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1.
Thomson GR Tambi EN Hargreaves SK Leyland TJ Catley AP van 't Klooster GG Penrith ML 《The Veterinary record》2004,155(14):429-433
International animal health standards designed to facilitate safe trade in livestock and livestock products are set by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and documented in the OIE's Terrestrial Animal Health Code. A core principle of the Code is the need for countries to eradicate important transboundary animal diseases (TADs) to reduce the risk of exporting disease to trading partners. International food safety standards are set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, administered jointly by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The goal of global eradication of most TADs is unachievable for the foreseeable future, other than in the case of rinderpest, and this prevents many countries, especially developing nations, from engaging in international trade under WTO rules. This paper proposes an alternative, commodity-based approach to the formulation of international animal health and food safety standards, based on the fact that different commodities pose very different risks when it comes to the spread of human and animal pathogens. Therefore, the risk mitigation strategies required are equally commodity-dependent. The authors conclude that more focused commodity standards would improve access to international markets for all countries, especially those in the developing world. For this objective to be realised, credible and independent certification is required. 相似文献
2.
Bernardo TM 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2006,33(4):533-538
Food systems educators face a double challenge: (1) the inherent change in scope and perspective from raising animals to producing safe food in an environmentally conscientious manner; and (2) the unprecedented demand for higher education, both nationally and internationally. In the modern world, small numbers of producers are capable of feeding a growing population. As demographics have shifted from rural to urban areas, more global livelihoods are derived from manufacturing and services than from agriculture. Education, as one of those services, is accounting for an increasing percentage of world trade, through the physical translocation of students and, more recently, through online education. Within the veterinary realm, colleges outside the United States seek accreditation to better compete for students, and there is increasing pressure from private schools. Today's food systems require a high level of veterinary expertise, with specialization in a particular production system as well as the ability to contribute as part of a larger team that can address economic, bio-security, biological-waste, animal-welfare, food-safety, and public-health concerns. The need for different expertise from food systems specialists (indeed, shortages of all types of veterinary specialists), combined with global competition in education, is a call to action for the veterinary profession. This is an opportunity to revisit and reorganize the delivery of veterinary education, making use of new collaborative technologies for greater efficiency and effectiveness. 相似文献
3.
2001—2022年我国柑桔出口贸易发展成效显著,贸易规模持续增长,国际地位不断攀升,我国已成为当今世界柑桔出口贸易大国。但近年来我国柑桔出口贸易中仍存在着总量相对有限,发展层次较低,出口市场数量拓展不足,地区结构分布不够合理;国际竞争优势总体趋弱,产品质检标准偏低等问题。新时期,深化国内柑桔产业转型升级,扩大出口贸易规模;制定差异化出口促进政策,优化地区市场结构;对标发达市场柑桔进口标准,提高产品品质;提升贸易自由化与便利化,大力发展跨境电商新模式;推动我国由柑桔出口贸易大国向贸易强国升级发展。 相似文献
4.
加速发展社会主义现代化草原畜牧业 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
目前我国进入“WTO后过渡期”,加快向市场经济和自由贸易制度靠拢。这就要求我国草原畜牧业要改变传统经营方式,从宏观层面合理配置畜牧业资源。通过实施“北繁南育”战略,将北方地区草食家畜的繁殖优势与南方区域的草食家畜育肥优势有机结合起来,生产符合国内外市场需要的绿色畜产品,同时有效解决我国生态环境恶化、畜产品竞争力低下、农牧民增收困难的矛盾,实现我国传统草原畜牧业向现代化草原畜牧业的转变。 相似文献
5.
在经济全球化和贸易一体化的前提下，全球各行各业都在以大数据为基础进行创新提高生产力，并将人工智能技术应用于人类生活生产的方方面面。国内许多生猪养殖企业也在生猪生产各环节中，不断采用智能化技术来提高养猪管理和生产效率。文章介绍了猪场的智能饲喂概念及生产工艺，并对应用效果和前景进行了阐述和分析。 相似文献
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Camila Raineri Bruno César Prosdocimi Nunes Augusto Hauber Gameiro 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(4):476-485
Sheep production has expanded in Brazil focusing on lamb meat, mostly to meet demanding internal markets in the state of São Paulo. Such markets present a demand which internal production is insufficient to meet. However, sheep farmers face many technical difficulties to produce quality lambs at viable costs. This study aimed at investigating the main characteristics of sheep production systems of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to provide resources for the development of technologies, policies and other initiatives focused on the activity. We designed in panel meetings the characteristics of representative sheep farms in five regions of the state, concerning: (i) property and manpower profile; (ii) flock; (iii) handling techniques; (iv) facilities and equipment; (v) food production; and (vi) technical indicators. Results demonstrate that the predominant sheep farming in the state employs low technology, presenting low productivity despite its evolution in recent years. We verified great technical deficiency regarding farmers, who are new in this business and usually do not have access to technologies. Producers' unawareness about basic handling procedures and techniques as well as their lack of flock records can contribute to the activity's unsustainability. There is need for improving rural extension and diffusion of technologies. 相似文献
8.
Gary W Brester John M Marsh Ronald L Plain 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2003,19(2):493-518
The maturation of the US beef and pork markets and increasing consumer demands for convenience, safety, and nutrition suggests that the beef and pork industries must focus on product development and promotion. New marketing arrangements are developing that help coordinate production with consumer demands. The relative high levels of incomes in the United States are likely to increase the demands for branded products rather than increase total per capita consumption. Foreign markets represent the greatest opportunity for increased demand for commodity beef and pork products. Increasing incomes in developing countries will likely allow consumers to increase consumption of animal-source proteins. Real prices of beef and pork have declined substantially because of sagging domestic demand and increasing farm-level production technologies. Increasing US beef and pork exports have obviated some of the price declines. Pork attained a net export position from a quantity perspective in 1995. The United States continues to be a net importer of beef on a quantity basis but is close to becoming a net exporter in terms of value. By-products continue to play a critical role in determining the red meat trade balance and producer prices. The United States, however, must continue to become cost, price, and quality competitive with other suppliers and must secure additional market access if it is to sustain recent trade trends. Several trade tensions remain in the red meat industry. For example, mandated COOL will undoubtedly have domestic and international effects on the beef and pork sectors. Domestically, uncertainty regarding consumer demand responses or quality perceptions regarding product origin, as well as added processor-retailer costs will be nontrivial. How these factors balance out in terms of benefits versus costs to the industry is uncertain. From an international perspective, some beef and pork export suppliers to the United States could view required labeling as a trade restriction, which could ultimately impact future US red meat exports. Conversely, some countries may view such labeling requirements as an opportunity to brand high-quality products. The US lamb meat industry has experienced declining real prices, domestic production, and demand. The cessation of wool incentive payments, increased environmental regulations, and competition by imports have significantly affected the industry. Import suppliers have capitalized on product quality in this niche market. Trade restrictions initially imposed in 1999 by the US Government were ruled illegal by the WTO. The US Government responded by providing financial assistance to lamb producers. Product quality improvements and promotion aimed at the domestic market, however, will be critical factors in shaping the economic viability of the US lamb meat industry. 相似文献
9.
Eugene Mazimpaka Micheal Tukei Anselme Shyaka Eugene N. Gatari 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(4):753-759
A study was conducted in Rukomo sector, Nyagatare district, to determine the status of poultry production. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 100 poultry farmers randomly as 20 farmers from each of the five cells. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and presented in chart and tables. The majority of the farmers (84%) reared their poultry in free range system while 10% practiced semi-intensive and only 6% did intensive production. Only 12% of the respondents kept exotic poultry breeds. The breeding stock were mostly obtained from local markets (63%) and the average flock size was about 1–10 birds per homestead (70%). The confinement of poultry at night was either in the main domestic house (33%), in kitchen (32%), or in separate poultry house (35%). Flock records were rare and kept by only 9% of respondents. Poultry products were reportedly at high demand by 87% of respondents and 89% farmers reported profit from their enterprises. Lack of veterinary and financial assistance was reported by 72% of respondents. Newcastle disease (57%) was the main health constraint followed by ectoparasites and internal worms. Many farmers (50%) were in dire need of veterinary assistance and financial support to improve their poultry enterprises. Poor management practices were reported to be one of the crucial factors leading to poor production. Lack of quality feeds (38%) and feeding of poultry, credit (20%), and poor market accessibility (19%) were the main challenges reported. 相似文献
10.
There is a variety of professions working with village chickens in developing countries, including farmers, veterinarians
and chicken traders. People from all these occupations were involved in a participatory rural appraisal to investigate husbandry
practices and trade of village chickens in Myanmar. Data were collected in two climatically different regions of the country,
in the Yangon and in the Mandalay divisions. The breeding and training of fighting cocks was practised only in the Mandalay
division, with well-trained birds sold for very high prices. Apart from this, chickens were raised in both regions mainly
for small disposable income and were generally sold when money was needed, in particular during religious festivals. Chicken
traders on bicycles, often called ‘middle men’, usually purchase birds from farmers in about 10 villages per day. Several
‘middle men’ supply birds to wealthier chicken merchants, who sell these birds at larger chicken markets. There is in general
limited knowledge among farmers about the prevention of Newcastle disease via vaccination. Commercial indigenous chicken production
is practised in Myanmar, but family poultry farming dominates indigenous chicken production in the country. 相似文献
11.
T. Reg Preston 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(6):873-882
Responding to the challenges posed by global warming, peak oil and biofuels will require a paradigm shift in the practice
of agriculture and in the role of live stock within the farming system. Farming systems should aim at maximizing plant biomass
production from locally available diversified resources, processing of the biomass on farm to provide food, feed and energy
and recycling of all waste materials. The approach that is the subject of this paper is that the generation of electricity
can be a by-product of food/feed production. The concept is the fractionation of biomass into inedible cell wall material
that can be converted to an inflammable gas by gasification, the gas in turn being the source of fuel for internal combustion
engines driving electrical generators. The cell contents and related structures such as tree leaves are used as human food
or animal feed. As well as providing food and feed the model is highly appropriate for decentralized small scale production
of electricity in rural areas. It also offers opportunities for sequestration of carbon in the form of biochar the solid residue
remaining after gasification of the biomass. 相似文献
12.
T. Reg Preston 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1071-1080
Responding to the challenges posed by global warming, peak oil and biofuels will require a paradigm shift in the practice
of agriculture and in the role of live stock within the farming system. Farming systems should aim at maximizing plant biomass
production from locally available diversified resources, processing of the biomass on farm to provide food, feed and energy
and recycling of all waste materials. The approach that is the subject of this paper is that the generation of electricity
can be a by-product of food/feed production. The concept is the fractionation of biomass into inedible cell wall material
that can be converted to an inflammable gas by gasification, the gas in turn being the source of fuel for internal combustion
engines driving electrical generators. The cell contents and related structures such as tree leaves are used as human food
or animal feed. As well as providing food and feed the model is highly appropriate for decentralized small scale production
of electricity in rural areas. It also offers opportunities for sequestration of carbon in the form of biochar the solid residue
remaining after gasification of the biomass. 相似文献
13.
“三农”问题一直是各级政府及科研工作者专注的论题,为此对河北省廊坊市大城县11个乡镇进行调查研究,提出了一些小城镇建设的对策,分析研究结果得出：一、大城县乡镇企业发展迅速,城镇化程度高,居民收入增长速度快,人均收入与农村城镇化率呈极显著的相关性;二、发展建设小城镇,是缩小城乡差距．实现城乡统筹发展的一条有效途径。 相似文献
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15.
The complex and rapid-paced development of international trade, coupled with increasing societal demands for the production not only of abundant and inexpensive food, but also of food that is safe and has been raised in a humane and environmentally friendly manner, demands immediate attention from the veterinary community. The new culture of global trade agreements, spurred by the development of the WTO, dictates massive changes and increasing integration of public and private sectors. This is a huge growth area for our profession and will require individuals with a skill set we do not yet provide in our educational framework. In North America, veterinary education is parochial and focused on specialization. This strong orientation toward companion animals fails to provide adequate training for those interested in acquiring the necessary skills for the emerging area of globalization and trade. In South America, curricula are less harmonized with one another and there is tremendous variation in degree programs, rendering it difficult to ascertain whether veterinarians are prepared to assume decision-making responsibilities regarding international transport of food. If we do not begin to prepare our graduates adequately for this emerging market demand, the positions will be filled by other professions. These other professions lack broad-based scientific knowledge about animal physiology and disease causation. Decisions made without adequate background could have devastating consequences for society, including incursions of unwelcome diseases, food safety problems, and public health issues. To prepare our new veterinary graduates for the future and this emerging market, it is important to nurture a global mindset within our academic communities and to promote communications, languages, and an interdependent team mentality. Areas of technical expertise that need a place, perhaps a parallel track, in the curriculum include production medicine, public health, food safety, and international veterinary medicine. The major trade corridors of the future regarding animal-based protein flow between North and South America. It is absolutely essential that we find areas of consensus and deficiencies so that we can harmonize our trade agreements and ensure adequate flow of safe food products from one continent to the other. 相似文献
16.
A total of 84 farmers in 31 villages of Guadalcanal, Western, Malaita and Central Provinces of the Solomon Islands were surveyed
to obtain baseline information on the current feeding practices and farmer attitudes to village poultry production. Farming
of village chickens in the Solomon Islands is conducted on a small scale. Most surveyed farmers thought chickens were easy
to care for, provide food for the family and was a good cash income enterprise. Some farmers were interested in keeping local
chickens, but found it difficult to obtain the birds. The main feed sources are fresh coconut, copra meal, fish meal, mill
run, food scraps and forage sources from the range. Some villagers believe that chickens only need to eat household scraps
and did not provide drinking water. Many villagers lacked the knowledge of managing a village poultry enterprise. Some chicken
houses were built by using bush materials or by purchasing construction materials. Farmers indicated they would like the government
to provide funds for establishing a smallholder poultry enterprise and to provide information on feeding and management of
birds. 相似文献
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18.
Livestock provide a wide variety of goods and services that generate income and support the livelihoods of millions of poor people in the developing world. Natural and human selections have shaped existing livestock genotypes throughout the estimated 12,000 year history since the first animal domestication. The result, in many production systems in the developing world, is a livestock genotype adapted to its environment and capable of meeting the needs of smallholder farmers. However, this adaptation is unlikely to be optimal and the rapid changes currently affecting the livestock sector, including policy and market changes, movements of germplasm frequently involving the importation of exotic breeds, and the increasing impacts of climate change are affecting the livestock genotype-environment optimum. This is challenging livestock production systems of smallholder farmers. Current challenges include: high rates of loss of the diversity in livestock populations, rapid transformation in smallholder production systems requiring significant changes in genotypes and their management; increased demand for quality and safe foods; increased market competition in a globalizing economy; increased need for complex partnership arrangements in the ever-changing livestock commodity chain; and lack of adaptive capacity to respond to the rapid system changes. Underlying all these is the general lack of strategies for genetic improvement of livestock in smallholder systems and poor livestock infrastructure in developing countries. Opportunities include increased demand for livestock products — and hence potential market opportunities, and new technologies with potential to leap-frog breeding progress in developing countries. This paper analyses options for pro-poor livestock improvement in developing countries, with particular emphasis on the potential role that science – both old and new – will have, from understanding the social underpinnings to innovative technical solutions. It concludes that one of the highest priority interventions for the smallholder systems is the development of innovative approaches for the strategic use of appropriate genotypes from the available range of global breed resources. The analysis strongly suggests that the highest priority ‘breeding intervention’ should be the provision of appropriate genotypes in a sustainable manner, underpinned by a good understanding of what breed resources exist that have demonstrated potential, where else they could be used, and how they would be delivered to smallholders. Efforts to improve/refine breeding skills of smallholders should proceed in parallel. Institutional arrangements and enabling policies are critical for the success in identifying and applying appropriate genetic technologies, improving access to input services and facilitating access to markets in order to translate productivity gains into incomes. 相似文献
19.
After the broad industrialization of the US pork industry, there has been a development of niche markets for export and domestic pork; that is, there is a pork niche market phenomenon. The US pork niche market phenomenon is characterized, and 2 of the major markets are explained in detail. With the Midwest's tradition of a diversified family-based agriculture and record low hog prices of the late 1990s, the conditions were conducive for this phenomenon to develop. Pork niche markets utilize various sales methods including Internet sales, local abattoir sales, direct marketing, farmer networks, and targeting to organized groups. In 2003, there were approximately 35 to 40 active pork niche marketing efforts in Iowa. The Berkshire breed is an example of a swine breed that has had a recent resurgence because of niche markets. Berkshire pork is known for tenderness and excellent quality. Berkshire registrations have increased 4-fold in the last 10 yr. One of the larger niche marketers of "natural pork" is Niman Ranch Pork, which has more than 400 farmer-producers and processes about 2,500 pigs weekly. Many US consumers of pork are interested in issues concerning the environment, food safety, pig welfare, and pig farm ownership and structure. These consumers may be willing to pay more for pork from farmers who are also concerned about these issues. Small- and medium-sized swine farmers are active in pork niche markets. Niche markets claim product differentiation by superior or unique product quality and social attributes. Quality attributes include certain swine breeds, and meat quality, freshness, taste or flavor, and tenderness. Social or credence attributes often are claimed and include freedom from antibiotics and growth promotants; local family farm production; natural, organic, outdoor, or bedded rearing; humane rearing; known origin; environmentally friendly production; and the absence of animal by-products in the feed. Niche pork markets and alternative swine production practices offer an unusual contrast to commodity pork markets and industrial confinement swine production. Because they strive to have these attributes in their product, the niche pork market producers are a distinct clientele group. If niche pork markets continue to flourish, the markets and the producers that supply them will be a viable sector in a diverse US pork industry. 相似文献
20.
本文从畜牧业现状、存在的问题、地理条件、资源特点、经济结构特征等方面,分析我国加入WTO对西藏草地畜牧业发展的影响;利用WTO规则,提出西藏畜牧业在世界经济一体化的形势下,应以国内外市场需要为出发点,进一步优化农牧业产业结构调整,加快与国际市场接轨,积极参与国际分工,进入世界农产品的大循环,实现优势互补. 相似文献