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1.
The northern Témiscamingue region (western Québec) sustained regional-scale pulses of natural disturbances during the 1850–2000 period, such as severe fires during the 1908–1926 period, two severe spruce budworm outbreaks that occurred in 1909–1918 and 1974–1984, and two birch dieback episodes around 1940 and 1980. These disturbances produced synchronous fluctuations in forest characteristics over large spatial scales. In this paper, we review possible responses of flora and fauna to pulsed large-scale disturbance events and speculate on whether they should be emulated to reduce the impacts of forest management on non-timber resources. The importance of large-scale disturbance pulses for biodiversity and forest ecosystem integrity is potentially great, but this aspect has been poorly investigated by previous research, and thus there is little information available to guide forest management. Large-scale, synchronous disturbances could be emulated by clustering harvesting activities in time, for example by creating “harvest pulses” of 10–20 years, separated by periods of 50–100 years or so with low harvest rates. A potential disadvantage of this strategy is that when our capacity to predict future natural disturbances is low, there is a higher probability of accidentally taking the forest ecosystem outside of the range of natural variability compared with a status quo forest management scenario. From a socio-economic perspective, another potential disadvantage is in creating irregular wood flows to the forest transformation industry. Nonetheless, in a context where the forest has been over-disturbed in the recent past, a forest management strategy involving fluctuating harvest rates could provide the means for faster ecosystem recovery compared with a status quo strategy. We recommend that the potential importance of disturbance pulses for boreal and sub-boreal ecosystems be more thoroughly investigated by future research to inform management and conservation policies. 相似文献
2.
恢复生态学理论对退化生态系统恢复的重要性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文综述了恢复生态学的概念、研究对象、研究内容，并应用恢复生态学理论对几类退化生态系统(湿地，喀斯特，采矿地，荒漠)的恢复和重建进行论述。表明退化生态系统的恢复是以恢复生态学理论为依据的，恢复生态学理论对退化生态系统的恢复和重建起到积极的指导作用。恢复生态学的理论基础是生态演替，退化生态系统恢复的实质是群落演替。在此理论指导下。首先排除干扰，再建立生产者、消费者、分解者和微环境系统对退化生态系统进行生态恢复。 相似文献
3.
Biodiversity in Asia is reviewed here from both scientific and socio-economic perspectives. Biodiversity in Asia has been
very high, for historical and climatic reasons; however, this situation has been changing rapidly, due to population growth
and economic development. The forest biodiversity in this region has both global and local value, yet it is seriously threatened.
As natural capital, biodiversity functions in a variety of ways: production and regulation functions have global value, while
habitat and information functions have social and cultural value, as well as local importance. Sustainable forest management
is dependent on the regulatory functions of the ecosystem and biodiversity. Sometimes the functions of forests or biodiversity
make conflict. Moreover, biodiversity has an information function related to sustainability via local knowledge and culture.
Levin’s (1999) proposals are helpful as a conceptual framework for developing sustainable management for Asian forests. 相似文献
4.
We critically examine the hypothesis that dry forests in southern British Columbia evolved in the context of a low-severity fire-dominated disturbance regime, that fire suppression has led to ecological conditions which are radically different from the past, and that “restoration” initiatives are required to re-establish former ecological conditions. Four sources of information were used to infer historic disturbance regimes and forest condition and to quantify the nature of disturbance since the early 1900s: (1) patterns of annual and seasonal weather and lightning strikes, (2) topographic variability, (3) records of wildfire, insect attack, and timber harvesting practices, and (4) early systematic forest surveys. 相似文献
5.
Montados are silvo-pastoral systems, typical of the western Mediterranean Basin. When well managed, these ecosystems provide relevant ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. In the northern part of the Mediterranean Basin, cork oak areas are mainly privately owned and a source of income to landowners, chiefly through cork and livestock production. Sustainable use is essential to maintain the ecological sustainability and socio-economic viability of these ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation and non-provisioning ecosystem services may generate additional incentives promoting sustainable use and conservation of montados, but require adequate mapping and identification. The high conservation value forest (HCVF) framework allows systematic inventory of biodiversity and non-provisioning ecosystem services and is widely applied in forest ecosystems. Here we exemplify the application of HCVF to the cork oak landscape of southern Portugal using a WebGIS tool that integrates the HCVF framework, in conjunction with Pareto optimization, to identify areas important for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We present a case study using threatened bird and reptile species, as examples of biodiversity attributes, and carbon storage and water recharge rate of aquifers, as examples of ecosystem services attributes. We identify those areas in a cork oak landscape of southern Portugal where biodiversity and ecosystem services attributes are optimized. These areas can be prioritized for implementing conservation mechanisms, such as payment for ecosystem services, to promote sustainable forest management. 相似文献
6.
生态问题与森林生态系统管理 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
徐国祯 《中南林业调查规划》2004,23(1):1-5
从当代生态问题的严峻形势出发,分析了生态问题的形成,与人类对生态过程的认识.进而从生态系统管理的基本概念出发,提出森林生态系统管理研究的重大意义,并从理论到实践上提出了研究森林生态系统的一些基本原则. 相似文献
7.
Amani A. Al-Assaf Yolla Y. Al-Asmar Bart D. Johnsen-Harris Marwan M. Al-Raggad 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(7):469-485
ABSTRACTDespite the growing body of research on ecosystem services and their valuation, Jordan still faces many challenges with integration of ecosystem service concepts into forest sustainability policy and management planning. One major challenge is the incorporation of local communities into policy design, planning, and implementation. This article aims to provide information about the social value of forests’ provisioning and cultural services in a spatial context using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The study utilizes a new approach to mapping value in rural areas by projecting local forest value from interview data. A value index is created based on indicated importance of services as well as proximity to households, permitting interpolation of value in forested areas between survey points. The resulting maps illustrate ecosystem service “hotspot” areas of significance to planning and management. This mapping technique can be applied in other locations where homes are situated near and within the ecosystems being assessed. The resulting maps serve to inform forest management policy and planning by better integrating communities’ preferences into development and conservation efforts, ensuring more efficient utilization of ecosystem services. 相似文献
8.
滨水空间是城市中重要的公共开放空间,建设良好的滨水生态环境是重塑城市生态景观的重要途径。以昆明市的母亲河盘龙江为研究对象,基于生态系统服务供需理论,通过实地调研和文献梳理,构建滨水空间生态系统服务供需评价体系;采用田野调查和问卷调查采集供需数据,结合雷达图将各河段的供需评价结果进行对比拟合分析。结果表明：盘龙江所有河段在调节服务方面的供给均大于需求;支持服务中的维持生物多样性维度有提升空间;文化服务需要提升,尤其应重点关注历史文化传承。基于供需匹配结果,有针对性地提出完善滨水空间服务功能、开展滨水生态科普工作、重塑具有地域文化特色的滨水空间等策略。 相似文献
9.
Exotic pests and pathogens can cause extensive mortality of native species resulting in cascading effects within an ecosystem. As ecosystems lose species to exotic enemies, ecosystem function may be disrupted if the ecological roles are not filled by the remaining species. To illustrate this concept, this paper examines the impacts of an exotic fungus (Discula dectructiva) on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), historically a common understory tree species in eastern U.S. hardwood forests. Recent studies indicate that dogwood plays an important role in the health and ecological integrity of forest ecosystems throughout the eastern U.S. by increasing the availability of calcium in the biota-rich surface horizons of forest soils. However, Discula destructiva causes a disease, dogwood anthracnose, which can rapidly kill dogwood trees. This paper also illustrates how past fire has increased dogwood density and improved tree health in areas infected with anthracnose, suggesting that prescribed fire may offer a tool for land managers to maintain dogwood as a component in eastern U.S. hardwood forests by shifting the “ideal” disturbance regime of this previously fire-intolerant species. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):307-316
Concerns for maintaining biodiversity have led to the adoption of ecosystem management as the paradigm for federal land management. This approach will identify desired future conditions as the goal for management, based on ecological objectives for a given landscape. Some management efforts attempt to identify desired future conditions based on existing successional stages as defined by a classification of overstory vegetation types. Such an approach ignores most of the underlying ecological parameters of the landscape, and is inadequate for identifying past disturbance regimes and future successional pathways. An assessment of desired future conditions based on an ecological classification system is essential to overcome these inadequacies. The strategy proposed in this paper uses an appropriate ecological land classification, based on either ecological land types or habitat types, included in a broader hierarchical classification system. It also uses a vegetation map of existing overstory vegetation. These two maps are overlaid to generate polygons of ecological units that can then be used to create an ecosystem diversity matrix. Each polygon (stand) can be evaluated as to its composition and structure relative to its possible placement within the ecosystem diversity matrix through comparisons with historical ranges of variability. The overall ecosystem diversity matrix can then be examined in terms of the distribution of successional stages within each habitat type or ecological land type. The goal should be to maintain at least adequate ecological representation of all successional stages within each habitat type that occurred historically, based on past disturbance regimes. Adequate ecological representation is defined as sufficient size and distribution of inherent ecosystems to maintain viable populations of all endemic species dependent on these ecosystems. This approach can maintain and enhance regional biodiversity, but also maintain flexibility in land management options. 相似文献
11.
Rupert Seidl Chris S. Eastaugh Koen Kramer Michael Maroschek Christopher Reyer Jarosław Socha Giorgio Vacchiano Tzvetan Zlatanov Hubert Hasenauer 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(5-6):653-666
Scaling is widely recognized as a central issue in ecology. The associated cross-scale interactions and process transmutations make scaling (i.e. a change in spatial or temporal grain and extent) an important issue in understanding ecosystem structure and functioning. Moreover, current concepts of ecosystem stewardship, such as sustainability and resilience, are inherently scale-dependent. The importance of scale and scaling in the context of forest management is likely to further increase in the future because of the growing relevance of ecosystem services beyond timber production. As a result, a consideration of processes both below (e.g. leaf-level carbon uptake in the context of climate change mitigation) and above (e.g. managing for biodiversity conservation at the landscape scale) the traditional focus on the stand level is required in forest ecosystem management. Furthermore, climate change will affect a variety of ecosystem processes across scales, ranging from photosynthesis (tree organs) to disturbance regimes (landscape scale). Assessing potential climate change impacts on ecosystem services thus requires a multi-scale perspective. However, scaling issues have received comparatively little attention in the forest management community to date. Our objectives here are thus first, to synthesize scaling issues relevant to forest management and second, to elucidate ways of dealing with complex scaling problems by highlighting examples of how they can be addressed with ecosystem models. We have focused on three current management issues of particular importance in European forestry: (1) climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, (2) multi-functional stand management for biodiversity and non-timber goods and services and (3) improving the resilience to natural disturbances. We conclude that taking into account the full spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dynamics of forest ecosystems in management decision-making is likely to make management more robust to increasing environmental and societal pressures. Models can aid this process through explicitly accounting for system dynamics and changing conditions, operationally addressing the complexity of cross-scale interactions and emerging properties. Our synthesis indicates that increased attention to scaling issues can help forest managers to integrate traditional management objectives with emerging concerns for ecosystem services and therefore deserves more attention in forestry. 相似文献
12.
Disturbance is a key factor affecting plant species richness and it has been hypothesized that species richness reaches a peak some time after disturbance occurs. Managed boreal forests are characterized by large scale disturbance in the form of clear-cuttings, which partly resembles natural disturbance regimes. The young stands however, which may be important to many plants, are often homogenous and dense compared to naturally regenerated stands. We examined previously unstudied effects of disturbance, succession and management practices on plant species richness in boreal forests. Survey data covering the northern and central parts of Sweden (4465 plots) were used to compare species richness and composition in four stand maturity classes—“cutting”, “young”, “pre-mature” and “mature”, and two fertility classes—“rich” and “poor”. In addition, the effect of thinning was examined in young and pre-mature forests. 相似文献
13.
14.
Complexity in modelling forest ecosystems: How much is enough? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James P. Kimmins Juan A. Blanco Brad Seely Clive Welham Kim Scoullar 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
The levels-of-integration concept in ecology suggests that while the population and community levels of biological organization provide understanding, they do not provide an adequate basis for predicting future states of populations, communities or ecosystems. Empirical models of populations and communities are implicitly ecosystem level because they are based on measures of the results of all past determinants that affected the populations and communities in question. They can be good predictors under unchanging conditions, but they are not able to predict for changing conditions, which requires the explicit representation of those ecological processes that are anticipated to change. The question addressed in this paper is: how does the performance of a “simple” stand-level model change as representations of these processes are added, and how much complexity is enough? Examples are given of change in performance of the ecosystem management model FORECAST run as a light competition model as nutrient regulation of growth and understory interactions are added singly or in combination. These examples are framed in comparisons of simulations for a white spruce stand in the in boreal mixedwood region in northern British Columbia, for a long-term thinning-fertilization trial in a Douglas-fir stand on southern Vancouver Island, and for yield decline in Chinese fir in south eastern China. It is concluded that the effect of adding complexity on the predictions of this model depends on the time scale of the simulation and the management or natural disturbance regime that is being simulated. The results supported Occam's razor: that models should be as simple as possible but as complex as necessary. 相似文献
15.
Guiding Principles for Small-Scale Forestry in a Watershed of the Venezuelan Andes: Constraints and Opportunities 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In the Venezuelan Andes, some small-scale forest plantations have become an important resource basis for forest management.
In this paper, the forestry management progress in the Mucujún river watershed is analyzed. Constraints and opportunities
for sustainable management within national policies, local regulations, environmental features and social benefits are also
examined. Plantation assessment, and biophysical, legal and socioeconomics information, are used for guiding small-scale forestry
practices in this watershed, with emphasis on the main principles of landscape management. These plantations have become an
important part of the socio-ecological landscapes with potential for wood production—in the context of low intensity and low
environmental impact environmental services and amenity—because of the two protected areas within the watershed. Current forest
stand conditions, however, reflect that management requires improvement. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that improvement
of local livelihoods may be achieved with a small-scale forestry approach, taking properly into account the basic criteria
of social involvement and management of planted forests, while maintaining ecosystem services including biodiversity and water
supply. 相似文献
16.
Knowing—experience from the past; understanding—investigation of structures, patterns and processes in the present; forecasting—prediction of possible future ecosystem states based on a combination of knowing and understanding. All are necessary, but none is sufficient for the achievement of sustainability and stewardship of forests. Both Occam and Einstein advocated that theory and explanation (and, by logical inference, policy and practice) should be as simple as possible, but as complex as necessary. Studies at any level of biological organization provide understanding, but prediction must be made at true levels of biological and physical integration—the ecosystem in the case of forest ecology. Reducing complexity to facilitate disciplinary hypothesis testing is a necessary part of ecological sub-disciplines, but for the products of reductionist, disciplinary science to be useful in society's quest for a sustainable relationship with forests, the pieces of the scientific jigsaw puzzle must be integrated into a complete picture, and the picture projected forward over time to create a “movie” of possible forest futures. 相似文献
17.
It is widely accepted that for many North American forest ecosystems, changes in species composition and structure are associated with departures from natural disturbance regimes (e.g., fire exclusion). It also widely accepted that restoration of species composition and structure, similar to those which existed under natural disturbance regimes, will in turn restore and maintain: (1) ecosystem resilience to a broad range of environmental challenges; (2) important elements of ecosystem function; and (3) disturbance-adapted species assemblages and thus conservation of biodiversity. Much of the research relevant to emulating natural disturbance regimes (ENDR) in North America has focused on natural fire regimes, particularly those characterized by frequent/low-severity fires. Increasingly, attention is being focused on natural disturbance regimes other than fire and on interactions between different disturbance types. However, the greatest challenges to implementation of ENDR are socioeconomic rather than ecological. There is, for example, limited social acceptance of management based on high-severity natural disturbance regimes. And while there is much broader acceptance of ENDR based on frequent/low-severity disturbance regimes, there is nevertheless strong disagreement concerning how ENDR is to be implemented. 相似文献
18.
In future decades, initiatives on biomass-based energy development in Europe should reduce fossil fuel dependence and help to combat climate change as required by the conference of the parties 21. In this context, forest biomass can play a key role within the bioenergy sector due to its high growth potential. The use of forest biomass for energy has positive and negative effects on other ecosystem services, on stand characteristics, and on forest management practices. The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of forest bioenergy production on six ecosystem services (biodiversity, recreation, landscape aesthetics, carbon sequestration, soil erosion protection, water quality). These effects have been assessed by 80 experts in two countries (Italy and Turkey), considering two different forest management practices (clear-cutting of coppices and woody residue removal after felling in high forests). The results show that coppice clear-cutting has negative effects on almost all ecosystem services according to the experts’ opinions. The highest negative effects are on landscape aesthetics and soil protection. The effects of woody residue removal on biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soil erosion protection, and water quality are considered negative by the experts, while the effects on recreation activities and landscape aesthetics are considered positive. The highest negative effects of this forest management scenario are on soil protection and biodiversity. The experts’ opinions about the effects of forest management practices on ecosystem services can provide information to understand the environmental sustainability of bioenergy development in future years. 相似文献
19.
阐述城市森林与城市林业的概念、城市与城市森林的范围、森林城市的涵义与创建森林城市的意义。文章的重点是以生态学原理创建森林城市,主要生态学原理是生物多样性导致生态系统稳定性原理、模拟天然林群落结构——系统性原理以及自然选择与生态适应原理,提出应用景观生态学原理使城市森林一体化,体现"岛屿生物地理学"理论,通过生态系统食物链的调节作用控制森林病虫害。
相似文献
20.
Quanhou Dai Guobin Liu Sha Xue Xue Lan Sheng Zhai Junliang Tian Guoliang Wang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(3):241-250
Ecosystem health is the object of water and soil conservation and ecological building in loess hilly areas under erosion environment.
Using principles of ecosystem health quantitative assessment and diagnosis index selection, 17 factors were considered from
three aspects: resource and environmental capacity, social and economic impact, and ecological services. An evaluation index
system on ecosystem health was established for a small watershed under erosion conditions. Mean-square deviation was employed
to determine the weight of each factor and then step-up multilayer synthesis with linear weighting function was used to build
a two-level hierarchy and collection index health consultation model. The health dynamics of the ecosystem in the small watershed
under erosion conditions was analyzed. Results show that the watershed ecosystem is relatively stable and has an increasing
annual fluctuation (0.370 in 1985 to 0.573 in 2003) for the health index. This increasing trend indicates an adequately strong
ability for sustainable development. At the same time, obstacles and advantages to the watershed ecosystem health were studied
by introducing the concepts of obstacle degree and advantage, and path analysis method, considering the real economic optimal
level as the uppermost goal. Finally, suggestions on ecological building were provided as a scientific basis for ecosystem
rehabilitation in the small watershed.
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2,219–2,228 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献