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1.
Lucas A. Smolders Niklas Bergknut Guy C.M. Grinwis Ragnvi Hagman Anne-Sofie Lagerstedt Herman A.W. Hazewinkel Marianna A. Tryfonidou Björn P. Meij 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2013,195(3):292-299
Dogs can be grouped into two distinct types of breed based on the predisposition to chondrodystrophy, namely, non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) and chondrodystrophic (CD). In addition to a different process of endochondral ossification, NCD and CD breeds have different characteristics of intravertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and IVD degenerative diseases. The anatomy, physiology, histopathology, and biochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the healthy and degenerated IVD are discussed in the first part of this two-part review. This second part describes the similarities and differences in the histopathological and biochemical characteristics of IVD degeneration in CD and NCD canine breeds and discusses relevant aetiological factors of IVD degeneration. 相似文献
2.
Mohammed ABDEL-HAKIEM Ayuko YAMASHITA Ayman ATIBA Yasuhiko OKAMURA Masaaki KATAYAMA Haroun YOUSSEF Hiroshi ISOMURA Yuji UZUKA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2016,78(1):97-100
The pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is not fully understood. The
biomolecular signaling pathways involved in the IVD degeneration require further
investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NG2 proteoglycan
in the degenerated IVD. IVD samples were obtained from 16 Dachshunds that were confirmed
to have IVD herniation and subsequently underwent hemilaminectomy. The samples were
subjected to histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations. IHC revealed
positive results for the expression of NG2 proteoglycan in all examined samples. The
results showed the expression of NG2 proteoglycan by the degenerated IVDs. 相似文献
3.
Stefanie Veraa Wilhelmina Bergmann Inge D. Wijnberg Willem Back Hans Vernooij Mirjam Nielen Antoon‐Jan M. van den Belt 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2019,60(6):696-706
Morphology of the equine cervical intervertebral disc is different from that in humans and small companion animals and published imaging data are scarcely available. The objectives of this exploratory, methods comparison study were (a) to describe MRI features of macroscopically nondegenerated and degenerated intervertebral discs (b) to test associations between spinal location and macroscopic degeneration or MRI‐detected annular protrusion and between MRI‐detected annular protrusion and macroscopic degeneration, and (c) to define MRI sequences for characterizing equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration. Ex vivo MRI of intervertebral discs was performed in 11 horses with clinical signs related to the cervical region prior to macroscopic assessment. Mixed‐effect logistic regression modeling included spinal location, MRI‐detected annular protrusion, and presence of macroscopic degeneration with “horse” as random effect. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were determined. Reduced signal intensity in proton density turbo SE represented intervertebral disc degeneration. Signal voids due to presence of gas and/or hemorrhage were seen in gradient echo sequences. Presence of macroscopic intervertebral disc degeneration was significantly associated with spinal location with odds being higher in the caudal (C5 to T1) versus cranial (C2 to C5) part of the cervical vertebral column. Intervertebral discs with MRI‐detected annular protrusion grades 2‐4 did have higher odds than with grade 1 to have macroscopic degeneration. It was concluded that MRI findings corresponded well with gross macroscopic data. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine cervical intervertebral disc seems to be a promising technique, but its potential clinical value for live horses needs to be explored further in a larger and more diverse population of horses. 相似文献
4.
Stiffler KS Stevenson MA Sanchez S Barsanti JA Hofmeister E Budsberg SC 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2006,35(4):330-336
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI), factors that correlate positively with UTI, and whether identified UTI are most likely community- or hospital acquired in dogs with surgically treated type 1 thoracolumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) extrusions. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional clinical study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Dogs (n=92) that were surgically treated for a thoracolumbar extradural compressive spinal cord lesion that was consistent with type 1 IVD extrusion. METHODS: Dogs were evaluated for bacterial lower UTI when possible by cystocentesis and urine culture before surgery, and 48-72, 96-120 hours, and 7 days after surgery while hospitalized. Paraparesis, confirmation of thoracolumbar extruded nucleus pulposus, and informed owner consent were required for study inclusion. Urine specimens (n=297) were cultured and both objective and subjective clinical data were obtained. RESULTS: Prevalence of UTI in dogs with surgically treated type 1 thoracolumbar IVD extrusion was 27% (25 dogs). Temporal prevalence of UTI was 15% (13/89) before surgery, 12% (11/91) at 2-3 days, 16% (12/76) at 4-5 days, and 20% (8/41) at 7 days after surgery. Statistically significant factors affecting UTI prevalence included neurologic and urinary status, sex, administration of perioperative antibiotics, and amount of time body temperature was <35 degrees C during anesthesia. CONCLUSION: UTI are common in dogs with surgically treated type 1 thoracolumbar IVD extrusion. Females, dogs that cannot ambulate or voluntarily urinate, dogs not administered perioperative cefazolin, and dogs whose body temperature falls <35 degrees C during anesthesia have a higher incidence of UTI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All dogs with surgically treated type 1 thoracolumbar IVD extrusion should be monitored for the presence of UTI; however, close attention should be paid to females and dogs that cannot ambulate or voluntarily urinate. 相似文献
5.
Amort KH Ondreka N Rudorf H Stock KF Distl O Tellhelm B Kramer M Wigger A 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(3):289-295
German shepherd dogs are overrepresented in the group of dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. A congenital predisposition for early degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc has been suspected. Our aims were to assess the morphologic appearance of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc and the lumbosacral junction in healthy German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds and to evaluate for an early onset of degenerative changes. The lumbosacral spine of 110 clinically sound German shepherd dogs and 47 healthy dogs of other large breeds was examined using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The degeneration of every intervertebral disc was graded using an established classification system. Signal intensity of the entire lumbosacral disc and the nucleus pulposus was determined independently. Lumbosacral malalignment was assessed according to a previously described method. The findings for the German shepherd dogs were compared to those of the other breeds. Although most dogs were younger than 18 months at the date of examination, significantly higher grades of degeneration were detected for the lumbosacral intervertebral disc of German shepherd dogs (P < 0.003). Degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc was independent from findings in the other lumbar discs. We conclude that the German shepherd dog has a predisposition for degenerative changes in the lumbosacral intervertebral disc. 相似文献
6.
Cervical intervertebral disc protrusion in two horses 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Foss RR Genetzky RM Riedesel EA Graham C 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1983,24(6):188-191
Two horses with ataxia of all four limbs were found to have cervical intervertebral disc protrusion. Severe pelvic limb ataxia, proprioceptive deficits and spasticity were present in both horses with similar but less severe signs in the thoracic limbs. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was within normal limits. Metrizamide myelography allowed definitive diagnosis in one case when a compression of the spinal cord was demonstrated at the level of the second intervertebral space. In the second case, an intervertebral disc protrusion between cervical vertebrae 6 and 7 was found at necropsy. Fiber degeneration with poor myelin staining characterized the spinal cords histologically. 相似文献
7.
Yu H Zhu Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2012,74(1):9-15
Earlier reports have shown that ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) can bind to and degrade COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) in cartilage. However, the expression of ADAMTS-7 AND ADAMSTS-12 in both normal intervertebral discs and degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs) is still unknown and the changes that occur in the degenerating intervertebral disc remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and role of the ADAMTS in the degenerative process of the intervertebral disc. Rat caudal discs were loaded at 1.3 MPa in vivo with an external compression device. The discs were loaded for one week, and and the nuclei pulposi (NPs) were harvested to investigate cell apoptosis and expression of collagen II and aggrecan for confirmation of disc degeneration. The changes of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and COMP were recorded during one week of loading. A second group of rats receiving no load were used as controls. After one week of loading, the NPs suffered degenerative changes as reflected by decreases in cell viability, collagen II, and aggrecan. Dramatic increases in expression of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and COMP fragment were detected after 18 hr of loading; however, this was accompanied by a sharp decrease of COMP expression. These changes were not observed in the control group. The significant increase in COMP possibly suggests a favorable role of COMP in preventing loading and degeneration of matrix; however, this positive effect might be diminished by ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12, whose augmentation were dramatic during disc degeneration. 相似文献
8.
Hendrik-Jan C. Kranenburg Guy C.M. Grinwis Niklas Bergknut Ninke Gahrmann George Voorhout Herman A.W. Hazewinkel Björn P. Meij 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2013,195(2):164-171
The relationship between intervertebral disc (IVD) disease and IVD degeneration remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical severity of IVD herniation (IVDH), determined with a neurological grading system, with findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology using grading systems for IVD degeneration in chondrodystrophic (CD; n = 37) and non-chondrodystrophic (NCD; n = 37) dogs. This study is the second part of a two-part investigation, where the first part involved the development and validation of a histological grading scheme for classification of canine IVD degeneration.IVD degeneration graded on MRI correlated significantly with IVD degeneration graded on histology, but not with pre-operative clinical signs. Hansen type 1 hernias were more common in the cervical and thoracolumbar segments and Hansen type 2 hernias were more common in the lumbosacral segment. Type 1 hernias occurred more often in CD dogs than in NCD dogs, and CD dogs were clinically more severely affected than NCD dogs. The grade of IVD degeneration on MRI was higher in CD dogs than in NCD dogs, but there was no difference between dogs with type 1 and type 2 hernias. No significant differences in histological grade were found between CD and NCD dogs or between type 1 and type 2 hernias.It was possible to conclude that IVD degeneration did not correlate with the neurological severity of IVDH. The extent of degeneration identified on MRI correlated with degeneration seen histologically. Although the MRI grading system reflected the severity of IVD degenerative changes as confirmed by histopathology, it appeared less useful in predicting the clinical implications. 相似文献
9.
Three conditions of the cornea in the dog are described; a form of corneal dystrophy (central/paracentral lipid dystrophy, lipidosis, lipoidosis, cholesterolosis), degeneration (fatty and calcareous degeneration) and infiltration (arcus lipoides corneae, anterior embryotoxon, pre-senile arcus). The clinical appearance, together with histopathological and ultrastructural details, are recorded. The age, sex, breed incidence and possible hereditary factors are also included. Reference is made to previous reports in the veterinary literature and the three conditions are compared with similar conditions in man. 相似文献
10.
AIM: To conduct a pilot study investigating the incidence and pathology of spondylosis in a sample of cull rams in New Zealand. METHODS: Vertebral columns from 51 cull rams from different properties were assessed radiographically for evidence of spondylosis. They were graded according to severity, using a four-point grading system. Samples of intervertebral discs representing different grades of spondylosis were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Forty (78%) rams had spondylosis in at least one intervertebral space. Of these, 11 had ankylosis involving one or more intervertebral spaces. The frequency of spondylosis was greater in the thoracic than lumbar region (p<0.001), and was most frequent between T10-T11. Histopathological examination of intervertebral discs associated with all grades of spondylosis revealed degenerative changes in the annulus fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Spondylosis appeared to be common in cull rams and affected thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. It often involved ankylosis of adjacent vertebrae, and was associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Spondylosis may reduce the serving ability of rams and be an important underlying reason for culling. The pathogenesis of spondylosis is unknown but may involve high mating frequencies during the breeding season. 相似文献
11.
N. Bergknut B.P. Meij R. Hagman K.S. de Nies J.P. Rutges L.A. Smolders L.B. Creemers A.S. Lagerstedt H.A.W. Hazewinkel G.C.M. Grinwis 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2013,195(2):156-163
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is common in dogs and can lead to serious disorders. Current treatments can relieve clinical signs of disease, but do not restore IVD function. The development of regenerative strategies for IVD dysfunction requires detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration and its underlying mechanisms. Histological examination of IVDs at different stages of degeneration might provide this knowledge, but as there is currently no histological grading scheme for canine IVD degeneration, the aim of this study, which is the first of a two-part series, was to design and validate an appropriate scheme.Three independent observers evaluated 35 IVDs at different stages of degeneration using the scheme. Glycosaminoglycan contents of the nucleus pulposus and macroscopic grading according to Thompson, which are considered ‘gold standards’ for IVD degeneration, were used to validate the scheme. Reproducibility was assessed by analysing the inter-observer reliability of all individual variables of the grading scheme, using a weighted κ analysis. Significant correlations were found between Thompson grading and total histological score (r = 0.94; P < 0.01) and between glycosaminoglycan content and total histological score (r = ?0.72; P < 0.01). Most individual histological variables showed ‘moderate’ to ‘almost perfect’ inter-observer reliability. The high correlation with the gold standards in combination with the high reproducibility indicates that the proposed histological grading scheme is reliable and objective for classification of IVD degeneration in both chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds. 相似文献
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14.
Ian R. Griffiths 《The Journal of small animal practice》1972,13(8):439-447
A short account of disc degeneration and protrusion is presented. The details of the clinical examination of these cases are discussed, together with some aspects of ‘the ascending syndrome’ and cord infarction by disc emboli. Résumé. L'auteur donne un bref exposé de la dégénérescence et de la protrusion des disques. II commente les détails de l'examen clinique des cas, ainsi que certains aspects du ‘syndrome ascendant’ et de l'infarctus notochordal en cas d'embolus du disque. Zusammenfassung. Ein kurzer Bericht über Zwischenwirbelscheibendegeneration und -vor-fall wird vorgelegt. Die Einzelheiten der klinischen Untersuchung dieser Fälle werden zusam-men mit einigen Aspekten des ‘aufsteigenden Syndroms’ und der Rückenmarksinfarzierung durch Diskusemboli besprochen. 相似文献
15.
Anu K Lappalainen Elina Vaittinen Jouni Junnila Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)
Background
Intervertebral disc disease (IDD) is a very common neurological disease, Dachshunds being the breed most often affected. In this breed, IDD has a hereditary background and is associated with intervertebral disc calcification (IDC), an indicator of severe intervertebral disc degeneration. In Finland, spinal radiography is used, when screening for IDC before breeding Dachshunds. We evaluated the association between IDC and IDD in Finnish Dachshunds radiographically screened for IDC.A questionnaire was sent to owners of 193 radiographically screened Dachshunds aged at least ten years. Clinical signs indicative of IDD were compared with IDC grade (grade 0 = no calcifications, grade 1 = 1 – 2 calcifications, grade 2 = 3 – 4 calcifications and grade 3 = 5 or more calcifications) and with age at the time of the radiographic examination. The diagnosis of IDD was confirmed by a veterinarian.Results
IDD was common in the study population with 31% of dogs being affected. IDD and IDC were clearly connected (P < 0.001); IDD was rare in dogs with no calcifications (grade 0) and common in dogs with severe IDC (grade 3). The IDC grade was strongly positively associated with frequency of back pain periods (P < 0.001), and dogs with IDC grade 3 had frequent periods of pain. Reluctance to jump onto a sofa had a strong positive association with back pain. No association existed between age of the dog at the time of the radiographic examination and clinical signs indicative of IDD.Conclusions
Radiographically detected IDC and IDD are common in Finnish Dachshunds and are strongly associated with one another. Spinal radiography is an appropriate screening tool for breeders attempting to diminish IDC and IDD in Dachshunds. A breeding program that screens dogs and selects against IDC can be expected to reduce the occurrence of IDD in future. Twenty-four to 48 months of age is a suitable age for screening.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0089-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献16.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible association between facet joint geometry and intervertebral disk degeneration in German Shepherd Dogs. ANIMALS: 25 German Shepherd Dogs and 11 control dogs of similar body weight and condition. PROCEDURE: Facet joint angles in the caudal portion of the lumbar region of the vertebral column (L5-S1) were measured by use of computed tomography, and the intervertebral discs were evaluated microscopically. The relationship between facet joint geometry and disk degeneration was evaluated by use of statistical methods. RESULTS: German Shepherd Dogs had significantly more facet joint tropism than control dogs, but an association with disk degeneration was not found. However, German Shepherd Dogs had a different facet joint conformation, with more sagittally oriented facet joints at L5-L6 and L6-L7 and a larger angle difference between the lumbar and lumbosacral facet joints, compared with control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A large difference between facet joint angles at L6-L7 and L7-S1 in German Shepherd Dogs may be associated with the frequent occurrence of lumbosacral disk degeneration in this breed. 相似文献
17.
A J Sinclair D H Embury I J Smart D A Barr R L Reece P T Hooper J A Gould 《The Veterinary record》1984,115(19):485-488
A number of plasma biochemical parameters were examined in five outbreaks of runting in broiler chickens. In four of the five outbreaks, runts showed consistent elevations in plasma amylase activity and reductions in glutathione peroxidase activity. In two of the five outbreaks the plasma vitamin E concentration was reduced, as was the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase. A highly significant number of runted chickens were found to have pancreatic degeneration, elevated plasma amylase activity and reduced plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, compared with non-runted chickens. The implications of these changes are discussed in relation to the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome and, in particular, the possible involvement of selenium. 相似文献
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Although the exact mechanism of fluoroquinolone-induced retinal degeneration in cats remains to be elucidated, it appears from the literature that a similar retinal degeneration can be reproduced from either direct intravitreal injection of high concentrations of drug or exposure to UVA light and drug in laboratory animals. (19,25) The fluoroquinolone molecular structure is also similar structurally to other drugs that are known to directly induce retinal degeneration, including the cinchona alkaloids and halogenated hydroquinolones. Experimental evidence suggests that both the parent compound and its breakdown products via metabolism and photodegradation are active inducers of retinal degeneration. (18,25) Development of toxicoses also appears to be dependent on the maximum concentration of active drug, metabolite, or both reaching the retina over time. (18) Evaluation of the literature suggests that risk factors predisposing cats to fluoroquinolone-induced retinal degeneration may include the following: 1) large doses or plasma concentrations of drug, 2) rapid IV infusion of the antibiotic, 3) prolonged courses of treatment, and 4) age. Theoretically, other risk factors may also be involved including the following: 1) prolonged exposure to UVA light while the antibiotic is being administered, 2) drug interactions, and 3) drug or metabolite accumulation from altered metabolism or reduced elimination. To date, there are no published reports suggesting that the dose of fluoroquinolones should be reduced in geriatric cats or those with renal or hepatic failure. However, accumulation of fluoroquinolone metabolites in dogs and of the parent compound in humans with decreased renal function has been reported. (8-10) In humans with decreased renal function has been reported. (8-10) humans, fluoroquinolone doses are typically decreased in response to the degree of renal impairment. (28) In general, all fluoroquinolone antibiotics should be reserved for severe or recurrent infections, and whenever possible their use should be based on results whenever possible their use should be based on results of culture and susceptibility tests. When indicated, the fluoroquinolones, including enrofloxacin, can be used with limited risk of developing retinal degeneration in cats, provided the manufacturer's guidelines are adhered to and dose reduction is considered in geriatric cats or those with renal impairment. Dosing on renal impairment. Dosing on exact body weight using split dosing (2.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) and avoidance of rapid IV infusions, and drug interactions may help to reduce the risk of retinal degeneration in some cases. Furthermore, monitoring cats for mydriasis and avoidance of UVA light while undergoing treatment may also be of benefit. Further evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and the other fluoroquinolones is required in geriatric cats or those with mild to moderate renal or liver impairment to determine whether drug accumulation, elevated peak concentrations of drug, or both may be occurring in this subset of cats. Therapeutic monitoring of drug concentrations may not always be feasible because of time and cost, but renal panels with dose or frequency reduction in response to the degree of renal impairment and the site and severity of infection may help to reduce retinal toxicosis. 相似文献