN1 ˜ PN10) isolated from rhizosphere of chir-pine were tested for their plant growth promontory properties and antagonistic activities against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo. P. aeruginosa PN1 produced siderophore, IAA, cyanogen and solubilized phosphorus, besides producing chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. In dual culture, P. aeruginosa PN1 caused 69% colony growth inhibition. However, cell free culture filtrate also posed inhibitory effect but to a lesser extent. After 90 days, P. aeruginosa PN1 increased plant growth and biomass in pots trial containing M. phaseolina-infested soil. PN1 showed the strong chemotaxis toward root exudates resulting in effective root colonization. Moreover, increased population in rhizosphere of these bacteria was also recorded after 90 days of treatment. Thus, chemotactic fluorescent P. aeruginosa PN1 exhibited strong antagonistic property against M. phaseolina, suppressed the disease and improved plant growth of the seedlings of chir-pine proving potential biocontrol agent.  相似文献   

19.
Palm oil is a very important commodity. It is added to numerous products and is a biofuel. However, oil palms (OP) are subjected to fungal diseases of which Fusarium wilt and Ganoderma rots are the most important. Considerations of how climate change (CC) affects tropical economic plants are limited and for OP are even fewer. The margin for adapting to higher temperatures and changing humidity is reduced in tropical OP. Land will become increasingly unsuitable for growing OP and the plants will become stressed allowing ingress of fungal diseases. New land will be increasingly suitable where the environmental conditions are less severe than in the tropics. Novel diseases may threaten the crop. Finally, the effect of the major consequences of CC on OP fungal diseases is considered herein with a view to establishing key hypotheses.  相似文献   

20.
Sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious and damaging diseases of oilseed rape and there is keen worldwide interest to identify Brassica genotypes with resistance to this pathogen. Complete resistance against this pathogen has not been reported in the field, with only partial resistance being observed in some Brassica genotypes. Introgression lines were developed following hybridization of three wild crucifers (viz. Erucastrum cardaminoides, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum) with B. napus or B. juncea. Their resistance responses were characterized by using a stem inoculation test. Seed of 54 lines of B. napus and B. juncea obtained from Australia, India and China through an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) collaboration programme were used as susceptible check comparisons. Introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum had much higher levels (P < 0.001) of resistance compared with the ACIAR germplasm. Median values of stem lesion length of introgression lines derived from the wild species were 1.2, 1.7 and 2.0 cm, respectively, as compared with the ACIAR germplasm where the median value for stem lesion length was 8.7 cm. This is the first report of high levels of resistance against S. sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum. The novel sources of resistance identified in this study are a highly valuable resource that can be used in oilseed Brassica breeding programmes to enhance resistance in future B. napus and B. juncea cultivars against Sclerotinia stem rot.  相似文献   

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