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1.
Amylase activity and qualitative changes in amylase isoenzymes as a function of barley seedling age were investigated in 10 Brazilian barley cultivars. All cultivars showed few isoenzymes in early germination. An increase in general activity ensued in the following days when new isoenzymes were detected and those already observed since early germination had their activity increased. All cultivars disclosed increase in amylase activity until the third or fourth day of germination. Some cultivars maintained this high activity until the last day analysed. Other cultivars presented a decrease in activity in the fifth or sixth day. No electrophoretic pattern or allelomorph responsible for a higher amylase activity were detected. Beta -amylase activity was always superior to alpha -amylase activity. High beta -amylase activity was already observed on the second day of germination while alpha -amylase activity began to increase only from the third day on. The results obtained suggest that, at least for the cultivars analysed, there is a high general amylase activity around the fourth day of germination, indicating that germination could stop at this moment, ensuring that hydrolitic enzyme activity required in the brewing process is met. Beta -amylase was lightly correlated with diastatic power (r=0·565) but no correlation was observed between alpha -amylase and diastatic power (r=-0·128), or neither betweenalpha - and beta -amylase with malting quality (r=0·153 andr =−0·348, respectively). These results indicate that beta -amylase activity in barley grains, more than alpha -amylase, can be a good predictor of diastatic power.  相似文献   

2.
The acid extract viscosities and β-glucan contents of ten two- and six-rowed barley cultivars grown at seven locations in three consecutive years in Spain were studied in the present work. The viscosities varied from 2·4 to 24·8 centistokes (cSt) and the mean value was 6·4 cSt. The average β-glucan content of barleys determined by HPLC was 3·5% with a range of 1·9–5·5%. Significant differences were found in both β-glucan content and acid extract viscosity between different cultivars, locations and years. The β-glucan contents and viscosities of winter cultivars were higher than those of spring. Cvs. Barbarrosa and Hatif de Grignon were the genotypes with the highest values for both parameters, while cv. Beka had the lowest viscosity and β-glucan content. Environmental factors influenced both parameters. The acid extract viscosities of barleys were correlated negatively with the amount of precipitation (r=−0·754;P<0·05). Barleys grown in wet and rainy areas (Girona and La Coruña) had lower viscosity values.  相似文献   

3.
Rye crisp doughs and breads were made from three rye flours with different falling numbers (i.e. different enzyme activity), with or without oat bran rich in β-glucan (OBG) added, and with different fermentation times. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of endogenous enzymes in the flour on molecular weight and content of water-extractable β-glucan in the doughs and breads. The molecular weight distribution of β-glucan was unimodal for the flours, with a calcofluor average molecular weight of about 90×104 g/mol for the rye flours, and 150×104 g/mol for rye flours with added OBG. The molecular weight decreased with increasing fermentation time for all doughs, but was almost unchanged during oven-baking. The calcofluor average molecular weight was highest in doughs and breads made of flour with highest falling number (i.e. lowest enzyme activity), indicating that the endogenous enzymes in the flour were responsible for the breakdown of β-glucan. During fermentation, water-extractable β-glucan was released from the insoluble matrix, probably by the endogenous enzymes in the flour. When the molecular weight of the water-extractable β-glucan decreased, they probably associated with each other or with other components in the dough to form unextractable complexes. The content of water-extractable β-glucan did not change during oven-baking.  相似文献   

4.
A low β-glucan and protein content is desirable for malting barley. In China high β-glucan content has been considered a major factor contributing to the inferior malting quality of local barleys. In this study 10 barley cultivars were planted in multi-location trials in the southern winter-barley zone to determine genotypic and environmental effects on β-glucan and protein content. There were highly significant differences in both β-glucan and protein content between the 10 barleys, the eight locations and the 2 planting years. The average β-glucan content over the 2 years for the 10 cultivars in the eight locations ranged from 3·91% for Gangpi 1 to 4·95% for Xiumei 3, and from 3·76% for Hangzhou to 4·75% for Taian in eight locations. Correspondingly, the protein contents of the 10 cultivars ranged from 11·37% for Yanyin 1 to 12·52% for ZAU, and of the eight locations from 9·5% for Hangzhou to 14·69% for Taian. Environmental factors contributed the largest component of the variation in both β-glucan and protein content. Five climatic factors, namely the total accumulated temperature, accumulated temperature to 25 °C and to 30 °C, precipitation and days with rain during seed development were included in a regression equation relating climatic factors and β-glucan content. In the regression equation relating climatic factors and protein content, two other factors, days from heading to maturity and accumulated temperature to 20 °C were included, in addition to the five climatic factors that significantly affected β-glucan content.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigated whether the consumption of a diet in which high-β-glucan barley replaced rice would reduce the visceral fat area as well as the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) in hypercholesterolemic Japanese men. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted in 44 hypercholesterolemic Japanese men with a body mass index (BMI) >22 kg/m2. The subjects were randomly assigned to groups consuming either rice (placebo group) or a mixture of rice and pearl barley with a high β-glucan content (test group, 7.0 g β-glucan per day) for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken, and CT scan obtained before the trial and every four weeks during the trial. The pearl barley intake significantly reduced serum concentrations of LDL-C (P = 0.041) and TC (P = 0.037) during the trial. Significant differences between the test and placebo groups were found for the visceral fat (P = 0.039), BMI (P = 0.015), and waist circumference (P = 0.011) at the end point. The consumption of pearl barley with a high β-glucan content reduces not only LDL-C but also visceral fat area.  相似文献   

6.
A new methodology for the determination of β-glucan average molecular weights within the range 30-100k has been developed. It was found that, when the amount of β-glucan was determined by the Calcoflour flow-injection analysis (Calcoflour-FIA) method with two eluants, one of high ionic strength (0·02 g/l Calcoflour in aqueous 0·1 M Tris, pH 11, 0·17 M NaCl), which fully detects β-glucan of molecular weight (MW) higher than approximately 10k, and the other of very low ionic strength (0·02 g/l Calcoflour in aqueous 0·1 M Tris, pH 11), which fully detects only high MW (> 150k) β-glucan, the ratio of the amounts detected by the two eluants was correlated with the average molecular weight of β-glucan. When compared with the high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with post-column detection by Calcoflour-FIA (HPSEC-FIA) method, both methods gave similar results within the range of applicability of the new method.  相似文献   

7.
Optimal conditions were developed for hydrothermal processing of whole barley kernels (cv. Blenheim) to degrade phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and to increase the content of freemyo-inositol. The hydrothermal treatment comprised of two wet steeps, where lactic acid solution of different concentrations was used, and two dry steeps followed by successive drying. Experiments were performed as a central composite design and evaluated by multiple linear regression. The variables in the experiments were temperature in the first wet and dry steep (T1), temperature in the second wet and dry steep (T2) and lactic acid solution concentration in both wet steeps (C) and mathematical models were developed in these variables. Optimal conditions for maximal phytate degradation and for maximal increase of freemyo-inositol wereT1=48 °C,T2=48–50 °C andC=0·8%, at these conditions the amount of phytate was reduced by 95–96% and the freemyo-inositol concentration was increased from 0·56 to 2·45 μmol/g d.m. We conclude that this hydrothermal process can be used to produce a barley product (cv. Blenheim) with a low phytate content and a high level of freemyo-inositol.  相似文献   

8.
β-Glucan dietary fiber rich food systems hold a great potential for improving human health. Here, we evaluate the extractability and quality of β-glucan liquid formulations from eight different barley genotypes varying in β-glucan content and molecular structure using Termamyl® SC (T), Attenuzyme® (A) and Attenuzyme® Flex (AF) amylolytic enzymes in combinations. Extracts from barley lines Lys5f, KVL408, KVL1104 and CDC Fibar exceeded 4 g β-glucan/l, providing European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended amounts (3 g β-glucan/day) from three portions. TAF extracts of Lys5f and KVL408 grains reached extraordinary high concentrations of 8–9 g β-glucan/l. The β-glucan molecular mass decreased with enzyme treatment T < TA < TAF due to minor lichenase side activity. Extractability was generally higher and molecular mass lower for barley lines low in triosyl/tetraosyl (DP3/DP4) ratios than for those high in DP3/DP4 ratios (Lys5f, KVL408 and KVL1104). Overall, the higher β-glucan content and structural robustness in Lys5f and KVL408 raw materials favor these in a β-glucan rich extract with potential for EFSA and FDA health and nutrition claims.  相似文献   

9.
The cultivar and environmental variation of beta -amylase activity was studied using two barley cultivars with contrasting growth properties. There was a significant difference in beta -amylase activity between the two cultivars used, 92-11 being significantly higher than Xiumai 3. A significant variation in beta -amylase activity was detected between grains at different positions within a spike. The two cultivars showed the same pattern, with top grains showing the highest and bottom ones the lowest activities. The relative difference within a spike varied between the cultivars, with 92-11 being larger than Xiumai 3. Both seeding rate and timing of N application dramatically affected the beta -amylase activity. With N application at the booting stage, beta -amylase activity increased, mainly due to the significantly increased beta-amylase activity in the topmost grains. The bottom grains showed a lower response to timing of N application. The variation in protein content and grain weight between cultivars and among the various treatments was also examined. The possible influence of these factors on beta -amylase activity are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Franklin and Schooner, contain two different allelic forms of beta -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) encoded on chromosome 4H by the Bmy 1-Sd1 and Bmy 1-Sd2L alleles, respectively. The corresponding enzymes, referred to as Sd1 and Sd2L, were purified from both mature barley grain and germinated barley (green malt), and their physical and kinetic properties studied. Approximately 4 kDa were cleaved from both Sd1 and Sd2Lbeta -amylases after germination. The Kmvalue for green malt beta -amylase was less than that of mature grain beta -amylase for both varieties when potato starch was used as a substrate, although Vmaxwas similar. This indicated that proteolysis after germination increased the affinity of beta -amylase for potato starch. No significant kinetic differences were observed between beta -amylase from mature grain and green malt of the two barley varieties when amylose (degree of polymerisation 100 and 18) and maltopentaose were used as substrates. Kinetic differences were also observed between the two allelic forms of beta -amylase. Sd1 beta -amylase from green malt exhibited a lower Kmvalue for potato starch than Sd2L beta -amylase, demonstrating that at non-saturating starch concentrations Sd1 beta -amylase is better able to hydrolyse starch than Sd2L beta -amylase. As the degree of polymerisation of the substrates decreased from approximately 740 (potato starch) to 5 (maltopentaose), the Kmvalues for beta -amylase increased, whereas Vmaxvalues decreased. Maltose, the hydrolytic product of beta -amylase, was found to be a weak competitive inhibitor of both Sd1 and Sd2L green malt beta -amylases with respect to potato starch and amylose. Taken together the kinetic observations for bet a-amylase suggest that the allelic differences and C-terminal proteolysis might be exploited to improve the efficiency of starch hydrolysis during the mashing stage of the brewing process.  相似文献   

11.
The production of proteases by the cereal plant pathogens Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae was followed through seven days of cultivation. The fungi were grown in mineral and in gluten culture media, and on autoclaved barley grains. The proteolytic activities of each sample were analysed at pH 2·2, 5·0 and 8·0 and the pH optima of the most active proteases were determined. All of the fungi grown in the gluten medium produced proteases that were active at pH levels between 6 and 10 and were most active at about pH 9·0. Fusarium poae also produced acid protease(s) with pH optima between 3.0 and 3.5 when grown in the gluten medium. No protease activity was detected in the cultures that were grown in the mineral medium, except that a small amount was formed after the glucose substrate was depleted. When grown on the barley grain medium the Fusarium species produced protease activities that were similar to the neutral and alkaline ones present in the gluten cultures, but no pH 2·2 protease activity was detected. The alkaline proteases had some characteristics that were similar to those of chymotrypsin.  相似文献   

12.
Hulless barley breeding lines varying in amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan content (5–10% DM) have been developed at the Crop Development Centre, Canada. The objectives of this large-scale study were to 1) determine and confirm the effect of these new hulless barley lines (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) with altered carbohydrate traits on 1) metabolic characteristics of protein; 2) intestinal digestion of various nutrients and 3) modeling nutrient supply from these barley varieties by using NRC Dairy 2001 model and DVE/OEB system. CDC Copeland was included as a hulled barley control. Among the hulless barley lines, CDC Fibar contained the highest and CDC McGwire contained the lowest total digestible protein (TDP: 147 vs. 116 g/kg DM). HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in intestinal digestible protein (IDP: 40.6% RUP) but relatively lower (P < 0.05) in total digestible protein (TDP: 120 g/kg DM). Compared with hulless barley, hulled barley showed relatively lower (P < 0.05) intestinal digestible protein (38 vs. 53 g/kg DM) and total digestible protein (102 vs. 129 g/kg DM). In modeling nutrient supply from the DVE/OEB system, the results showed hulled barley was lower (P < 0.01) in true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI: 127 vs. 142 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed rumen bypassed feed protein in small intestine (ABCPDVE: 43 vs. 58 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE: 95 vs. 111 g/kg DM), and lower in degraded protein balance (OEBDVE: −39 vs. −23 g/kg DM) than the hulless barley lines but greater (P < 0.01) in undigested inorganic matter (9 g/kg DM). From NRC Dairy 2001 model, CDC Fibar was greater (P < 0.05) in degraded protein balance (OEBNRC: −30 g/kg DM) and metabolizable protein (MP: 118 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines, while hulled barley was relatively lower (P < 0.01) in total metabolizable protein (MP: 83 vs. 105 g/kg DM). Our correlation results suggested that TDP was negatively correlated to amylose (r = −0.85, P < 0.001) but positively correlated to β-glucan level (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) in hulless barley cultivars. The DVE and OEBDVE as well as MP were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to amylose level but positively correlated to β-glucan level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, altered carbohydrate traits in the hulless barley varieties have the potential to increase intestinal nutrient availability to ruminants and significantly improved the truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle compared to hulled barley. Hulless barley with lower amylose and higher β-glucan level could provide greater (P < 0.05) truly digested protein in the small intestine, better synchronized available energy and N and increase metabolizable protein supply to ruminants.  相似文献   

13.
Thermostability assays in conjunction with IEF and molecular mapping were used to identify three beta-amylase alleles (Bmyl-Sd1, -Sd2L, -Sd2H) in cultivated barley and an additional allele (Bmy1-Sd3) in an accession of wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. The four forms of beta-amylase exhibit different rates of thermal inactivation in barley extracts. This variation was shown to persist after the proteolytic processing of the enzyme that occurs during germination. Three forms of beta-amylase representing the range of thermostabilities were purified and shown to have T50 temperatures of 56·8°C for the Sd2L enzyme, 58·5°C for the Sd1 enzyme, and 60·8°C for the Sd3 beta-amylase from wild barley. Analysis of the relationship between beta-amylase thermostability and fermentability, i.e. the yield of fermentable sugars obtained from starch hydrolysis during brewing in 42 commercial malt samples suggests that increased thermostability results in more efficient starch degradation. Screening for specific beta-amylase alleles is proposed as a method for increasing fermentability in malting barley.  相似文献   

14.
Hulless barley breeding lines varying in amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan content (5–10% DM) have been developed at the Crop Development Centre, Canada. The objectives of this large-scale study were to 1) determine and confirm the effect of these new hulless barley lines (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) with altered carbohydrate traits on 1) metabolic characteristics of protein; 2) intestinal digestion of various nutrients and 3) modeling nutrient supply from these barley varieties by using NRC Dairy 2001 model and DVE/OEB system. CDC Copeland was included as a hulled barley control. Among the hulless barley lines, CDC Fibar contained the highest and CDC McGwire contained the lowest total digestible protein (TDP: 147 vs. 116 g/kg DM). HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in intestinal digestible protein (IDP: 40.6% RUP) but relatively lower (P < 0.05) in total digestible protein (TDP: 120 g/kg DM). Compared with hulless barley, hulled barley showed relatively lower (P < 0.05) intestinal digestible protein (38 vs. 53 g/kg DM) and total digestible protein (102 vs. 129 g/kg DM). In modeling nutrient supply from the DVE/OEB system, the results showed hulled barley was lower (P < 0.01) in true protein supplied to the small intestine (TPSI: 127 vs. 142 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed rumen bypassed feed protein in small intestine (ABCPDVE: 43 vs. 58 g/kg DM), lower in truly absorbed protein in the small intestine (DVE: 95 vs. 111 g/kg DM), and lower in degraded protein balance (OEBDVE: −39 vs. −23 g/kg DM) than the hulless barley lines but greater (P < 0.01) in undigested inorganic matter (9 g/kg DM). From NRC Dairy 2001 model, CDC Fibar was greater (P < 0.05) in degraded protein balance (OEBNRC: −30 g/kg DM) and metabolizable protein (MP: 118 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines, while hulled barley was relatively lower (P < 0.01) in total metabolizable protein (MP: 83 vs. 105 g/kg DM). Our correlation results suggested that TDP was negatively correlated to amylose (r = −0.85, P < 0.001) but positively correlated to β-glucan level (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) in hulless barley cultivars. The DVE and OEBDVE as well as MP were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to amylose level but positively correlated to β-glucan level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, altered carbohydrate traits in the hulless barley varieties have the potential to increase intestinal nutrient availability to ruminants and significantly improved the truly absorbed protein supply to dairy cattle compared to hulled barley. Hulless barley with lower amylose and higher β-glucan level could provide greater (P < 0.05) truly digested protein in the small intestine, better synchronized available energy and N and increase metabolizable protein supply to ruminants.  相似文献   

15.
Grain samples of 16 barleys, including covered and naked types, were selected to represent genotypes that were known to vary in their contents of protein, amylose and amylopectin and β-glucan contents of wort or grain. The chemical compositions of the samples were analysed, focusing particularly on dietary fibre components. Covered and naked barley genotypes differed in their average contents of non-starch polysaccharides, Klason lignin and ash. High amylose types had higher total β-glucan values (6·3% and 7·9%) than waxy types (5·4%–5·8%). The content of extractable β-glucan was only slightly correlated with total β-glucan content. On average, 44% of the xylose residues in water extractable arabinoxylans were substituted with arabinose residues. The presence of considerable amounts of xylopyranose substituted only at O-2 was detected in water extractable arabinoxylans.  相似文献   

16.
The use of esterase- and xylanase-rich extracts of barley for the release of ferulic acid (FA) from barley spent grain and wheat bran is proposed here. Esterase activity was determined in 11 barley varieties and enriched extracts were prepared from one of the varieties with higher activity, Halcyon (7·3 mU/g barley). The esterase(s) extract alone was able to release low amounts of FA from spent grain and wheat bran. However, the presence of the xylanase(s)-containing extract increased the release of FA and demonstrated synergistic reactions between these enzymes. Maximum FA released by the combination of esterase(s) and xylanase(s) extracts was 26% and 13·3% from spent grain and wheat bran respectively after 36 h incubation. FA from spent grain and wheat bran was also released by barley esterase(s) extract and Trichoderma viride xylanase. Reducing sugar release followed a pattern similar to that for the release of FA. However, barley xylanase(s) appear more specific than T. viride xylanase for spent grain. These results demonstrate the potential use of economical barley enzymes for the release of ferulic acid from cell wall materials.  相似文献   

17.
Grain characteristics and groat composition have been evaluated in 35 genotypes from nine taxonomic species of Avena, including three species (A. agadiriana, A. atlantica, A. damascena) for which no previous data are available. There was substantial interspecific and intraspecific variation for all characteristics measured. The proportion of groat in the grain ranged from 32·7–62·1%, and mean groat weight from 2·4–37·4 mg. Groat protein concentrations ranged from 13·9–41·3%, and exceeded 32% in one A. atlantica, two A. damascena and one A. murphyi genotype. Groat β-glucan concentration showed very wide variation (2·2–11·3%) are there were substantial interspecific and intraspecific differences. The highest β-glucan concentrations were found in genotypes of A. atlantica. Although there were interspecific and intraspecific variations in groat oil concentration (4·2–10·6%), and in fatty acid composition, data were within previously reported ranges for A. sativa. Overall these data indicate that some of the genotypes of the wild species studied may be of value for breeding oats with improved levels of β-glucan and protein, and that further studies are warranted into both interspecific and intraspecific variations in grain quality factors in wild oat species.  相似文献   

18.
The extractability behaviour of mixed linkage β-glucans from barley has been assessed during cooking and under different regimens used for fibre isolation. Whilst β-glucan extractability increased to around 50% during cooking, from around 30% in the raw flour, methods used for NSP isolation resulted in even greater extractability (>60%). Enzymic rather than chemical treatments were more important in accounting for the increased extractability. Endogenous proteases from the small intestine were shown to be capable of enhancing the extractability of the β-glucan to a level similar to that found in ileal effluent from patients fed an acute barley-based diet. This is consistent with the presence of mixed linkage β-glucans as proteoglycan complexes in barley. The extractability of β-glucans measuredin vivowas significantly higher (P<0·001) than that measured in the original barley but without protease treatment. Thus, not only do «unextractable» β-glucans from barley have the potential to behave as a source of soluble NSP but the fibre matrix can be modified during transit in the upper gut. Hence the amount of soluble fibre present during gut transit can differ significantly from that measured in foods. This has implications for assessing the mechanism(s) involved in determining the response to fibre in the diet. It is important to take account of modifications to the fibre matrix when assessing the dietary response to a fibre source.  相似文献   

19.
近年来,青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum Hook. f.)育种速度逐步加快,青稞品种的类别和数量日渐增多,形成了丰富的青稞品种资源。然而,在青稞资源的大量引种和品种资源交换过程中,造成了同名异物、同物异名的现象,因而建立高效、准确的青稞品种鉴定技术体系和数据系统迫在眉睫。为基于青稞品种基本信息实现青稞品种的快速和准确鉴定,本研究利用简化基因组(GBS)测序获得的青稞基因组高通量SNP基因分型数据,对314份青稞种质资源进行群体结构分析;根据SNP注释结果,筛选获得位于外显子区的SNP并计算其杂合率和遗传多态性指数;用Genstat的去冗余(IRREDUNDANT)指令通过顺序算法(sequential algorithm)获得能够区分参试青稞种质资源的核心SNP位点组合,并构建DNA指纹图谱,结合参试材料地理来源等基本信息构建青稞品种的分子身份证。结果表明,群体遗传结构分析可将314份参试青稞材料划分为3个类群,类群划分与其材料类型密切相关。从4 954个位于外显子区域的高质量SNP位点中筛选出14个多态性高且能完全区分青稞种质资源的SNP位点,称其为核心SN...  相似文献   

20.
Four hulless barley cultivars (zero-amylose waxy, CDC Fibar; 5%-amylose waxy, CDC Rattan; normal-amylose, CDC McGwire and high-amylose, HB08302) were developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, with differences in carbohydrates traits on the basis of amylose (1–20% DM) and β-glucan (5–10% DM) content. The objectives of this research were to determine: 1) the effect of the alteration of these carbohydrate traits in hulless barley on nutrient availability in ruminants, and 2) carbohydrate structure conformation on hourly effective rumen degradation ratio, in comparison with hulled barley-CDC Copeland. Among the hulless barley lines, HB08302 was greater (P < 0.05) in rumen bypass crude protein (BCP: 52.1% CP), effective degradability (ED) of neutral detergent fibre (EDNDF: 74 g/kg DM) than these in CDC Fibar, whereas CDC Fibar showed greater (P < 0.05) effective degradable crude protein (EDCP: 90 g/kg DM) than the other hulless barley lines. Compared with hulless barley, the hulled CDC Copeland showed relatively greater (P < 0.05) BNDF (62.5% NDF or 98 g/kg DM), starch degradation rate (Kd: 17.4%/h) and EDST (75.9% ST) but reduced (P < 0.05) rumen undegradable protein (RUP: 49 g/kg DM). With the respect to hourly effective degradation (ED) ratios, hulless barley cultivars exhibited relatively optimal hourly ED ratios, ranging from 23 to 34 g N/kg CHO, higher than the hulled barley. Among hulless barley cultivars, CDC Fibar and Rattan had the highest (P < 0.05) ratios (34 g N/kg CHO), while the ratio for CDC McGwire (23 g N/kg CHO) was the lowest (P > 0.05). In conclusion, hulless barley lines with altered carbohydrate traits have the potential to increase rumen nutrient availability to ruminants. The altered carbohydrate conformation of hulless barley affected hourly ED ratios, thus affecting rumen nitrogen to energy synchronization.  相似文献   

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