共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Kazutaka Kato 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(3):205-210
The factors involved in the successful escape of overwintered larvae of Epinotia granitalis from host oleoresin in the phloem of Cryptomeria japonica were studied. The mortality, period, and body weight of E. granitalis overwintered larvae while feeding on the phloem of C. japonica were compared with the same parameters for Semanotus japonicus larvae. The seasonal fluctuation in the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals in the phloem was also assessed. The oleoresin mortality of E. granitalis was low compared with that of S. japonicus. Although both species started feeding on approximately the same date in spring, the feeding period of E. granitalis was only about 24 days, showing that E. granitalis faced the danger of host oleoresin for a shorter period than S. japonicus. The larval weight of E. granitalis was consistently greater than that of S. japonicus through the phloem-feeding period of E. granitalis, and the growth rate was also higher in E. granitalis, suggesting that E. granitalis had a better ability to avoid host oleoresin. These results demonstrated that not only the feeding habits, that is, the tendency of a single larva to feed at several sites, but also the shorter feeding period and larger body size were probably the important factors facilitating escape of E. granitalis from host oleoresin mortality. Furthermore, the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals increased after the starting date of larval feeding in spring. Because E. granitalis finished feeding before the culmination of the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals, it was likely that the shorter feeding period was the most important factor in enabling E. granitalis to escape from mortality by host oleoresin. 相似文献
2.
Parasitism by parasitoid wasps on the larvae of Epinotia granitalis (Butler), which is a wood-injuring pest in coniferous plantations, was observed for 6 years in two plantation forests of
Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. and Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don that were adjacent to each other and consisted of trees of almost the same size. E. granitalis larvae were collected from early April to mid-May, then reared in glass bottles, and finally examined to determine whether
or not the larvae had been parasitized. Five species of parasitoids were recorded; two of them were classified in Ichneumonidae,
Campoplex spp. A and B, and others in Braconidae, Iconella repleta Papp, Bassus cingulipes Nees von Esenbeck, and Bracon spp. In all 6 years, parasitism was first observed around 20 April. Species composition of parasitoids differed greatly among
years and between forests. In 1 year in each forest the percentage parasitism increased significantly with the sampling date,
indicating that not all parasitoids attack the same developmental stage of E. granitalis. The mean percentage parasitism per year was significantly higher in the forest of C. obtusa [11.5(%) ± 5.7(SD)] than in the forest of C. japonica (3.0 ± 4.1). These results suggest that the efficiency of parasitoid adults in finding hosts differed between the two forests.
Received: September 20, 2001 / Accepted: August 5, 2002
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. K. Maeto, Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and to Dr. K.
Konishi, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, for identifying parasitoids, and to Dr. T. Miyaura, Forest
Tree Breeding Center, and Dr. H. Kosaka, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their helpful advice throughout
the study.
Correspondence to:K. Kato 相似文献
3.
Yasuo Suto 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(1):59-65
In order to confirm the pathogenicity ofCistella japonica, inoculation experiments were conducted onto several coniferous trees. Resinous lesions similar to those of the resinous
stem canker developed by the inoculation withCi. japonica only onChamaecyparis obtusa. Chamaecyparis trees were heavily affected when inoculated with the fungus in November, but slightly in May and August. Resin flows occurred
when inocula ofCi. japonica were put into the holes made on stem barks and on pruning scars. Isolates ofCi. japonica varied greatly in the pathogenicity. On the lesions caused by the fungus, resinous and necrotic areas expanded in fusiform
or oblong shape, and resin cysts were formed in inner barks. Beneath some necrotic inner barks, sapwood was suppressed in
growth for the damages in cambial cells and stained.Ci. japonica was reisolated from the inoculated lesion tissues, though isolation frequency of the fungus became lower in some lesions
two or more years after the inoculation. The results of these inoculations proved thatCi. japonica was the causal agent of the resinous stem canker ofCh. obtusa. 相似文献
4.
Yasuo Suto 《Journal of Forest Research》1998,3(2):99-102
In the resinous lesion development caused by the inoculation withCistella japonica onChamaecyparis obtusa stem, numerous traumatic resin-canals were formed at certain radial intervals in the secondary phloem. These formation started
in the ring grown in the current or the previous year of inoculation and the resin-canals were subsequently formed in the
newly grown rings. The resin-canals were arranged in tangential series in one to two lines in an annual-ring. Artificially
induced resin-canal formation was similar to that in naturally infected resinous stem canker. The results from the present
study reconfirmed thatCi. japonica is the causal agent of the disease. 相似文献
5.
Noriaki Katsumata Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Kunio Tsunoda Yuji Imamura 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(4):361-364
The effect of gamma irradiation at 100 kGy and at lower levels on termite resistance was examined in the laboratory by no-choice
and choice feeding termite tests (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) using four wood species: sapwood of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, and heartwoods of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco, Larix kaempferi (Lambert) Carriere, and Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. The wood consumption rates in C. japonica and P. menziesii specimens were likely to increase with increases in gamma-irradiation levels, whereas little effect of gamma irradiation
was seen in L. kaempferi and C. obtusa. Similar results were obtained in the two-choice test. The current results indicated that in the two-choice test with C. formosanus, 100-kGy-irradiated C. japonica and P. menziesii, which are not rich in antitermite substances, were eaten more than other wood samples with or without gamma irradiation.
However, only C. japonica showed significant difference in termite feeding activity. The mass loss in 100-kGy-irradiated C. japonica was significantly higher in the multichoice test. 相似文献
6.
Effects of different forest floor vegetation types in secondary forest and of conversion to plantation on the quality and
quantity of ectomycorrhizas are mostly unknown.Betula platyphylla var.japonica seedlings were used for bioassays of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum using soils from four 50-year-oldB. platyphylla var.japonica forests that had different types of forest floor vegetation: two with shrub types, one with aSasa type, and one with a grass type. Seedlings were also grown in soil from a nearby monospecific plantation ofChamaecyparis obtusa. Ectomycorrhizas formed 13 to 26% of root length of seedlings grown in soil from the five different sites. The maximum percentage
of ectomycorrhizal formation was obtained from the grass-type forest. The dominant type of ectomycorrhiza in the two shrub-type
forest soils was the same as that in theSasa-type forest soil. The dominant types of ectomycorrhizas in the grass-type forest soil and in theC. obtusa plantation soil were different from that in the two shrub-type forest soils and in theSasa-type forest soil. The results of this investigation suggest that the type of forest floor vegetation, accompanied with changes
in thickness of the A0 horizon, might affect the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soils ofB. platyphylla var.japonica forests. Establishment of artificial plantations ofC. obtusa might change the ectomycorrhizal fungi that could associate withB. platyphylla var.japonica seedlings in soil. 相似文献
7.
The effect of volatile matter from various wood chips on house dust mites and their influence on human comfort were measured.
To investigate the effect of volatile matter on the mite speciesDermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the activity of the mites was observed after exposure to volatile matter from six species of wood chips. The degree of activity
of the mites was classified into two categories: (1) walking or moving and (2) immobilized. To measure their influence on
human comfort, the smells of those wood chips were evaluated by the subjects. Among softwoods, volatile matter fromChamaecyparis obtusa andThujopsis dolabrata var.hondai chips suppressed the activity of the mites highly and made the subjects feel refreshed and unexcited.Cryptomeria japonica showed slight suppression of the mites and was considered to be refreshing, natural, and unexciting by the subjects. Among
hardwoods,Cinnamomum camphora highly suppressed mites activity and was considered to be non-refreshing and exciting by the subjects.
Part of this paper was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999 相似文献
8.
To determine whether Monochamus alternatus can use the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) as a host tree, experiments were conducted in a laboratory using three insect populations of different localities. Adult
females chose Pinus densiflora bolts as oviposition substrate when supplied with cedar and pine bolts simultaneously, whereas some females from one locality
oviposited on cedar bolts when supplied with them exclusively. Seventy-three percent of 40 eggs hatched in cedar bolts. When
the first instar larvae were inoculated on cedar bolts, the development was stunted greatly and all died during the larval
stage. Two of 20 larvae that were inoculated on cedar bolts at the third instar entered the diapause and one larva developed
into an adult female, which produced viable eggs but was much smaller than those obtained from pine bolts. The results did
not exclude the possibility that M. alternatus can use recently killed C. japonica trees as a host. 相似文献
9.
Cistella japonica was inoculated onto the stems of youngChamaecyparis obtusa trees, and the development of external and internal symptoms was investigated for five years. Most lesions started exuding
resin from May to July during the first growing season after inoculation, while a few lesions started exuding resin during
the second growing season. Resin exudation lasted for two successive years on most lesions, and during successive three, four,
or five years on some lesions. Resin exuded excessively in the secondary phloem of the lesions and resin cysts frequently
developed there. The lesions where cambial tissue was necrosed occupied 18% of all the lesions and the resinous areas expanded
to a larger size than those where resin simply exuded in the phloem.Ci. japonica was reisolated from some inoculated lesion tissues at a high frequency. The isolation frequency of the fungus from some lesion
tissues two and more years later was zero or low and that ofCryptosporiopsis abietina was high.
This work was supported by a grant from the Forest Agency of the Japanese Government. 相似文献
10.
A monoterpene and 15 diterpenes were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the bark-glued resin from the resinous stem canker ofThujopsis dolabrata var.hondae Makino. A monoterpene (nezukone20) and 4 diterpenes (acetyl torulosol5, acetyl isocupressic acid8, acetyl abietinol11, and 7-methoxytotarol18) were characteristic constituents of the ethyl acetate extracts but were absent in then-hexane extracts from the resinous stem canker ofT. dolabrata var.hondae. These terpenes were first isolated fromT. dolabrata var.hondae andT. dolabrata. The available literature suggests that diterpene18 is a new compound. The resinous stem canker ofChamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher contained larger amounts of manool1,trans-communic acid6, and ferruginol12 and smaller amounts of isocupressic acid7 and abietinol10 than the resinous stem canker ofT. dolabrata var.hondae. The concentration of18 was less than 2% in the extracts, and the resinous stem canker ofC. obtusa lacked this compound. The resinous stem cankers ofC. obtusa andT. dolabrata var.hondae provided extracts 15.6 and 4.96 times, respectively, heavier than the healthy ones. Large differences in the ratios and compositions of terpenes were also observed between the resinous stem canker and the healthy trees. Terpenes isolated from the extracts contained many kinds of diterpene, especially the labdane-type diterpenes, in these diseased trees. These results suggest that the presence of labdane-type diterpenes is closely associated with the resinous stem canker or the causal fungi of this disease.Part of this report was presented at the 50th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000 相似文献
11.
Six kinds of extracts drawn fromAjuga multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata and A. multiflora var.serotina using methanol and acetone were used in this experiment to test their killing activity to the second instar larvae ofHyphantria cunea and their influence on its natural enemies. The average death rate caused by those extracts on the second instar larvae was
85.70%. The mortality rate caused by the extracts drawn with methanol was from 88.89% to 96.33%, which was significantly higher
than that caused by acetone extracts. Those extracts were safe toTrichogramma dendrolimi, Coccinella septempunctata, the natural enemies ofH. cunea. We did not found any evidence shown that those extracts had any influence the emergence and the development ofT. dendrolimi. Those methanolic extracts gotten fromA. multiflora andA. multiflora var.brevispicata had no significant effects on the mortality of the larvae and adults ofC. septempunctata. Those extracts could be used in the control ofH. cunea safely.
The research was sponsored by National Nature Science Fundation (39470586)
(Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai) 相似文献
12.
Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), (= A. marcopoli Obenberger), is an important bark beetle attacking ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). It is very difficult to detect and control because of its highly concealed life history. This pest mainly distributed
in partial Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia) and Far East Russia, while in China it presented in Heilongjiang,
Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Taiwan Provinces and Tianjin City, etc. The important timber species F. mandshurica and gardening tree F. velutina were damaged severely in northern China. Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important ectoparasitic wasp of the EAB larvae. This parasitoid has the potential to
use as an excellent biological control agent for suppressing populations of EAB. The differences of emergence date between
overwintered S. agrili and its host, parasitism rates at different periods, relations between parasitism rates and host densities, and relationships
between ovipositions of braconid wasp and body sizes of host larvae were studied using methods of regular surveys in forests
and observations in laboratory. Results revealed that the emergence of S. agrili was more than one month later than that of its host. It suggests good synchrony between parasitoid emergence and host availability.
The overwintered S. agrili emerged from mid June to mid August with the peak in July in 2003, and it lasted from late May till late July with the peak
during late June to early July in 2004. While the EAB emergence period ranged from mid May to late May in 2003, it ranged
from mid April to mid May in 2004 (in laboratory). The emergence date of parasitoid asynchronously inosculated with the optimum
developmental instars of the earliest host larvae, which was the result of a long-term co-evolution between the two species.
It was also suggested that the parasitoid S. agrili could be a specialized natural enemy for EAB. The natural parasitism rates on the whole gradually increased in field with
time. The body sizes of host larvae, i.e. larval instar, affected the decision of parasitoid S. agrili to lay eggs or not. Under natural conditions, this parasitoid usually oviposited only on those host larvae with a prontum
and body width more than 1.5 mm, and a body length in excess of 12 mm, i.e. the third or fourth instar larvae. These findings
would consequentially contribute to the further successfully biological control of the trunk borer.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1,103–1,109 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
13.
The colonization preference and population trends of larval fig psylla Homotoma ficus L. were studied in Bursa, northwestern Turkey, from March 2000 to July 2001. Homotoma ficus overwintered at the egg stage on terminal buds and lenticels of shoots. Larval emergence occurred on 30th and 11th March
in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Degree-day (DD) accumulations since 1st January indicate that the emergence of first larvae
averaged 47 DD based on the larval developmental threshold of 10.9°C. Although the population trends of Homotoma ficus larvae were affected by temperature and rainfall, there was only significant relationship between larval abundance and temperature.
The first instar larvae significantly preferred the bottom and the inside stipule of leaves. The second instar larvae distributed
not only on expanding green tissues but also on both the upper and lower surface of leaves corresponding to the fig bud development
period. Third to fifth instars colonized significantly greater on the bottom of leaves compared with the stipule and upper
surface. In addition, significant linear relationship was found between fig phenology and cumulative larval counts. The importance
of the colonization preference of larval instars and the use of fig phenology as well as DD for timing of insecticide treatments
are discussed. 相似文献
14.
To evaluate the influence of excessive N deposition on the water consumption of a Japanese plantation forest, 1-year-old seedlings of major plantation trees, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki cypress), were treated with combinations of two N levels (Moderate N and High N) and two soil water conditions (Dry and Moist) for 4 months. The High N treatment received five times as much N as in the Moderate N treatment; the total amount of N added in the High N treatment was roughly 25 times the annual N deposition in precipitation. An increase in soil N availability increased the needle transpiration rate, needle biomass, and needle N content of C. japonica under the Moist treatment, whereas those of C. obtusa were not significantly affected by soil N treatment at either soil water level. Needle N content in C. japonica was positively related to needle photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. Our results suggested that excessive N deposition has the potential to enhance water consumption in C. japonica stands on moist soils. However, the effects of increased N deposition would be insignificant for C. japonica grown on dry sites. Unlike in C. japonica, water consumption in C. obtusa would be unlikely to respond to excess N deposition, regardless of the soil moisture level. Moreover, the significant reduction in the fine root to needle ratio observed with excessive N application in C. japonica under both Dry and Moist treatments suggests that excessive N deposition is likely to cancel out the tree's morphological adaptation to drought. 相似文献
15.
A series of two filtration experiments were conducted to evaluate the filtration function of forest soil experimentally. The
first experiment evaluated the differences between the filtration capabilities of the A0 horizon and A horizon, and the effect of overstory species on the filtration function of the A0 horizon. Undisturbed A0, A and A0+A horizons were collected for the filter mediums with cylindrical samplers. Leaves ofQuercus serrata, Quercus myrsinaeforia, Sasa senanensis Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa, andCryptomeria japonica were also packed in the samplers. Various suspended sediment concentration of water were sprayed at constant intensity on
the surface of samples. Filtering coefficients were not affected by SS concentration in all samples, and the order of filtering
coefficient was: A0 horizons>A0+A horizons>A horizons in undisturbed forest soil samples, andQuercus serrata>Sasa senanensis>Quercus myrsinaeforia>Pinus densiflora”Chamaecyparis obtusa>Cryptomeria, japonica in leaf samples. These results led to the conclusion that SS from managed forests can best be prevented by buffer zones where
a thick A0 horizon is maintained. The second experiment evaluated the effect of turbid water supply rate on the filtration capacity.
Undisturbed A horizons and four leaf types,Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa, andCryptomeria japonica were used as filter mediums. Filtering coefficients were inversely proportional to supply rate of turbid water in all samples. 相似文献
16.
The ascomycete Cistella japonica was cultured on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) for inoculation into Chamaecyparis obtusa, enabling the development of an inoculation method suitable for use in a breeding programme aimed at selecting for families of Ch. obtusa resistant to resinous stem canker. Using PDA to generate the inoculum resolved the problems encountered with the previously used mixed medium of rice bran and wheat bran, including unfavourable characteristics, uncertain growth of Ci. japonica mycelia, and a complex culturing operation. The inoculation test induced resin exudation similar to that observed in natural infections, and reproduced clonal differences with regard to damage severity. 相似文献
17.
18.
We compared the efficiency of washing versus the Tullgren method for extracting microarthropods from dead leaves and branches
in the canopy of Cryptomeria japonica trees. Oribatida and Collembola were consistently the numerically dominant taxa of microarthropods, but the relative abundance
differed between the two extraction methods. Oribatida accounted for more than 70% of all the microarthropods collected by
the washing method but less than 30% by the Tullgren method. Collembola accounted for less than 10% collected by the washing
method but about 60% by the Tullgren method. The density of Oribatida was higher when collected by the washing method than
by the Tullgren method, and vice versa for the density of Collembola. Our results suggest that the washing method is appropriate
for collecting Oribatida and other microarthropods, whereas the Tullgren method is better for collecting Collembola from the
canopy litter of C. japonica trees. 相似文献
19.
Seasonal development of resinous stem canker was determined in Chamaecyparis obtusa trees wound‐inoculated with Cistella japonica in January 1996. Samples for anatomical analysis were harvested on 20 May, 9 July and 6 August in the second year of inoculation, and the sections were observed under light microscope. Resin exudation was most abundant in the second year, decreasing in the third. All new resin exudation in the second year was recognized at the May observation. New traumatic resin canal formation was observed in the August samples, and an expansion of necrotic lesions was observed mainly in summer samples in the inoculated trees and in naturally affected trees. Cistella japonica was re‐isolated from all bark lesions or inoculated wounds examined. These results suggest that the activity of Ci. japonica in the tree affects the seasonal development of resinous stem canker during the growing season of the trees. 相似文献
20.
Casmara patrona is one of the main borer pests damaging Camellia oleifera in China. Few reports about this insect were published. The life history, biological characteristics and natural enemies of C. patrona were investigated through field survey and laboratory observation in this study. The results showed that C. patrona had one generation in one year or two years, and overwintered as 3rd-5th instar larva in Zhejiang Province. About 88 percent of larvae began to pupate in early May, and the rest kept feeding till the next year. The adults could be observed from early June to early July, and the peak of emergence occurred in late June. The adults began to oviposit in late June and terminated in early July. The eggs started hatching in early July, and then the larvae bored into the branch to feed. The entrance holes of the larvae distributed predominately in the middle of the eastern and southern part of C. oleifera tree. The larva had five instars, and there were 10-50 days when the larva did not feed between consecutive instars. 相似文献